构词法(转换法、合成法、派生法)-定义和实例

2024年3月31日发(作者：男士的英文)

十、构词法

英语主要有三种构词法，即转化法、合成法和派生法。

（一）转化法

把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种的方法称作转化法。

1．由名词转化成动词，例如：

care n.照顾，当心 ------ v. 关心，担心，照顾

cook n.炊事员 ------v. 烹调

water n.水------v. 浇水

2．由形容词转化成动词，例如：

empty adj.空的------v. 使空、变空

free adj. 自由的------v. 使自由

right adj. 正确的------v. 改正

warm adj. 温暖的------v. 热起来；使温暖

wet adj. 潮湿的------v. 使潮湿

3．由形容词转化成名词，例如：

right adj. 正确的------n. 正确，正义，公正

wrong adj错误的------n. 错误

4．有一些同形异类的双音节词，作动词时重音在后，作名词时重音在前，例如:

record v. [

ri

’

k

:

d

] 记录，录音；

record n. [’

r

ek:

d

] 记录，唱片

有个别词，作形容词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后，例如：

perfect adj. [’p∂:f

ikt

] 完美的；

perfect v. [p∂’fekt] 使完善

5．有些词，因词尾有清辅音和浊辅音的差别而属不同词类。一般说来，词尾发清辅音

的多为名词，发浊辅音的多为动词。词尾读音不同，拼法也常不一样。但s和th既可读作

清辅音，又可读作浊辅音，因而有时没有拼法的变化。例如：

advice [∂d’vais] n. ; advi [∂d’vaiz] v.

excu [iks’kju:s] n. ; excu [iks’kju:z] v.

u [ju:s] ; u [ju:z] v.

个别词拼法稍有差别，但读音相同，例如：

practice n.; practi v.

还有一些词在转变为另一词类时，元音和拼法同时发生变化，例如：

food [fu:d]食物 n. ; feed[fi:d]喂养，给以食物 v.

有些词既可作形容词又可作动词，词形不变而读音不同，例如：

live adj. [laiv]活的，活泼的; v. [liv] 活着， 生活

（二）合成法

两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词的方法称作合成法。用这种方法构成的词叫合成

词。

1．合成名词

1）名词+名词 前面的名词修饰后面的名词，后面的名词表达中心意思。前面起修饰

作用的名词可以表示各种不同的概念，如人、物、用途、时间、地点等。例如：

C

C

basketball, birthday, football, homework, newspaper, policeman等。

2）形容词+名词 如：

blackboard, midnight, loudspeaker等。

3）动名词+名词 如：

dining-room, drinking-water, swimming-pool等。

4）动词+名词 如：

pickpocket （扒手）等。

5）名词+动名词 如：

handwriting 等。

6）动词+副词 如：

take-off （飞机起飞）等。

7）副词+动词 如：

income （收入）等。

8）其他方式构成的合成名词。如：

go-between （中间人）等。

2．合成形容词

1）形容词+名词+ed 如：

cold-blooded, near-sighted, warm-hearted等。

2）形容词+现在分词 如：

good-looking等。

3）副词+现在分词 如：

hard-working等。

4）名词+现在分词 如：

peace-loving等。

5）名词+过去分词 如：

man-made等。

6）副词+过去分词 如：

well-known等。

7）形容词+过去分词 如：

new-born等。

8）名词+形容词 如：

ice-cool, life-long等。

9）其他方式构成的合成形容词 如：

first-rate

3．合成动词 “副词+动词”可以构成合成动词。合成动词里的副词除少数外，多半

是由介词转化的副词

1）out 表示“超过”，如：to outdo（优于，战胜）

2）over表示“过分”，如：to oversleep（睡过了头）

3）under 表示“不足”或“在下”， 如：to underline（在行下划线）

（三）派生法

在一个词上附加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法，称作派生法。前缀附加在单词或词根的前

面，一般不改变原词的词类，但要引起词义的变化；后缀附加在单词或词根的后面，一般不

改变原词的基本含义，只改变其词类。使用前缀或后缀可以派生大量新词，但是由于情况复

杂，初学者不应随意乱用它们自创新词，应在使用中多查字典，弄清其准确含义及读音。

1．常见的前缀

1）dis-表示否定，可附加在名词、动词和形容词前面构成新词，如：

名词：disorder

动词：disagree

形容词：dishonest

2）in-, im-, ir- 表示否定，主要附加在外来语形容词及其派生词或副词前面，构成新词，

如：

inactive adj. （不活动的） incorrect adj. （不正确的）

impossible adj. （不可能的） impolite adj. （不礼貌的）

3）un-主要附加在大多数形容词及其派生副词或名词的前面，也可以附加在起形容词作

用的分词前面，如：

（1）un+形容词

unable 不能够的 unfair 不公平的

unfit 不适宜的 unusual 不寻常的

unhappy 不高兴的 unreal 不真实的

（2）un+过去分词

unarmed 没有武装的 unborn 没出生的

（3）un+现在分词

unbelieving 不信的

4）re表示“再一次，重新，返回，向后”几乎可以附加在所有的动词及其派生名词或

形容词前面，构成新词。如：

rebuild v. (to build again)

reopen v. (to open again)

readdress更改地址

rebirth复活,再生

recall回忆,记起

recollect记得

recover恢复

reentry再进入,重回

reissue再发行

repay报答，回报

reproduce再生,繁殖

recount重计,再算

5）tele含义是far (远)，多用于与远距离有关的词，如：

telephone, television

6）kilo含义是thousand（千），如：

kilometre

7）a-含义是on, in 或at, 可以附加在名词上，构成形容词或副词。如：

ahead, asleep

2．常见的后缀

1）名词后缀

（1）-er

a. -er附加在动词后面，表示“从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人”，如：

farmer driver

writer worker

teacher reader

b. -er附加在名词后面，表示“与这个名词有某种关系的人”，如：

officer prisoner

c. -er附加在表示地点的名词后面，表示“住在某处的人”如：

villager Londoner

d. -er附加在合成词后面，表示“从事某种职业或与某种情况有关的人”，如：

newcomer storekeeper

e. -er附加在形容词后面，表示“有某种特征或性质的人”，如：

foreigner stranger

f. -er附加在一部分动词后面，构成名词，如：

poster recorder

（2）-or得含义和-er相同，主要附加在外来语后面，如：

conductor visitor

（3）-ist

a. 表示“从事……职业的人”或“擅长某种知识或乐器的人”，如：

pianist chenist

b. 表示“信仰某种主义或制度的人”，通常都有一个相应的以 -ism结尾的名词，表示

“……主义”，如：

socialist---socialism communist---communism

（4）-ian附加在以ic(s)结尾的名词或形容词后面，表示“有某种专长或从事某种事（行）

业的人”，如：

music---musician politics---politician

（5）-al多半附加在外来语动词后面，构成名词，表示“动作”或“行为”，如：

arrive---arrival refu---refusal

（6）-ion, -sion, -tion附加在外来语动词后面，构成名词，表示“动作”或“动作过程”，

如：

a. 直接加-ion:

act---action collect—collection

invent—invention

b. 动词变化， 再加-tion 或 –sion 构成名词，如：

attend—attention repeat—repetion

（7）-ful可以附加在名词的后面，表示以该名词容量为单位的量，如：

glassful (一杯) plateful (一盘)

这些词变成复数时，直接加-s,如 glassfuls, handfuls等。

（8）-hood表示“处于……的状况”“在……时期”或“具有……气质”。

a. 附加在亲属邻里关系的名词后面，表示“身份、性质、状况”，如：

brotherhood fatherhood

b. 附加在表示不同年龄性别的人的名词后面，表示“在……时期”或“具有某种人的

气质”，如：

childhood boyhood

（9）-ment附加在动词后面，表示“行为的结果”或“从事行动的手段”，如：

development improvement

（10）-ness附加在形容词后面，表示“状态、情况、特征、程度”，如：

carelessness illness

kindness badness

（11）-ship附加在表示人的名词后面，表示“处于……的身份或状态”，如：

friend---friendship

（12）-y表示“状态、品质、活动”等义，附加在形容词或动词后面构成名词，如：

difficult adj,----difficulty n.

2) 形容词后缀

（1）-able或-ible几乎可以和所有的及物动词构成形容词，表示“能够”（“适于”或“值

得”）做的意思；还表示“倾向于”、“有利于”或“使成为”等意义。-able远比-ible用得多，

参看下列例词；

believe---believable comfort---comfortable

（2）-al附加在名词后面，构成形容词，表示：

a.“有……的属性”，“象……”

b.“具有”，“与……有关”，“用于……”

以 –al (以及-ial, -ical) 结尾的形容词，多半是外来词或由外来词根构成，很少是英语的

派生词。有些以 -al结尾的外来词，在英语里没有原名词词根，如：real, social等。再如：

centre---central music---musical

（3）-an多半加在以元音结尾的地名上，构成形容词，如：

America---American India---Indian

（4）-ian常附加在地名或人在地名或人名后面，构成形容词，如：

Canada---Canadian Paris---Parisian

（5）-ed可以附加在名词后面，构成形容词，表示“有……的”，如：

age---aged

（6）-en可以附加在物质名词后面，构成形容词，如；

wood---wooden gold---golden

这类形容词作定语的含义和原来的名词词根作定语的含义不同，试比较：

gold medal (金质奖章) golden medal (金光闪闪的奖章)

（7）-e可以附加在一部分国名后面，表示“……地方的”，构成形容词；也可构成名

词，表示“……国的人”，如：

China---Chine Japan---Japane

（8）-ful可以附加在名词后面，构成形容词，表示“充满……的”，“易于……的”或“具

有……性质的”，如：

beauty---beautiful care---careful

u---uful hope---hopeful

有少数动词也可以附加-ful，构成形容词，如：forgetful（健忘的）。

（9）-ive和-ative可以附加在外来语动词词根的后面，构成形容词，表示“从事于（该

动词所表示的）行为”或“倾向于（该动词所表示的）行为”，如：

invent---inventive创造性的，有发明能力的

talk---talkative好说话的

（10）-less表示“没有……”，可以附加在名词后面，构成形容词，如：

careless colourless

homeless helpless

（11）-ly表示“具有……品质的”，附加在人称名词后面，构成形容词。这种形容词多

半具有赞美的意味，如：

friendly （友好的） fatherly (父亲般的)

