《论学习》是弗朗西斯·培根着作书籍。由王佐良翻译。英国文坛巨匠弗朗西斯·培根的《论读书》堪称经典之作,而译界前辈王佐良先生的翻译之作堪称经典中的经典。
书名论学习
作者弗朗西斯·培根
译者王佐良
作者简介英国哲学家、作家
作者弗朗西斯·培根(1561----1626),英国哲学家、作家。着有《随笔》《新工具》等。
原文·FrancisBacon
Studiesrvefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefufordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscour;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.
Forexpertandexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounls,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestformthothatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;touthemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.
Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyningbystudy;andstudiesthemlvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.
Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwimenuthem;fortheyteachnottheirownu;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobrvation.
Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscour;buttoweighandconsider.
Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;eldistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.
Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveaprentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toemtoknowthathedothnot.
Historiesmakemenwi;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmor.
Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiasofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercis.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminictores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers'cas.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.
译文王佐良译
读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。
读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只需读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味。读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。
读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题需全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辩异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特效可医。
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