霍金简介

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霍金的简介英文版

斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金简介

StephenWilliamHawking,borninOxford,EnglandonJanuary8,

1942,wonCH(BritishLordofHonor),CBE(BritishEmpireCommander

Medal),FRS(RoyalSocietyMember),FRSA(BritishRoyalArt

Associationmembers)amousphysicistat

CambridgeUniversity,oneofthegreatestphysicistsofmoderntimes

andoneofthegreatmenofthe20thcentury.

Hesuffersfrommuscularatrophiclateralsclerosis(Luganle's

dia),generalizedparalysis,cannotspeak,handonlythree

fingerscanbeactive.

From1979to2022,

g'smainrearch

fieldiscosmologyandblackhole,whichprovesthesingularity

theoremandblackholeareatheoremofgeneralrelativity,andputs

forwardtheblackholeevaporationtheoryandtheboundlessHawking

rocessofunifyingthetwobasictheoriesof

physicsinthe20thcentury,Einsteinfoundedthetheoryof

relativityandPlanck'squantummechanicstocreateanimportantstep

forward.

斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金主要成就

StephenWilliamHawking'srearchlaidthegroundworkfor

today'sunderstandingoftheblackholeandtheoriginofthe

univer,butaccordingtohimlf,hesaidthathewasinthe

animated"TheSimpsons"andthesciencefictionepisode"StarTrek:

NextGeneration"(StarTrek:TheNextGeneration)isalsowonderful.

HawkingemphasizesthattheuniverdoesnotneedaCreatoror

"God"inthe"GreatDesign","philosophyisdead",whichmeansthat

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mankindwillbedetachedfromignorantlf-slavery,denyingthat

purephilosophyandreligioncanreallyexplainNaturally,italso

showsthatthemajorreligionsareonlytheancientspiritualworld

toexploretheunknown,thepursuitofimmortalsystem,ratherthan

eprogressofthetimes,human

civilizationisalsocatchup,notfarbehind,whichiswhy

generationsofpeopleofinsighttotheexistenceoflifeandthe

ethepropositionsshouldhavebeen

thetaskofthephilosopher,butunfortunatelythehighlydeveloped

ginthe"big

design"oftheopeningthat"philosophyisdead"isthemeaning.

Hawkinghopestosolvethemysteryofthebirthoftheuniver,

the1970s,Hawkingquantummechanicsappliedtoexplainthe

phenomenonofblackhole,inthenext30years,withquantum

g

wantedtofindatoftheoriesthatcouldexplaintheuniverasa

wholetoillustratethebirthofthe13.7billionyearsofthe

univeruntilnow,butithasnotbeenconcludedforyearvenif

ingtohistheoryofquantummechanics,

thebirthoftheuniveristhebigbangproduced,whichisa

compresdinfinitelysmallbutwithlargegravityofthematerial

(alsocanbeunderstoodasthedensityofinfinite)explosion

oreticalcategoryofquantummechanicscannot

tso?Hawking

says"thatmusthaveatheorythatcandescribesmall-scalegravity."

ThelatestscientificbreakthroughisHawking'scolleague,

MichaelSmithofLondon'sQueenMary'sCollege()

involvedintheconstructionofthesuperstringtheory,referredto

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as"stringtheory",whichstatesthatallparticlesandnatural

forcesareactuallyinshockIntheuniverlikeasmallobject,to

solvetheHawkinghasalwayswantedtotrytoanswerthegravity

problem,thistheorymustbeestablishedintheunivermusthave

9,10orevengreaterthan11dimensions,andhumanbeingsinthe

three-dimensionalworldmayonlyOneoftherealonesofthe

univer...

Alargenumberofscientistsaroundtheworldaredoing

experimentsinspaceandearthtoprovestringtheoryandfrom

experimentstosupportHawking'sblackholetheoryandquantum

y24,2022,thefamousBritishscientistProfessor

StephenHawkingonceagainwithitsblackhole-relatedtheoryshocked

thephysics,inarecentlypublishedpaperadmittedthat"blackhole

doesnotexist,"but"grayhole"erentitled

"InformationPrervationandWeatherForecastingForBlackHoles",

Hawkingpointsoutthat"blackholesdonotexist"becautheycan

rtosolvethe

"firewall"probleminthenewtheoryt"blackholedoesnotexist",

ckholeoftheboundary,also

knownasthe"horizon",theclassicblackholetheorythattheblack

holeoutsidethematerialandradiationcanentertheblackhole

throughthehorizon,andanymaterialandradiationwithintheblack

holecannotwearouthorizons.

Hawking'slatest"grayhole"theorythatmaterialandenergyin

theblackholetrappedafteraperiodoftime,willbere-relead

ttedinhissaythathisinitial

knowledgeofthehorizonwasflawed,andthatlightcouldcrossthe

elightfliestheblackholecore,itsmovementis

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likeapersonrunningonatreadmill,slowlythroughtheoutward

radiationandshrink."Theclassicalblackholetheoryarguesthat

anymatterandradiationcannotescapetheblackhole,andquantum

mechanicssuggeststhatenergyandinformationcanescapefromthe

blackhole."Hawkingalsopointedoutthattheinterpretationofthis

escapeprocessrequiresagravityAndotherbasicforcesof

asthundredyears,no

oneinphysicshastriedtoexplainthisprocess.