-ly也可以附加在其他名词后面，构成形容词，如：

earthly现世的，世俗的 lovely 可爱的

-ly还可以附加在时间名词上，表示“按周期发生”的意思，这些词既可作形容词也可

作副词，有的还可作名词当期刊、杂志的名称（周刊、季刊、月刊等），如：

hourly每小时一次 weekly 每周一次

quarterly每季一次 monthly 每月一次

yearly每年一次

（12）-ous表示“充满…..的”或“具有……性质的”，附加在名词后面，构成形容词，

如：

danger---dangerous fame---famous

（13）-some表示“具有……特征的”，附加在名词（或动词）后面构成形容词，如：

trouble---troublesome 使人苦恼或烦恼的，麻烦的

tire---tiresome讨厌的，令人厌倦的

worry---worrisome令人烦恼的，容易烦恼的

（14）-y, -ey可以附加在名词后面，表示“充满”，“具有……特征”，“有……的性质”

或“由……组成”等义，如：

air---airy空气的，在空中

ice---icy多冰的，严寒的，冷淡的

luck---lucky幸运的，偶然发生的，吉兆的

rain---rainy多雨的

sun---sunny阳光充足的

wind---windy多风的，有大风的，空洞的

3）动词后缀

（1）-en表示“使……成为”、“使……具有”、“变得”或“变成为……”等意思，附加

在形容词后面，构成动词，如：

bright---brighten sharp---sharpen

以元音和字母n或w结尾的一部分形容词，有些可以直接转化为动词；有些可以附加

前缀en- 构成动词，这些词一律不用后缀 -en，如：

to free to clean

to ensure to enable

转化动词有时和加 -en的派生词并存，但含义或用法不同，如：

to black boots用黑鞋油擦皮靴

to blacken one’s name玷污某人的名声

-en在个别情况下也可以附加在名词后面，构成动词，如：

frighten hearten

（2）-ize (或-i) 表示“使变成……（状态）”，“使……化”，“以……处理”，“采取……

行动”，“变成……状态”或“……化”等意思，附加在形容词或少数名词后面，构成及物动

词和少数不及物动词，如：

modern---modernize现代化

real---realize认识到，实现

memory---memorize记住，记录

organ---organize组织，使有机化

4）副词后缀

-ly是最为常见的副词后缀，可以附加在形容词上，构成与原形容词词义相同的副词，

如：

angrily brightly

cheaply carefully

内容提要：

一、一般现在时

二、一般过去时

三、一般将来时

四、现在进行时

五、过去进行时

六、现在完成时

七、过去将来时

八、过去完成时

练习

本讲正文：

动词的时态

初中阶段应掌握的时态共有八种，即一般现在时，一般将来时，一般过去时，现在进行

时，过去进行时，过去将来时，现在完成时，过去完成时。现从结构，作用，时间状语三方

面加以介绍。

一、一般现在时

其结构为：be动词 肯定句 主语+am，is，are+其它。

否定句 主语+am，is，are + not+其它。

一般疑问句 Am，Is，Are+主语+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+am，is，are+主语+其它？

实意动词 1）主语为第一，二人称及第三人称复数时

肯定句 主语+动词原形+其它。

否定句 主语+don't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句 Do +主语+动词原形+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+do+主语+动词原形+其它？

2）主语为第三人称单数时

肯定句 主语+动词第三人称单数 +其它。

否定句 主语+doesn't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句 Does+主语+动词原形+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+does+主语+动词原形+其

它？

其作用为：表示习惯性，经常性的动作；表示现在的状态与特征；表示普遍真理

其常用时间状语为often，always，usually，sometimes，everyday(week，), in the

morning（afternoon，evening）等。

Ex . 1. _______ she _______ (go)to the library every Sunday?

此题为习惯性动作，答案为Does，go.

often _______(swim)in summer.

此题为经常性动作，答案为swim.

3.______(be)everyone here?

此题表示现在的状态,答案为Is.

earth______(travel) round the sun.

此题表示普遍真理,答案为travels.

二、一般过去时

其结构为：be动词 肯定句 主语+was，were+其它。

否定句 主语+was，were + not+其它。

一般疑问句 Was，Were+主语+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+was，were+主语+其它？

实意动词 肯定句 主语+动词过去式+其它。

否定句 主语+didn't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句 Did+主语+动词原形+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它？

其作用为：表示过去的情况或过去习惯性动作

其常用时间状语为 yesterday，the day before yesterday，...ago，及其它表过去的时

间，如in 1998 等.

Ex. 1.I_____the number down on a piece of paper a moment ago.

A write B writed C wrote D writing

此题表过去的情况，且write为不规则动词，答案为C.

hing______ready before Father came.

A were B was C is D are

此题句中暗示为过去时，且everything后跟第三人称单数，答案为B.

always _______me last term.

A helped B helps C helping D help

此题表过去习惯性动作，且help为规则动词，答案为A.

三、一般将来时

其结构为：be动词 肯定句 主语+will be+其它。

否定句 主语+will not be+其它。

一般疑问句 Will+主语be+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+will+主语+be+其它？

实意动词 肯定句 主语+will+动词原形+其它。

否定句 主语+won't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句 Will+主语+动词原形+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+will+主语+动词原形+其它？

当主语是第一人称时，助动词可为 shall.且若为疑问句只能为shall.

其作用为:表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态.

也可用 主语+am，is，are＋going to do+动词原形+其它来表示计划，打算或决定要

做的事情。

对于很快就会发生的事，还可用进行时态表将来，但常局限于有位置移动色彩的动词，

如go，come，leave等。

其常用时间状语为 tomorrow，the day after tomorrow，，in+时间段及其它表将来

的时间，如in 2010 等.

Ex. up，or you_______(be)late.

_____you________(do)tomorrow?

_______(have) 6 subjects next term.

4.I think it________ again later in the day .

A rains B will going to rain C is going to rain D will

be rain

________this time next year?

A will you be B will be you C you will be D will you

going to be

四、现在进行时

其结构为: 肯定句 主语+ am，is，are+现在分词+其他.

否定句 主语+ am，is，are +not+现在分词+其他.

一般疑问句 Am，Is，Are+主语+现在分词+其他?

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+am，is，are+主语+现在分词+其他?

其作用为:表示说话当时正在发生的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作

其常用时间状语为 now，this week，the days 等,也可是置于句首的 Look，Listen.

现在进行时也可表示最近按计划安排将进行的动作,常会有一个表将来的时间状语。但

仅限于少量词语，如go，come，leave，arrive 等。

注：表态度,情感的动词和感官动词不能用于进行时态（like，know，want，hear等）

Ex. are planting trees on the hill. （改为否定句）

They are not planting trees on the hill.

is writing a letter to his friend. (改为一般疑问句）

Is Tom writing a letter to his friend?

3.I am getting ready to run. (就划线部分提问）

What are you getting ready to do?

五、过去进行时

其结构为: 肯定句 主语+was，were+现在分词+其他.

否定句 主语+was，were＋not＋现在分词+其他.

一般疑问句 Was，Were+主语+现在分词+其他?

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+was，were+主语+现在分词+其他?

其作用为：表示过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作。

其时间状语为：at this time＋过去时间 (at this time yesterday)，at that time， at＋具体时

间点+过去时间（at 9:00 o'clock last night），from 具体时间点 to 具体时间点+过去时间(from

7:00 to 10:00 yesterday morning)。

过去进行时还可以与一般过去时搭配用于时间状语从句中。强调动作延续时用过去进行

时，强调动作瞬间发生时用一般过去时。常用连词为when，while.

Ex. __________(not work) at that time.

wasn't working.

the teacher_________(come)in，they_________(talk) loudly.

came 为瞬间发生的动作,were talking 为持续的动作。

______you_______(read) last night?

如此题强调的是昨夜正在读什么，则答案为 were，reaing如此题强调的是昨夜读了什么，

则答案为 did，read

mother ________(return)while he_______(do)his homework.

returned为瞬间发生的动作,was doing 为持续的动作。

father______(watch)TV while my mother_________(cook).

was watching，was cooking 两动词均为持续的动作。

while 后的从句动词必须为进行时态。若主句和从句均为进行时，连词必须为

while .

六、现在完成时

其结构为：肯定句 主语+ have，has +过去分词+其它。

否定句 主语+ have，has +not+过去分词+其它。

一般疑问句 Have，Has+ 主语+过去分词+其它?

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+ have，has+主语+过去分词+其它?

其作用与时间状语：

1）表示过去发生的动作影响到现在，常与 already, yet, ever, never, just, before 等副词连

用。

2）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，常与表一段时间的时间状语连用。如 for+时间段,

since+过去时间，提问用How long.

此外，so far, in (during) the last (past)+时间段 也是该时态的时间状语。

现在完成时强调过去与现在的联系，而一般过去时只强调过去的动作，与现在无关。

在现在完成时的第二个作用中，必须使用持续性动词，故某些表瞬间的动词需要特定的

转换形式。

如：die---have been dead，open---have been open, clo---have been clod，buy---have had,

borrow---have kept

arrive (in，at),come(to)+ a place---have been in +a place，leave+ a place---have been away

from+ a place，join+团体---have been in+团体,have been a+团体成员等

Ex. 1 How long have you ______the book?

A borrowed B kept C lent D bought

答案为B。因此处需要一个持续性动词。

_________each other since he ______.

A didn't e，left B haven't en，has left C haven't en，left

答案为C.因since的主句为现在完成时，从句为过去时。

3.____he______(wait) for you for an hour? Has，waited

________just______(have) our lunch. Have，had

far, no man_________(visit) this village. has visited

七、过去将来时

其结构为：be动词 肯定句 主语+would be+其它。

否定句 主语+would not be+其它。

一般疑问句 Would+主语+be+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+would+主语+be+其它？

实意动词 肯定句 主语+Would+动词原形+其它。

否定句 主语+wouldn't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句 Would+主语+动词原形+其它？

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+would+主语+动词原形+其

它？

注：也可用 was，were＋going to do 的结构来表示。

其作用为:表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情.此时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾

语从句中。

Ex. told me that she________(go)to the park the next day. would go

didn't know when he________(arrive)until he called us. would arrive

asked if they ________(visit )the farm by bus. were going to visit

八、过去完成时

其结构为：肯定句 主语+ had + 过去分词+其它。

否定句 主语+ had + not+过去分词+其它。

一般疑问句 Had+ 主语+ 过去分词+其它?

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+ had+ 主语+过去分词+其它?

其作用为：过去某时之前已发生的动作或情况，即过去的过去，与现在无关。

此时态常用于

1）以by，before+过去时间，时间段+before，the ()before为时间状语的简单句中。

2）主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。

3）与一般过去时搭配，用于when，after，before引导的时间状语从句中

Ex. ____(be) there twice by the end of last year. had been

_________(finish)the work before 1998. had finished

said he ________(e) the film the week before. had en

sun________(ri) when he got up. had rin

day,I ________(leave)the classroom after I ______(clean) it. left had

cleaned

现在完成时中，关于终止性动词与持续性动词的要求，在过去完成时中，依然适用。

EXERCISES

用所给动词的适当形式填空

1.I usually (get) up at six，but yesterday I (get) up at ven, and

tomorrow I (get) up at eight.

I got there, you already (start) playing.

(draw) a hor at this time yesterday.

(study) in this school for 3 years.

it (not rain) tomorrow, they (go) fishing.

said that she (put) on the new dress the next day.

many times the girl (e) the film since last year?

(collect) more than two hundred Chine stamps.

the end of last month, he (teach) us four English songs.

doctors (operate) on the sick boy now.

brother (speak) French well.

(be) a volleyball match on the playground tomorrow afternoon.

,the students (have) a physics lesson in the lab.

we (arrive) home yesterday afternoon, the wind (blow) hard.

never (hear) the story of Miss Evans before.

16.I (not write) to my friend Mike for a long time.

(not open) the window. It (be) cold outside.

up! We (wait) for you.

! Someone (knock) at the door.

you know if he (come) next week?

they (build) a high way between the two cities.

22.I just (buy) a dictionary. I (buy) it last week. Now, I (look) up a

word in it.

(finish) junior middle school in July 1997.

's sister (play) the piano wonderfully.

didn't get the tickets becau our teacher (give) them all to the other class.

26. it (take) you half an hour to finish your homework yesterday?

teacher told us that we (not have) a maths test the next Monday.

28. the bus (come) yet?

foreign friends (be) to the Great Wall twice.

isn't at home. He (go) to his uncle's.

31."Mother,may I go out and play?"

" you (clean) your bedroom?"

"Yes, I (do) it five minutes ago."

boy is not hungry. He (have) his lunch.

33.I think the suit (fit) me before long though it (not fit) me now.

soon as the rain (stop),they (go) out and played happily.

(call) you in a day or two.

36.I (tell) her the news as soon as she (come) back. I promi you.(我答应

你)

aunt (study) in Germany at this time last year.

38 you (read) this book? No, but I (borrow) one from the

library .Would you like to go with me?

keep quiet. Can't you e we (talk) about something important?

teacher often (work) at night but she usually (go) to work on time.

单项选择、填空

( )1.---Where is Kate? ---She _____ to England.

A．has been B．has gone C．will be D．will go

( )____he_____ when his mother opened the door?

A．did，do B． had done C ．will do D． was，

doing

( )3.---How long _____the man_____? ---For 4 years.

A．has，died B．did，die C． was，died D．has，

been dead

( ) told us that she ________ our factory the next day.

A． had visited B． was visited C． would visit D．will

visit

( ) _____ not go to the cinema if it _______this afternoon.

A．will，will snow B． will，snows C．do，snows D．do，

will snow

( ) Lee said he _____ never _____to Japan.

A．has，gone B． has，been C． had，gone D．had，

been

( ) earth _____ around the sun all the year.

A． has moved B ．moved C．moves D． will

move

( )_______his bike，he has to walk to school.

A． lost B． los C． has lost D． had

lost

( )9.I was late for the meeting. When I reached there，all the people____.

A．had left B． has been left C．has left D．had

been away

( ) years has pasd since I ______you the first time.

A．meet B． have met C． met D．had

met

( )11.I ________in Beijing for half a year now.

A． was B．have come C．had come D．have been

( ) we _______the railway station，the train _____for 5 minutes.

A．got to，had been away B． reached，had left

C．arrived，has been away D． arrived at，has left

( )13.---_____ we go and e Liu Ming tomorrow?

---Good idea! He _____be very plead.

A． Will，will B． Shall，will C． Shall，shall D． Will，

shall

( ) story _______in London in1940.

A． happened B． has happened C．happens D． was

happening

( )，the birds ______ towards the south. They _____ to the south every year.

A．are flying，flies B．fly，are flying

C．are flying，fly D．were flying，flew

( ) long have you ____the book?

A． bought B． borrowed C． keep D． had

( )17.I have _____the USA for two months.

A． been to B． gone to C． been in D． went

( )_______millions of trees on the hills in a few years' time.

A．have planted B．planted C． will plant D． plant

( )_______a film this evening.

A．e B．are eing C．shall e D．are going to e

( ) brother ________a League member for three years.

A． has been B． has become C． has joined D．was

( ) knew Beijing very well becau he ______there many times.

A． had been B． went C． has been D．was

( ) uncle _____the Army two years ago.

A． joins B． joined C．has joined D．has been

in

( )____there already.

A． arrives B． arrived C． has arrived D． has been

( )______to me as soon as you ________ there.

A． write，get B． wrote，got C． writing，get D． write，

will get

( )_____some friends and he often ______ them during his stay in Tokyo.

A． has, visits B． has, visited C． had, visited D． had,

visits

( ) often _____you ____to the park when you were in Tianjin?

A． do, go B． did, go C． will, go D． have,

gone

( ) do you________ do tomorrow?

A． want to B． going to C． go to D． like to

( ) students _____ on a farm for ten days. Then they ____ to a factory.

Though they _____ back at school, they still remembered tho famers and

workers.

A． have stayed，went，were B． had stayed，go，are

C． have stayed，go，have been D． had stayed，went，

were

( ) ______ Thursday tomorrow.

A． is going to be B． will going to be C． will D． will

be

( )30.I _______ him since we last met in 1998.

A． don't e B． haven't en C． didn't e D． have en

( ) mother often _________ clothes last summer.

A． wash B． washes C． washed D． is washing

( )_______always late for school when he was young.

A． is B． was C． will be D． were

( ) usually _____to school by bus.

A．go B． went C． goes D． will go

( ) summer I went to Beijing and ______ there for one month.

A． have stayed B． stays C． stay D． had stayed

( ) night, my father _____ reading the book for about 2 hours.

A． keeps B． had kept C． kept D． has kept

( ) you know that sound ________ much more slowly than light.

A． go B． went C． goes D． will go

( ) soon as he __________ home, he will have a bath.

A． get B． will get C． gets D． is getting

( ) fell asleep while he ______a book.

A read B was reading C is reading D had read

( ), someone ______a picture on the blackboard. How beautiful it looks!

A． draws B． is drawing C．has drawn D． drew

( ) at the empty room. All the guests_________.

A． are, leaving B． left C． have left D． will leave

( ),Susan!What a beautiful dress my mother ________me!

A． is buying B． has bought C． buys D． bought

( ) father died when he _______ a child.

A is B was C had been D has been

( ) arrived after the film_______.

A． has started B． had started

C． was started D． had been started

( )'s wait till the rain_______.

A ．has stopped B． will stop C． is stopping D． stops

( ) ____5 years since we knew each other.

A． is B． had been C． will be D． was

( ) ____sad since you went away.

A． has been B． is C． was D． had been

( )47.I _____him for two months.

A． got to know B． have got to know C．have know D．knew

( )'s why you ______so worried in the last few days.

A． are B． have been C． had been D． were

( ) scientist ________us a talk on air by then.

A． gave B． will give C．gives D． had given

( )50._____5:30 yesterday，they had finished th work.

A． At B． In C． On D． By

( )51.I think he will be back ____three days .

A． after B． in C． on D． later

( )52.I think he will be back ______three o'clock.

A．after B． in C． on D．later

( ) is Jim? He _______his lessons in the classroom.

A． does B． is doing C． has done D． did

( )54. Where is Jim? He ______to London.

A． has gone B． goes C． went D． will go

( ) he got to the cinema，the film had ____for half an hour.

A． begun B． been on C． started D． been in

( )56.---Did you e him last night? ---No, he _____to bed when I got home.

A． went B． had gone C． has gone D． had been

( )57.---_____you _____the medicine? ---Yes，I ______it after lunch.

A． Did take，took B． have taken，have taken

C． Have taken，took D． will take，takes

( )_______the Great Wall twice，and now she still ____to go there.

A． went to，wanted B． goes to，wants

C． has gone to，wants D． has been to，wants

( )59.---Excu me. Look at the sign：No smoking. ---Sorry, I ____ it.

A． don't e B． didn't e C． haven't en D． won't e

( ) has worked there ______ two years ago.

A．for B． at C． in D． since

( )61.I______you for a long time. Where _____ you_______?

A didn't e，did go B didn't e，have gone

C haven't en，have been D haven't en，have gone

( ) has _____been to Shanghai，has he?

A． already B． never C． ever D． still

( )63.---Tom _______out. ---Oh，has he? What time ____ he _____ out?

A． is，did，go B． went，is，going

C． has gone，did，go D． is going，does，go

( )64.---Where is Li Lei?

---He ____ his sports shoes in the room. He ____football with his friends.

A． is puttng on，is playing B． puts on，will play

C． is putting on，will play D． put on，played

( ) and Lucy can speak good Chine becau they _____China for 6 years.

A． have been in B． have been to C． have come to D． were

( ) students will go to the West Hill Farm by bike if it _____fine tomorrow.

A． will be B． is C． was D． does

( ) ____a birthday card for Sam yesterday.

A． has bought B． buys C． bought D． will buy

( ) long ______at this factory?

A． have you come B． has he in C． will he be D． had he been

( )69.I've _______this dictionary _______a year. It's still new now.

A． bought，for B． had，for C． bought，since D． had，

since

( ) I got to the factory，the workers ____about the film.

A． are，talking B． have talked C． were talking D． talked

( ) knowledge of the univer _____all the time.

A． grow B． is growing C． grows D． grew

( ) remembered he _______a new jacket, but he _____for it.

A．has chon，has paid B．has chon，hasn't paid

C．had chon，had paid D．had chon，hadn't paid

( )73.I'll catch up with Lucy before she _____the finishing line.

A． reach B． is reaching C． reaches D． will reach

( )74.---Meimei，why didn't you give the book to Ann?