ForHawking's"grayhole"theory,somescientistxpresd

approval,Polchinski,atheoretical

physicistattheCubanInstituteofTheoreticalPhysics,pointsout

thataccordingtoEinstein'stheoryofgravity,theboundaryofthe

blackholeisprent,butitdiffersfromtherestoftheuniver

,aarlyas2022,Hawkinghadmadeasimilar

21ofthatyear,Hawkingpointedoutatthe17th

InternationalSymposiumonGeneralTheoryofRelativityand

GravitationthattheBlackHolewasnot"completelyswallowed"around

it,asheandmostotherphysicistshadpreviouslythought,Someof

theinformationthatissuckedintothedepthsoftheblackholemay

bereleadatsomepoint.

In1973,Hawkingsaidhecalculatedbytheconclusionthatthe

blackholeintheformationoftheprocessofitsqualityreduction,

butalsocontinuetobeintheformofenergytotheoutsideworld

thefamousHawkingradiationtheory,thetheory

mentionedintheblackholeradiationdoesnotincludetheblackhole

insidethematerialofanyinformation,oncetheblackholeis

concentratedandevaporateddisappear,allofwhichinformationwill

disappear,whichistheso-calledThe"blackholeparadox".This

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theoryandquantummechanicsoftherelevanttheoriesappear

emodernquantumphysicsfindsthatthis

materialinformationisnevercompletelygone.

Formorethan30years,Hawkingtriedtoexplainthis

ghassaidthat

thequantummovementoftheblackholeisaspecialca,becauthe

gravityintheblackholeisverystrong,quantummechanicsatthis

g'sargumentdoesnotconvince

ppearsthat

Hawkingfinallygavethisyear'scontradictoryviewofamore

gsaidtheblackholenevercompletelyshut

itlf-Hawkingradiation,theyinalongperiodoftimegradually

totheoutsideworldtoradiatemoreandmoreheat,thentheblack

holewilleventuallyopenthemlvesandreleathematerial

containedintheinformation.

OnAugust16,1616,JeffSteinhauer,aprofessorattheIsrael

InstituteofTechnologyinHaifa,provedthequantumeffectof

HawkingradiationinapaperpublishedinthejournalNaturePhysics.

Hemadeasoundblackholeinsteadofalightblackhole,usinga

longtubewithsoundparticles,thephonon"horizon".In2022,

ProfessorSteinhallfoundthatthephonemeswererandomlygenerated

atestresults,Steinhouprovedthatthe

phononswereoneofapairofrelatedphonons,thusprovingthe

quantumeffectofHawkingradiation.

斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金社会活动

April12,2022,thefamousBritishphysicistStephenHawkingin

NewYorkNewWorldTradeCenterObrvatoryannouncedaplancalled

"breakthroughstar"plan,withtheRussianbusinessmanYuriMilner,

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theUSsocialnetworkingsiteFacebookFounderZuckerberg

collaboratedtobuildanewspaceexplorationproject,buildalarge

numberofminiatureinterplanetaryspaceshipsandlaunchthemathalf

wasthesixth

internationalmannedspacedayestablishedbytheUnitedNationsand

the55thanniversaryofthefirstmannedspaceflight.

Milnersaidatapressconferencethattheinitialinvestmentin

the"BreakthroughStar"programwouldbe$100milliontodevelopa

miniatureinterplanetaryspacecraftusinglarpropulsionandtofly

toCentauriinthecurrentgenerationoftimeStarofthetarget.

Accordingtoreports,planstobuildaminiatureinterstellar

spacecraftcalled"nano-aircraft",whichconsistsofa"star"

atthepressconferencetoshowthe

"star"pisonlytwoorthree

centimeterssquare,afewgramsofweight,butintegratedcamera,

photonthruster,navigationandtransmissioncomponents,isa

completespaceexplorationfunctionoftheaircraft,and

manufacturingcostsonlyequivalenttoaniPhone.

Thechipwillbeinstalledonthenameof"lightsail"ofthe

ultra-materialclothPeng,throughthegroundtolaunchhigh-energy

larpowertopromote,"lightsail"canabsorblarenergy,driven

ethequalityofthespacecraftis

verysmall,thereisalmostnoresistanceinspace,inthecontinuous

accelerationofthelar,thetheoreticalcalculationshowsits

essful,thiswill

allowthespacecrafttoarriveneartheEarthforabout20years4.37

rAlphaStarisone

ofthecloststarsfromthesolarsystem,buttheexistingfastest

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spacecraftalsoneedtospend30,000yearstoflythere.

"Today,wearedeterminedtotakeabigstepforwardinexploring

theuniver,"Hawkingsaidatthepressconference,"becauweare

humanbeings,longingforflyingisournature.

Chineexperts:Hawking's"spacecraft"isstillsciencefiction

ForHawking'splan,Chineexpertsbelievethattheideais

good,butnowhasasciencefictioncolor."Strictlyspeaking,

Hawking'sspacecraftisnota'spacecraft',justafewcentimeters

squareoftheflyingobjects,theenvisagedlarpropulsion

technologyinengineeringisalsoverycomplex,"spacetechnology

rearchexpertPangZhi-hosaid.