---Well，she ____a copy for herlf last week.

A． buys B． had bought C． has bought D． bought

( ) inside. It ______hard outside right now.

A． is raining B． has rained C． was raining D． rains

( )76.---Would you plea not draw pictures on the wall? ---Sorry, I ______it again.

A． am not doing B． don't do C． didn't do D． won't do

( )77.---How long have you _____there? ---About 4 years.

A． come B． gone C． left D． worked

( )______his homework and now is listening to music.

A． finished B． will finish C． has finished D． finish

( ) Reads ____ lunch when I got to their hou.

A． were having B． was having C． are having D． is having

( ) hair ____ white the days.

A． have turned B． are C． has turned D． will be

部分答案：

1．B has been to 表示去过某地，但现在已回来。has gone to表示去了某地，且现在还

未回来。C、D选项不符合题意。

2．D 本题强调他妈妈开门的一瞬间他正在做什么，而非做了什么。B，C选项不符合

题意。

3．D How long，for 均暗示本题应用完成时，且 die 为终止性动词，不能与for+时

间段连用，C 为干扰项.

4．C told，the next day 均暗示本题应用过去将来时，A 不符合题意，B 为干扰项。

5．B 在if 引导的条件状语从句中，要求主句为一般将来时，从句为一般现在时。

6．D said，never 均暗示本题应用过去完成时，而此题又强调主语从未去过日本。

7．C 此题为客观真理，必须用一般现在时。

8．C 本题表示发生在过去的丢车事件对现在造成步行上学的影响。

9．A 到达会场发生在过去，人已离开又发生在到达会场之前。应用过去完成时。本

题中没有动作持续的暗示，故不选D.

10．C since 引导的时间状语从句中，主句为现在完成时，从句应为一般过去时。

11．D for 引导的时间段必须要用持续性动词。

12．A 本题时态应为过去范畴，车开在先，人到在后，且for的出现标志从句动词应

为持续性动词。

13．B Shall we/I do sth 是争求对方意见或建议的常用句型，且shall只能用于第一人

称 .

14．A 本题为过去范畴，且不强调某一具体时刻的动作，所以选A.

15．C 本题 look 暗示现在进行时态，every year 则表规律性动作，用一般现在时。

16．D 与 How long 搭配应用持续性动词，keep 不是过去分词故选 D.

17．C 与 for+时间段搭配应用持续性动词。

18．C in+时间段用于将来时。

19．D 本题 this evening 可考虑为将来的时间状语，故只能选D。

20．A 与 for +时间段搭配应用持续性动词。

21．A 因过去多次去北京才导致了解该城市，而主句已为过去时，故选A。

22．B 本题为过去时，与动词持续性或终止性无关。

23．C 本题为现在完成时第一种用法，与动词持续性或终止性无关。

24．A 本题主句为祈使句，相当于一般将来时，谓语动词用一般现在时，故选 A.

25．C 本题 during his stay in Tokyo表明动作发生在过去。

26．B 根据从句中的谓语动词时态题示主句应为过去时，而不能单独看How often。

就用一般现在时。

27．A 本题虽有tomorrow，但因出现助动词do，故不考虑将来时，且want具有将来

色彩。

28．D 本题最后一句出现remembered，说明动作发生在过去，而去农场又发生在去工

厂之前，且有for+时间段做时间状语，故选D。

29．D 星期变化为客观规律，不是推测或打算。故选D 不选A。

30．B since 引导时间状语从句，主句为现在完成时，从句现为一般过去时。e为终

止性动词，但其否定形式可用于since 引导时间状语从句中。

31．C

32．B

33．C often，always，usually 等副词若与过去时间状语同时出现,则服从后者。

34．D

35．B for+时间段若与过去时间状语同时出现，则服从后者。故此两题用过去完成时。

36．C 宾语从句的主句为过去时，但从句为客观真理，所以仍保留一般现在时.

37．C as soon as要求主句为一般将来时，从句为一般现在时。

38．B while 后面应跟着进行时态，而主句的felt 则暗示过去范畴。

39．C 本题易错选B和D，但后面的感叹句表明画画已成事实，且对现在产生影响。

故选C。

40．C

41．B 此两题思路与No 39.相同，均应考虑过去动作影响现在。

42．B 本题必须用过去时态，但没有迹象表明动作的先后顺序，所以选B不是 C。

43．B 本题必须用过去范畴，但有迹象表明动作的先后顺序，电影放映在先，人随后

到，且电影开演不必用被动所以选B。

44．D 主句为祈使句，till 引导时间状语从句要求用一般现在时。

45．A It is+时间段+since引导过去时为固定句型。

46．A since 引导时间状语从句，主句现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。与上句的固定

句式不同。

47．C for 前面应跟完成时和持续性动词。get to do sth属于终止性动词搭配。

48．B in(during) the last(past)+时间段用于现在完成时。

49．B by then 在这里理解为“届时”用于将来时。

50．D 本题不应见到具体时刻便选A。应考虑到后面的过去完成时。

51．B in+时间段用于将来时。.D选项应为three days later。

52．A after+时间段用于过去时，若在将来时中应带具体时间点。

53．B

54．A 试比较这两题，虽问句相同但侧重点不同故答案不同。

55．B sth begin的持续性对应词为 sth has(had) been on。

56．B 我到时他已去睡觉了而不是去睡过觉。故选B。

57．C 本题用现在完成时询问是否完成某事，经肯定后再用一般过去时说何时完成的。

58．D 前一分句有 twice 表示去过，后一分句now，still 表现在还想去。

59．B 说没看见应是谈话之前发生的，经提醒现已看见。故选B不选C。

60．D since+过去时间点用于现在完成时中，for 后跟时间段。

61．C for 后跟时间段用于现在完成时。问对方上哪去了说明对方已回来，即去过某

地。

62．B 反意疑问句中附加问句部分是肯定形式，故前面应为否定。

63．C has he 部分说明应用现在完成时，而具体外出时间则在过去。

64．C 此时此地问人在哪里，回答为正在某地做某事。下一步要做的动作用将来时。

65．A have been in表示在某处居住或逗留了一段时间。

66．B if 引导条件状语从句主句是将来时，从句为一般现在时。fine是形容词。

67．C yesterday是一般过去时的时间状语。

68．C How long不仅可与现在完成时连用，还可与现在时，过去时，将来时连用。此

题用排除法。A为终止性动词，B为干扰项，D无迹象表明过去的过去。

69．B buy是终止性动词其代替词是have。

70．C 当从句某一突然动作发生时，主句动作一直在持续，又在过去范畴。故用过去

进行时。

71．B

72．D 上面两题均为课文原句。一题强调知识一直在不断增长，用现在进行时。一题

强调―记起‖的内容发生在―记起‖这一动作之前。并要考虑转折的关系。

73．C before引导的时间状语从句对于将要发生的事情也是主将从现。

74．D last week 是一般过去时的时间状语。

75．A right now表现在。

76．D 道歉后应许诺将不会再做。

77．D 四个词中只有 work 是持续性，可与How long 同时使用。

78．C 发生在过去的完成作业的动作，对现在造成可以欣赏音乐的结果。

79．A 姓氏前有the后有s，谓语动词应用复数形式，从句是由when引导的表示过去

的时间状语从句，所以用过去进行时态。

80．C hair是不可数名词，the days 表现阶段的变化结果。

整体结构为：be+过去分词

被动语态的例外内容

练习1.将下列主动语态转化为被动语态

2．单项选择

3．动词的适当形式填空

正文

英语中的语态也是谓语动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中有

两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。前者表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，后者则表示主语是谓

语动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态。

初中阶段要掌握一般现在时，一般过去时和情态动词(含一般将来时)的被动语态。有能

力的同学还可试着理解现在进行时和现在完成时的被动语态。现将相关结构介绍如下。

整体结构为：be+过去分词

一般现在时：am，is，are+过去分词

一般过去时：was，were+过去分词

情态动词： can，may，must 等+be+过去分词

(一般将来时: will,shall be+过去分词)

现在进行时:am，is，are +being+过去分词

现在完成时：have，has +been+过去分词

被动语态的用法

1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

2）当需要强调动作的承受者时。

主动语态转化为被动语态的练习中可借助此窍门理解。

宾变主，主从by。

be的数量和时态。

不用 did和 by I。

其余可以抄下来。

第一句强调原主动语态中的宾语，即动作承受者变为被动语态的主语。原主动语态中

主语，则由中文译为"被"的介词by 引出。

第二句强调be 动词要随着时态及主语的单复数发生变化。

第三句强调被动语态中要使用过去分词而不是过去式，且介词by 的后面跟人称代词的

宾格形式。

第四句强调其它句子成分可以照抄。(例外内容将在后面单独讲解。)

被动语态的例外内容

1。带双宾语的被动语态

有些及物动词带有直接宾语和间接宾语。在用于被动语态时，可将其中一个宾语变成主

语，另一宾语保留在谓语后面。若以表物的直宾做主语,则间宾前需有介词.

teacher gave us a book.

We were given a book by the teacher.

A book was given to us by the teacher.

Her mother always buys her some books .

She is always bought some books by her mother.

Some books are always bought for her by her mother.

2.省to不定式做宾补的被动语态

在主动语态中，动词make，let，have，e，hear，等后接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，

动词不定式都需去掉to。但在被动语态中后面的不定式都需加to。

eg.A small boy saw him enter the hou.

He was en to enter the hou (by a small boy).

His parents make him brush his teeth after every meal.

He is made to brush his teeth after every meal (by his parents).

除非要强调动作的执行者,否则一般来说,被动语态可省略 by 引导的部分。如没有把握

就不要轻易省去.

EXE.1.将下列主动语态转化为被动语态。

答案

1)People call him Little Tom.

（答案）

2)Children often sing this song.

（答案）

3)People all over the world know the Great Wall.

（答案）

4)The students clean the room every day.

（答案）

5)A PLA man saved the boy.

（答案）

6)The students gave the foreign friends a warm welcome.

（答案）

7)Did you write the letter?

（答案）

8)John answered all the questions.

（答案）

9)My brother will mend by bike for me.

（答案）

10)We shall paint the wall.

（答案）

11)He has already done the exercis.

（答案）

12)We can finish the work the day after tomorrow.

（答案）

13)People must not take the books out of the library.

（答案）

14)Who wrote the story?

（答案）

15)Where can I buy the dictionary?

（答案）

16)We produce this kind of car in China.

（答案）

17)Do you u it for cooking?

（答案）

18)When did you build the bridge?

（答案）

19)We should learn more English.

（答案）

20)People saw a man come in.

（答案）

21)We must look after our own things.

（答案）

22)Will they show a new film next week?

（答案）

23)Have you nt the letter yet?

（答案）

24)Father tells me a story every night.

（答案）

25)Many people speak English.

（答案）

26)The boss made the workers work ten hours a day.

（答案）

27)He isn't cleaning the blackboard now.

（答案）

28)The teacher helped the students work out the maths problem.

（答案）

29)We can do it this way.

（答案）

30)Do you water your flowers every day?

（答案）

31)You must answer the question in English.

（答案）

32)The workers plant many trees along the road.

（答案）

33)He broke the window yesterday.

（答案）

34)You must return the book on time.

（答案）

35)I have put the vegetables in the basket.

（答案）

36)She asked me to come in and have a talk.

（答案）

37)We saw a lot of boys playing in the park.

（答案）

38)Yesterday we heard them sing in the next room.

（答案）

39)You must nd your sister to hospital at once.

（答案）

40)The foreigners can't understand this word.

（答案）

41)Mike drew a picture on the paper.

（答案）

42)Someone took away the boxes just now.

（答案）

43)He taught himlf maths from the text book.

（答案）

44)The child enjoys watching TV.

（答案）

45)The little boy cut his finger.

（答案）

2.单项选择。

1)The rivers smells must_______dirty things into it.

stopped to throw stopped from throwing

to throw from throwing

2)Paper ______first invented in China about two thousand years ago.

3)---Do you like the flower? ---Yes,it______sweet.

smelling B. smelt smelt

4)It snowed heavily last ground_________thick snow.

covered with filled with

made of d with

5)The light in the room_______before you leave.

turn off turn off

turned D must be turned off

6)_____the kind of question often_____in your class,Ann?

,ask ,asked ,asked ,ask

7)The bridge___in three weeks.

build built be built

8)The old men and the children must_____in our country.

good care taken good care

good care of taken good care of

9)Paul doesn't have to be made_______.He always works hard.

learn d ng

10)The girl was unhappy becau she______by some boys in the class.

laughed laughed

d at laughed at

11)We_____that the English test____next Monday.

told,gives ,will give

told,will be given ,is going to be given

12)Great changes______place in China since 1978.

been taken taken

been taken

13)______the red pencil-box_______by your father last week?

,bought ,bought ,buy ,buy

14)Mary_____many songs at the party.

sing to sing

heard sing heard to sing

15)_____trees usually________in April?

,planted ,planted

,plant ,planted

16)When we got there,the broken road_____repaired.

being being been D./

17)The windows of the room____once a week.

been cleaned cleaned

cleaned cleaning

18)In 1620,about half the USA_______forests.

A. was covered covered by

filled with d with

19)The young tree______the stick.

be tied to be tied by

tie to be tied with

20)A prent_____me by my friend on my birthday.

giving given to

given for give to

21)By_____was the book_____?

,wrote ,write

,written g

22)Films about crime and violence（暴力与犯罪）_______

by young children.

not e be not en

not be en be en

23)In warm weather fruit and meat______long.

't be kept 't keep

not kept 't keeping

24)Half the world's telephone calls________in English.

made making made

25)That building____now.

building built being built

26)The trees in our school_____every Friday afternoon.

watered watering watered

27)More "Great Green Walls" must____all over the world.

built building built

28)His school bag____by a woman ten minutes ago.

away taken away taken off taken

29)The books and magazines________in the library for years.

kept been kept kept

30)It____that she______very clever.

said ,is said,were

said,is said,is being

31)This table is____wood.

in from

of by

32)Cotton _____in our hometown.

grown grown

33)The English party________once a month in our class.

helding holding held

34)Luckily,he was not______.

hurt hurted g

35)Our Party______the people and our Party_____by the people.

,is loved ,is loved

,loves loving,is loved

36)English______in many country,but the Chine______their

own language.

spoken,speaks ,is spoken

spoken,speak ,speak

37)This kind of machine_______cutting paper.

ud for using for ud to for

38)That hou______in have lived there for nearly 10 years.

built built

39)The fish_____in the lake.

looked after well looked after well

looking after well looked well

40)Yesterday a visitor_____something about his hometown.

asked asking asked D asked

41)---Do you like this kind of paper?

---Yes,it_______very nice.

felt feeling

42)The books____well.

being sold sold

43)The boy_____lost on his way home yesterday.

44)Though the coat is a bit large now,it ______me very soon.

be fit fit C. fit

45)The old woman was killed_____a knife.

3.动词的适当形式填空。

1)The bottle (break) by the cat yesterday.

2)A tall tree (can,e) in the picture.

3)The sports meeting (hold) last week.

4)We (tell) yesterday that Jane would come back from Australia.

5)Look, (take) to the station by Mark in his car.

6)The trees should (water) after they (plant).

7)The TV t (make) in (make) last April.

8)Colour TVs (ll) in that shop.

9)When the People's Republic of China (found)?

10)Have you moved into the new hou?

Not rooms (paint) now.

11)An American film often (show)on TV on Sundays.

12)She (tell) the good news as soon as she arrived.

13)Look! A big modern bridge (build) over the river.

14)e (remember)by the Chine people for ever.

15)A recorder often (u) in our English class.

16) this song on the radio?

Yes,it last week.

it again?

Yes,I think so.(teach)

17) this kind of telephone (produce) in Guangzhou?

18)The sports meeting ( not hold) if it snows tomorrow.

19)My grandfather was born in the year when our Party (found).

20)All the bicycles (ll) out before we arrived.

21)The Great Wall (know) to people all over the world.

22)The things can't (put) here.

23)The picture (draw) many years ago.

24)Football (play) in most middle schools.

25)The two thieves (catch) by the police last night.

26)The money (must,pay) after you buy the goods.

27)His bag finally (find) behind the door.

28) your clothes (wash) very often?

29)A year (divide 分成)into four asons.

30)We (tell) to be here at six o'clock.

31)This change (call) a physical change.

32) the work (finish) yet?

33)Bad things (can,turn) into good things.

34)They (ask) to speak at the meeting yesterday.

35)The shop (open) at eight and (clo) at six.

36)Class (begin) at eight in the morning.

37)A terrible accident (happen) last night.

38)This piece of cloth (feel) soft.

39)How it (get) broken?

40)Last night,he (e) (steal) his friend's money by someone.

EXE答案

1．将下列主动语态转化为被动语态。

1）He is called Little Tom.

2）This song is often sung by children.

3）The Great Wall is known to people all over the world.

be known to sb.是固定搭配,译为―为人所知‖。

4）The room is cleaned by the students every day.

5）The boy was saved by a PLA man.

6）The foreign friends were given a warm welcome by the students.

A warm welcome was given to the foreign friends by the students.

7）Was the letter written?

8）All the questions were answered by John.

9）My bike will be mended by my brother.

10）The wall will be painted by us.

主语是第一人称可用shall，但主语若不是第一人称，绝不能用shall。

11）The exercis have been already done by him.

12）The work can be finished the day after tomorrow.

13）The books must not be taken out of the library.

14）Whom/Who was the story written by?

本题参考单选第21题。

15）Where can the dictionary be bought?

16）This kind of car is produced in China.

17）Is it ud for cooking？

18）When was the bridge built?

19）More English should be learned.

20）A man was en to come in.

21）Our own things must be looked after.

本题参考单选第8题。

22）Will a new film be shown next week?

23）Has the letter been nt yet?

24）I am told a story every night by Father.

A story is told to me by Father every night.

25）English is spoken by many people.

26）The workers were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.

27）The blackboard isn't being cleaned now.

28）The students were helped (to) work out the maths problem by the teacher.

29）It can be done this way.

30）Are your flowers watered every day？

31）The question must be answered in English.

32）Many trees are planted by the workers along the road.

33）The window was broken by him yesterday.

34）The book must be returned on time.

35）The vegetables have been put in the basket.

36）I was asked to come in and have a talk.

37）A lot of boys were en playing in the park.

38）They were heard to sing in the next room yesterday.

39）Your sister must be nt to hospital at once.

40）This word can't be understood by the foreigners.

41）A picture was drawn on the paper by Mike.

42）The boxes were taken away just now.

43）本题不可改为被动语态,因宾语是反身代词。

44）本题不可改为被动语态,因宾语是动名词，宾语若为不定式，也不能改为被动语态。

45）本题不可改为被动语态,因宾语是动作执行者身上的部位或器官.

2．单项选择题

1）stop sb. from doing sth.应译为阻止某人做某事。从本句中可以看出，河水的味道不好。

所以人们应该被阻止向河中扔脏物这一坏行为。故答案为B。

2）造纸术首先在中国被发明，且是很早以前的事情。故答案为C。

3）此句中的smell是系动词，意思是闻起来。按此意解时无进行时及被动语态。故答案

为D。

4）be covered with 译为―被......所覆盖‖，正符合本题意.故选A。

5）turn off 译为―关灯‖，而灯做主语应是被关。由before做连词的时间状语从句，主句

应为一般将来时，从句为一般现在时。情态动词含有将来色彩。故选D。

6）问题经常在课上被问，故选B。

7）in three weeks 译为―三周后‖，表将来。而桥应被建，故选C。

8）在主动语态中，如含有固定搭配形式的动词短语，在变为被动语态时，切不要将短语

中的介词或副词忘掉或省略。故选D。

9）―使某人做某事‖的主动语态结构为 make sb. do sth.。在变成被动语态时需添上不定式

符号to。故选B。本题译为：Paul没有必要被逼着学习，因为他一直学习很努力。

10）小女孩之所以不高兴是因为被人嘲笑，此词组的英文是

laugh at sb.。又因主句暗示时态为过去时，故选D。

11）本句强调我们被告知，而非我们告诉别人，因动词tell的后面没有间接宾语。下周

又是将来范畴。故选C。

12）动词短语take place 译为―发生‖=happen，是不及物的搭配，因此没有被动语态。since

又是现在完成时的标志，故选B。

13）由介词by 引出动作执行者肯定是被动语态，故选B。

14）hear sb. do sth. 是主动语态,sb .be heard to do sth.是被动语态。本句未出现Mary 听

到别人(即宾语)唱歌，所以只能理解为被人听到她唱歌。故选D。

15）树应被种，且usually和in April 均暗示一般现在时，故选B。

16）当我们到时，路正在被修。且从句中出现got，故选B。

17）该句的主语是the windows而不是the room。时间状语又是每周一次，所以是一般现

在时的被动语态。故选C。

18）本题意思是America被forests所覆盖。1620年发生在过去，美国国土的一半（省略

land）不可数。be covered by（with）是固定搭配。A选项少介词with。故选B。

19）译为―将...系在...上面‖，小树苗应该被系在木棍儿上。故选A。

20）动词give后可跟双宾语。本题以直宾做被动语态的主语，间宾前则应加上介词to。

故选B。

21）这是一个介词提前的特殊疑问句，意思是―这本书是谁写的？‖ 做介词宾语只能用

whom，故选C。本题如果把by放在句尾,则who,whom均可。

22）含暴力与犯罪的电影不应该被青少年看。情态动词的被动语态是将not 放在情态动

词后而不是be 动词后。故选C。

23）天热时食物不会被保存很长时间。水果和肉类是两种东西，应该用复数，所以不能

选C。故选A。

24）telephone calls是可数名词,故选A。make telephone calls译为打电话。

25）大楼正在被建 ,故选C。

26）主语承受谓语动词的动作，因此是被动句。通过时间状语得出本题是一般现在时,

故选A。

27）情态动词的被动语态，must后跟be动词原形。故选D。

28）by引导动作执行者，说明应用被动语态。ten minutes ago是过去时，take off 译为脱

下。故选B。

29）for引导时间段常用于完成时,书刊杂志在图书馆中被收藏.故选B。

30）it is said译为―据说‖。在宾语从句中，从句时态受主句时态的限制，排除A。从句主

语为单数，排除B。形容词直接与be动词搭配构成系表结构，排除D。故选C。

31）be made in+ 地点 说明物品的产地，be made by+人 说明物品的生产者，be made

of/from+原材料 说明物品是由何物制成。但be made of 强调仍看得出原材料，而be made

from 则强调已看不出原材料。桌椅由木头制成，应看得出来。故选C。

32）棉花在我的家乡被种植，而且棉花为不可数名词。故选C。

33）hold a party 译为―举办英语晚会‖，一月一次表经常性的频率。故选C。

34）be hurt 应译为―受伤‖。badly是副词修饰动词hurt，其过去分词与原形一致。故选A。

35）―党爱人民，人民爱党‖这是一种经常性的情感，不是某时正在发生的。根据句意，

前半句为主动，后半句为被动。故选A。

36）本句译为―英语在许多国家被人讲，但中国人讲自己的语言‖。这里的the Chine可

理解为所有的中国人，所以谓语动词用原形。故选C。

37）be ud for doing 的意思是某物被用来做某事。故选A。

38）本题时间状语为过去时，房屋应是被建。故选B。

39）此句中的fish是单复数同形的鱼，不是不可数名词的鱼肉。look after是固定搭配，

在被动语态中绝不能忘掉介词。故选B。

40）yesterady表明应用过去时，若 a visitor 做动作执行者，ask后应有间接宾语sb.（ask

sb. to do sth.）。但本题只有直接宾语，故考虑被动语态。故选A。

41）系动词没有进行时和被动语态，问句中的Do 暗示一般现在时。故选D。

42）ll,drive等单词与not,hardly等否定词以及副词well,easily, badly,fast等连用时，常

用主动形式表被动意义。本题主语为复数，故选D。

43）get+过去分词也能表被动，但不带by的短语。本题的时间状语为过去时，故选A。

44）当谓语动词是及物动词have(举办),hold(容纳),fit(适合),leave(遗留)等时，不用被动

语态。主句时间状语为soon表将来。故选B。

45）by后引出某一具体动作的执行者，with后引出执行者所用的工具或手段。故选B。

3.动词的适当形式填空

1）was broken

2）can be en

3）was held

4）were told

主句动词后没有宾语,故考虑为被动语态。

5）is being taken

6）be watered，are planted，

after引导的时间状语从句,对于没有发生的事情,时态为主句一般将来时,从句一般现

在时。情态动词可代替一般将来时。

7）is made，was made，

单纯表产地用一般现在时即可。

8）are sold

9）was，founded，

found---founded 建立，成立。区别于找到，发现find---found

10）are being painted

11） is ， shown

12） was told ，

as soon as 引导时间状语从句，对于发生过的事情，主从句时态均为过去时。

13）is being built

14） will be remembered

for ever 译为―永远‖，本句意思：白求恩大夫将永远被中国人民牢记。

15） is ， ud

16）Has， been taught， was taught， Will ， be taught，

本题用现在完成时询问是否已做某事，经肯定答复后,用一般过去时补充做事的时间，

再用一般将来时表明何时再做。

17）Is ， produced

同第七题。

18） won't be held

if 引导条件状语从句，时态搭配为：主句一般将来时,从句一般现在时。

19）was founded

20）had been sold ，

本句车子卖完发生在人到之前，从句为一般过去时，所以主句为过去完成时。

21）is known

22）be put

23）was drawn

24）is played

本题与第21题均为客观现象，故为一般现在时。

25）were caught

26） must be paid

本题同第六题。

27）was ， found

最终被发现的结果应为过去时，动词辨析参考第9题。

28）Are ， washed

29） is divided

本题为客观真理，故用一般现在时。

30）were told

本题无明显时间状语，按过去时处理。

31）is called

32）Has ，been finished

33） can be turned

本题与31题同24题。

34）were asked

35）opens ， clos

36）begin

35，36两题中的动词，可直接用主动语态表示被动语态。

37） happened

happen为不及物动词，无被动语态。

38）feels

feel为情态动词，无被动语态。

39） did ， get

get+过去分词也是被动语态的结构，但要借助于助动词do的适当形式,而不是be动

词的适当形式.

40）was en ，to steal

e sth.在被动语态中，应将不定式符号 to 补上。

内容提要：

一、动词不定式的构成与特征

二、动词不定式的用法

1．作主语

2．作表语

3．作宾语

4．作宾语补足语

5．作定语

6．作状语

7．疑问句与不定式连用

EXE.1.区别不定式在下列句中的作用。

EXE.2.用不定式或-ing的适当形式填空。

EXE.3.单项选择。

本讲正文：

动词不定式

一.动词不定式的构成与特征

动词不定式是一种非限定动词，由“to+动词原形”构成。其否定形式为 not to

do。其中to 是不定式符号，有时可省略。动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形

式，在句中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。它具有动词的特征，也具有名

词，形容词和副词的特征。

二.动词不定式的用法

由于动词不定式具有名词，形容词和副词的特征，所以它在句中可作主语,表

语，宾语，定语和状语。

1.作主语

eg. To pass the exams is easy,but to pass the exams with

high marks is not easy.

动词不定式作主语时。往往用 it 作形式主语，把动词不定式放在谓语之后。

is easy to pass the exams，but it is not easy to

pass the exams with high marks.

这种用法可归纳为下面的句型:

It is +形容词+动词不定式.

如果要说明不定式表示的动作的执行者,可以用for引出，即：

It is +形容词+for+sb.+动词不定式.

eg. It is not easy for her to get the good mark.

(To get the good mark is not easy)

有些形容词如kind,clever,good,foolish等,往往要求后面接介词of,而不是for。

eg. It was kind of her to help us.

(She was kind to help us.)

可把握下列原则

1）若形容词是用来修饰不定式主语的用介词for.

2）若形容词是用来修饰动作执行者的用介词of.

2.作表语

job is to nd letters.

3.作宾语

decided to go there by train.

初中阶段可以用不定式作宾语的及物动词有:want, need, would like, wish,

decide, like, begin, start, forget, learn, remember, try, hope, prefer等。

动词不定式与

-

ing形式作宾语的区别

动词不定式与

-

ing形式都可以跟在动词后面作宾语。但有些动词后只能跟不定

式，如want,decide,wish,hope,agree等。而有些动词后只能跟-ing形式,如：enjoy,

finish, keep(on),mind等。有些动词后既可接不定式又可接-ing形式，且意义区

别不大，如begin, start,like,prefer,love,hate。但有些动词后既可接不定式又可接

-ing形式，两种用法的意义相差很大。如：remember,forget,stop等。

er to lock the door when you leave the classroom.

离开教室的时候要记住锁门。(还没锁)

I remembered locking de door.

我记得锁门了。（已锁过）

eg. He stopped to talk with me.

他停下来跟我说话。

（停下其它的动作，再和我说话。）此处不定式作状语，表示目的。

He stopped talking with me.

他停止与我交谈。（不再和我说话）此处动词ing形式作宾语。

4.作宾语补足语

能跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:want, ask, tell, would like 等。

eg. His parents told him to come home before ten.

She asked her teacher not to be angry.

有些动词后跟的作宾语补足语的不定式需省去to。

这样的动词包括make(使),have(使),let(让),e,hear,feel, watch等。

boss made them work more than ten hours a day.

注意上述用法在被动语态中应补上

to

。

were made to work more than ten hours a day.

help后接不定式作宾语补足语时，可带to也可省略to。

5.作定语

is always the first student to arrive and the last

to leave.

I have nothing to say about it.

6.作状语

1)作目的状语

workers wear glass over their eyes

to keep their eyes safe.

常见的短语 come to do sth.,go to do sth.,stop to do sth.均属于此类型。

2)作结果状语

was too young to go to school.

The ice is thick enough to skate on.

7.疑问词与不定式连用

疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后面可以接不定式构

成短语,充当句子成分。

doesn't know how to start the machine.

Can you tell me which one to buy?

EXE.1.区别不定式在下列句中的作用。

1)To study English well is very hard.( )

2)He came to e me the day before yesterday.

( )

3)Mr Brown wants to visit Beijing. ( )

4)I have a lot of homework to do. ( )

5)His mother asked him to wash his hands

before each meal. ( )

6)We often hear the little boy cry.( )

7)His father decided not to drive the car.( )

8)My wish is to become a scientist. ( )

9)It's good to meet all my friends here.( )

10)She went to the shop to buy some food.

( )

11)It takes me half an hour to read English every morning.

( )

12)Who was the last runner to pass the finishing line?

( )

13)The teacher told us to do Exerci 4.( )

14)Her aunt's job is to look after children. ( )

15)The farmer stopped to have a rest.( )

16)Is there anyone to answer the question? ( )

17)The boy ran fast enough to catch the bus.

( )

18)We can help you (to)water the flowers.( )

19)Let's begin our class.( )

20)What makes you think I am the person you want?

( )

EXE.2.用不定式或-ing的适当形式填空。

1)It's very kind of you (do) it for me.

2)My job is (teach) the students English.

3)If you want (go)with us,you should hurry up.

4)I saw him (enter)the hou this moring.

5)I saw him (swim)in the lake

when I walked past.（答案）

6)The teacher asked me (come)to school

early tomorrow.

7)He told me (leave) at six thirty.

8)I still don't know where (go).

9)I want (have)someone (help)me

with my maths.（答案）

10)Before you leave,don't forget (turn)off the light.

11)You'd better (stay)at home and _____(do)

your homework.（答案）

12)I stopped (write)______ (look)for my knife.（答案）

13)It was hard (do)it by mylf.

14)It is impossible (finish)it in one day.

15)It's time (get)up.

16)I'm very glad (make)so many friends.

17)The passage is not very easy (understand).

18)I' sorry that I have nothing (nd) you.

19)I'll try (not, do) it again.

20)We were surprid (e) him there.

21)The best time (plant)trees is in spring.

22)Satellites are ud for (learn) more about the earth.（答案）

23)He finishes (wash) at eight in the evening.

24)You have worked for 4 hours. You'd better (stop)

______(have)a rest.（答案）

25)He often tells us funny stories and makes us (laugh).

26)Mother always tells me (not,read)in bed.

27)The headmaster was asked (speak) at the meeting.

28) (smoke)too much is bad for your health.（答案）

29)Thank you for (come)_____ (e)me.

30)I want (e)a film instead of (watch)TV.（答案）

31)I'm thirsty.I 'd like something (drink).

32)The old man found it difficult (fall)asleep.（答案）

33)The runner fell down,but he quickly got up and

went on (run).（答案）

34)It took the writer two years (finish) the book.（答案）

35)I spent an hour and a half (do)my homework.（答案）

36)Your uncle is busy (mend) this old bike.（答案）

37)When he entered the room,they all stopped (talk).（答案）

38)I'm sorry I have kept you (wait) for so long.（答案）

39)Last Saturday I watched two teams (play) basketball.（答案）

40)Let me (think) it over before I answer you.

41)I often hear her (cough)at night.（答案）

42)Something is wrong with the needs .(fix)（答案）

43)I have nothing (do).Plea get me something

(read).（答案）

44)Would you like (go) (e) a film with me?（答案）

45)They stopped (listen),but there was

no more sound.（答案）

46)After he read the text,he went on (explain)it.（答案）

47)He was afraid (make)mistakes in the exercis.（答案）

48)Tell him (not worry) about it.

49)The problem is how (do) it easily.（答案）

50)Bob ems to (know) where she is.（答案）

EXE.3.单项选择。

1)I hope _____with them.

to go go going

注解：

2)Tell them_______make any noi.

't to not

注解：

3)Here is a room ______.

living live in live in

注解：

4)Thank you very much _______it to me.

lending lend lending lending

注解：

5)The teacher asked me _____the text.

g read reading

注解：

6)They decided_________football.

g playing play

注解：

7)Keep_____hard,and you will catch up with us.

g work

注解：

8)The clock needs_______.

mend be mend

g mended

注解：

9)It's time for supper 's __________it.

to have having

stop to have ng to have

注解：

10)I have a lot of things _______this week end.

do

注解：

11)You'd better_______in this 's too dangerous.

to swim swim swim

注解：

12)Lily likes ______the clothes of light colour.

put on g on dress wear

注解：

13)It's too _____a bus?

to take taking

take 't take

注解：

14)When I'm tired,I enjoy________music.

ing ing to hear g

注解：

15)Linda felt his smile made her_______better.

feel g

注解：

16)I heard Mother ______with Father in the next room at 9:00.

talking g talk

注解：

17)The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from_____

the earth away.

blow g

注解：

18)Did the teacher tell you ______this afternoon?

go where do what

to do to leave

注解：

19)We still don't know whom_______.

talk with talk with

talk g with

注解：

20)Wu Dong is good at ________English.

speak ng

注解：

21)Lei Feng was always ready ______others.

g help

注解：

22)Have you decided ________for your holiday.

where to go

go where to go to

注解：

23)Would you plea ________me a chair_______?

,to sit on ,to sit

,to sit give,to sit on

注解：

24)Though he had often made his sister _____,today

he was made _____by his siter.

cry,to cry B. cry, cry ,to cry D. to cry,cry

注解：

25)---Why are you going shopping if you don't _______?

---My wife wants______with her.

to,I go ,me going

to,me to go ,to go

注解：

26)What a fine day! How about ______out for a walk?

go going

注解：

27)Would you mind____the window.

clo g

注解：

28)He ran into the room______the girl.

save

注解：

29)Do you hear her _____this song sometimes?

g sing

注解：

30)They kept the fire________themlves warm.

g,keeping burn,to keep

g,to keep burn,keeping

注解：

31)I think it important _______English well.

ng d learn

注解：

32)Remember ______late for class again.

to be 't be be to

注解：

33)He found _____interesting_____with him.

,to talk ,to talk ,talking ,talking

注解：

34)I have no pen ________.

A. writing with write on

write with write

注解：

35)Bob doesn't know ____to write about.

注解：

36)I'll try_____the same mistake again.

not make to make making make

注解：

37)_____is one thing,_____is quite another.

say,to do ,do say,do ,to do

注解：

38)It is too hard________it by mylf without your help.

to do do doing

注解：

39)It's not easy _____you to help me,but it's nice ____you to do so.

,for ,of ,for ,of

注解：

40)I'd like ______your new bike and I would like you _____ my new car.

e,to drive e,driving

,to drive ,driving

注解：

41)I have never heard him _____so.

say

注解：

42)Do you often e her________for him at the bus stop?

wait g

注解：

43)The teacher made the students______the text twice a day.

A. would read g read

注解：

44)She was en ____paper planes in the room.

make

注解：

45)They finally agree ______ here before ten.

coming come

注解：

46)Tell Mary _______on the wall.

A not drawing to draw

not draw draw

注解：

47)This box is light enough _______.

be lifted lifting lift it lift

注解：

48)His wish_____her a dog on that day.

give to give be given

注解：

49)He doesn't feel like_______.

eat

注解：

50)He is too old ______the army.

join joining to join

注解：

内容提要：

一、时间状语从句

1、when引导的从句

2、由while引导的从句

3、由before引导的从句

4、由after引导的从句

5、由since引导的从句

6、till（until）引导的从句

7、由as soon as引导的从句

二、原因状语从句

三、条件状语从句

四、比较状语从句

五、目的状语从句

六、结果状语从句

七、让步状语从句

八、典型例题解析：

本讲正文：

状语从句

在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的句子叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表

达的意义的不同可分为：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、比较方式状语从句、

目的状语从句、结果状语从句和让步状语从句。如果状语从句放在主句前，通常在从句后用

逗号隔开。

一、间状语从句

其连接词有：when, while, before, after, since, till(until), as soon as 等。由这些连词引导的

主从复合句中的主句和从句谓语动词发生的时间有三种情况，即同时发生和先后发生。因此

在运用时间状语从句时，特别要注意主句和从句之间的时态呼应。

1、when引导的从句

有时主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，有时主句的动作在前，从句的动作在后。如果

主句用一般将来时，则从句就要用一般现在时。

Tom will go to e her when he has time.

It was raining when I left the hospital.

The film had already began when I got to the cinema.

2、由while 引导的从句

表示正在进行某一动作时另一动作发生了；还可以表示某个动作还在进行的同时，

另一个动作也在进行之中。例如：

While he was reading, the telephone rang.

While we were boating on the lake, we saw a fish jump out of the water.

While my sister was watching TV, I was writing.

While Dad was washing his car, Mum was cooking.

3、由before 引导的从句

在由before 引导的从句中，一般来说主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，主从句的动

词都用过去时。例如：

Wei Fang had cut the meat into pieces before her mother started cooking.

He didn’t know little Chine before he came to China.

My brother studied in No.1 Middle School before he joined the army.

4、由after引导的从句

由after引导的从句表示主句的动作发生在从句之后，为了表明动作的先后顺序，这是

主句的动作用一般过去时，而从句的动作用过去完成时。有时主从句的动词都用过去时。

例如：

After he had finished his homework, he went home.

After the bell rang, all the students rushed out of the classroom.

5、由since引导的从句

在由since引导的复合句中，从句动词用一般过去时，主句动词用现在完成时。例如：

He has never returned home since he joined the army.

I haven’t en him since he got a job.

注意：在英语里，有一些非延续性的动词，他们只是一瞬间就结束的动作，如：come,

go, arrive, reach, e, hear, clo, leave, begin, start, lo, buy, fall, join, die, get up 等，用It

is … since…的句型来表达目前存在的一种状态。例如：

It’s a week since he came back.

It’s more than a year since he joined the army.

It’s three years since my younger brother was a football player.

6、till (until)引导的从句

（1） 如果主句和从句都用肯定形式，表示“直到……”这一动作直到until 才结

束。例如：

They worked until it was too late.

He waits until the children are asleep.

(2) 如果主句用否定形式，从句用肯定形式，表示“直到……才……‖， 并且

主句的谓语动词为非延续行动词如：leave, start, come, e, go to bed 等，表

示这一动作直到until才开始发生。例如：

I didn’t know it until you told me.

We won’t begin the party until everyone is here.

（3） 当主句为一般将来时时，until引导的从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

例如:

Plea don’t get off the bus until it stops.

He won’t have supper until he finishes reading the newspaper.

（4） not…until…的句式可以转化成when 或after 引导的时间状语从句，但主句

必须用肯定式。例如：

They didn’t go home until the rain stopped.

= They went home after the rain stopped.

The students won’t come into the classroom until the teachers finish their work.

= The students will come into the classroom when the teacher finish their work.

7、由as soon as 引导的从句

（2） 主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。

（3） 主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。一般情况下，从句也用一般过去

时。例如：

I’ll write to you as soon as I get there.

We started as soon as we received his telephone.

二、原因状语从句

其连接词为 becau, since, as等。

1、由becau 引导的原因状语从句，直接明白地说明因果关系，语气最强，它引导的从

句一般位于主句之后。

注意：（1）回答用why 提出的问题需用becau 回答。

（2）becau 不能与并列连词so 连用。

正：Becau I had en the film, I didn’t go to the cinema last night.

正：I didn’t go to the cinema becau I had en the film.

误：Becau I had en the film, so I didn’t go to the cinema last night.

2、as 用来表明比较明显的原因和理由，（由于、既然），这种原因一般是大家都知道的，

其从句位于主句之前。

As he was very busy, we went to the cinema without him.

3、since 用来表示比较勉强的理由和原因， 意为“既然”。例如：

Since everybody makes mistakes in life, Mr. Smith gave John a chance.

4、另外由becau 引导的原因状语从句，可以由becau of 短语换成简单句。

We didn’t go out becau it was raining.= We didn’t go out becau of the rain.

三、条件状语从句

2、 引导条件状语从句的连接词有if, unless。如果主句用一般将来时，从句应用一般现

在时。例如：

She will pass the exam if she works harder.

If you do well in maths, you can learn other subjects well.

3、 注意判定if 引导的从句是宾语从句还是状语从句。在英语里，if 既能引导宾语从

句又能引导状语从句。这要看主句中的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。例如：

Could you tell me if it fine tomorrow.

这句话的主句谓语动词是tell, 及物动词，所以后面if 引导的从句是宾语从句。

I won’t go if it isn’t fine tomorrow.

这句话的主句谓语动词是go, 不及物动词，所以后面if 引导的从句是状语从句。

典型例题分析：

Nobody knows if it ________ tomorrow.

A. rains B. will rain C. rained

分析：if 既可引导宾语从句又可引导状语从句。此题中判断if 引导的是宾语从句

还是状语从句是解题的关键。如果if 引导的是宾语从句，时态应用一般将

来时；如果if 引导的是状语从句，时态应用一般现在时。本句如译成“假

使明天下雨”是一个常见的条件状语从句，是在诱使考生犯错误，单独的

一句话只能是宾语从句，故正确选项为：B。

4、 由“祈使句 + or + 陈述句” 或 “祈使句 + and + 陈述句”的两个句式都可以转

化为由if 引导的条件状语从句。如果连词是or, 那么转换成的条件状语从句应该是

否定的；如果连词是and, 那么转换成的条件状语从句应该是肯定的。例如：

Hurry up or you will be late. = If you don’t hurry up, you will be late.

Study hard and you will pass the exam.= If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

四、比较状语从句

连接词有as… as…，than, the… the…, as 等。

5、 表示甲与乙在某一方面程度相当时，就用 ―as + 形容词或副词原级 + as‖ 的句型。

I think science is as important as maths.

Tom runs as fast as John.

6、 表示甲在某一方面不及乙时，就用not so… as… 句型。例如：

The Yellow River is not so long as the Changjiang River.

He did not come so early as Li Lei.

7、 由than 引导的从句

甲在某一方面程度比乙强时，就用… 比较级 + than 的句式。当than 前后所使用

的动词相同时，通常用助动词或情态动词代替。例如：

I am much taller than you (are).

His cake is bigger than Lily’s (cake is).

4、“the + 比较级， the + 比较级”，表示“越……越……‖ 例如：

The more, the better.

The more you study, the more you will know.

5、由as 引导的从句。

He drank tea as I did.

We must go as Lei Feng did.

五、目的状语从句

由so that 或in order that引导，从句中通常有情态动词。

We got up early so that we could catch the early bus.

六、结果状语从句

由连接词so… that…, such… that… 引导。

1、如果so 前面是系动词be, become, feel, get, turn等，那么so 后面一般接形容词；

如果so 前面是行为动词，那么so 后面就接副词。如果such 后面接的是不可数名

词或名词复数，那么直接将名词放在其后，如果后面是可数名词单数，就一定要加

a/ an。例如：

Bob is so poor that he can’t even buy a watch for his son.

He ran so quickly that he won the race.

English is such a uful language that it is spoken in many countries of the world.

2、so… that…与 such… that… 可以互换。例如：

(1) It’s such an important match that we can’t miss it.

= The match is so important that we can’t miss it.

(2) John is such a nice person that we all like him.

= John is so nice to people that we all like him.

= John is so nice a person that we all like him.

七、让步状语从句

由连接词though 引导。应该注意的是由though 连接的主从复合句，用了though 就

不能再用but, 这是与汉语完全不同的。

Though we were neither very big nor very strong, we were a good team.

I have to wake him up at 5:00 in the morning though I hate to do so.

典型例题解析：

1. I _______ the message to him as soon as he ______ back tomorrow.

A. give, came B. will give, will come

C. will give, comes D. give, will come

正确答案为：

分析：

2. While she _______ TV in the sitting room, the bell _______.

A. watches, rings B. is watching, rang

C. was watching, rang D. watched, was ringing

正确答案为：

注解：

3. She was busy, ______ she couldn’t go to your birthday party last night.

A. so B. and C. or D. but

正确答案为：A

注解：

4、 Jack ack often _______ (walk) to school, but he ______ (come) to school by bike this

morning.（用动词的适当形式填空）

正确答案为：

分析：

5. He ______ (be) better today than he _____ (be) yesterday.（用动词的适当形式填空）

正确答案为：

分析：

6. Will you meet him at the station if he ______ (arrive)? （用动词的适当形式填空）

正确答案为：arrives。

分析：此题是if 引导的条件状语从句，主句时将来时时，从句就要用一般现

在时，即arrives。

7. Don’t cross the road ______ the light turns green.

A. when B. while C. until D. as

正确答案为：

分析：

8. She will find him a kind man when she _______ more about him.

A. knows B. know C. will know D. is going to know

正确答案为：

分析：

9. It is ten years ______ I left my hometown.

A. since B. if C. whether D. until

正确答案为：

分析：

10. I was cooking ______ he was reading a book.

A. after B. while C. becau D. but

正确答案为：

分析：

11. She worked _____ quietly that ______ no one knew she was there.

A. so, as B. so, that C. too, to D. very, that

正确答案为：

分析：

12. Hurry up, ______ you will miss the train.

A. and B. then C. or D. /

正确答案为：

分析：

13. I ______ to bed last night until my father came back.

A. went B. didn’t go C. had gone D. would go

正确答案为：

分析：

14. I _____ him since we met last in 1981.

A. don’t e B. didn’t e C. won’t e D. haven’t en

正确答案为：

分析：

15. ―Why did Li Lei u a pencil?‖

―__________ his pen was broken.‖

A. Becau B. When C. Until D. If

正确答案为：

分析：

典型例题解析：

1. I the message to him as soon as he back tomorrow.

A. give, come B. will give, will come

C. will give, comes D. give, will come

正确答案为：C

分析：在做带有状语从句的复合句练习时，特别要注意主句和从句的谓语动词的时态

和不同的连接词所表达的不同的时间意义。

本题连接词是as soon as，而时间状语是tomorrow，表达的是将来时，那么在这个句

子里，主句要用将来时，从句只能用一般现在时态代替将来时，所以答案为C。

2. While she TV in the sitting room, the bell .

A. watches, rings B. is watching, rang

C. was watching, rang D. watched, was ringing

正确答案为：C

本题是由while引导的状语从句，强调的是正在进行“看电视”这一动作时，“门铃

响了”这一动作也发生了，所以从句用时行时态，主句用一般过去时。答案为C。

3. She was busy, she couldn’t go to your birthday party last night.

A. so B. and C. or D. but

正确答案为：A

本题时表示结果的状语从句，前面一句是说明理由“她很忙”，才产生后面的结果“不

能参加你的生日晚会。”答案是A。

4. Jack often (walk) to school, but he (come) to school by bike this morning.

（用动词的适当形式填空）

正确答案为：walks, came

分析：此题的要求是用动词的适当形式填空，其适当形式包括的内容较多，如动词

原形，时态、语态、不定式、-ing形式、-ed形式等，一定要找出时间状语，主句与从句之

间的连接词，从而确定它们的谓语动词的时态。此题是由两个并列句构成，前一句的时间状

语为often，表达的式经常性、习惯性的动作，而第二句的状语是this morning，只是偶尔“今

早”的一次，所以应该填walks，came。

5. He (be) better today than he (be) yesterday.（用动词的适当形式填空）

正确答案为：is, was。

分析：此题的要求是用动词的适当形式填空，两个动词虽然都是be，但时间状语不

同，是今天today与昨天yesterday的比较，所以，正确答案为：is, was。

6. Will you meet him at the station if he (arrive)?（用动词的适当形式填空）

正确答案为：arrives。

分析：此题是if引导的条件状语从句，主句时将来时，从句就要用一般现在时，即

arrives。

7. Don’t cross the road the light turns green.

A. when B. while C. until D. as

正确答案为：C

分析：如果主句用否定形式，从句用肯定形式，表示“直到„„才„„”，并且主句

的为语动词为非延续行动词如：leave, start, come, e, go to bed等，表示这一动作直到until

才开始发生，故选择C。

8. She will find him a kind man when she more about him.

A. knows B. know C. will know D. is going to know

正确答案为：A。

分析：在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来时。

9. It is ten years I left my hometown.

A. since B. if C. whether D. until

正确答案为：A

分析：在英语里，有一些非延续性的动词，他们只是一瞬间就结束的动作，如：come，

go, arrive, reach, e, hear, clo, leave, begin, start, lo, buy, fall, join, die, get up等，用It is..

since…的句型来表达目前存在的一种状态。故正确答案为：A。

10. I was cooking he was reading a book.

A. after B. while C. becau D. but

正确答案为：B。

分析：由while引导的从句表示某个动作还在进行的同时，另一个动作也在进行之

中。故正确答案为：B。

11. She worked quietly that no one knew she was there.

A. so, as B. so, that C. too, to D. very, that

正确答案为：B。

分析：so…that…意为“如此„„以致„„”，表示结果，故正确答案为：B。

12. Hurry up, you will miss the train.

A. and B. then C. or D. /

正确答案为：C。

分析：由“祈使句+or+陈述句”或“祈使句+and+陈述句”的两个句式都可以转化为

由if引导的条件状语从句。如果连词是or，那么转换成的条件状语从句应该是否定的；如

果连词是and，那么转换成的条件状语从句应该是肯定的。根据本题的句意“快一点，否则

就赶不上火车了”，故正确答案为：C。

13. I to bed last night until my father came back.

A. went B. didn’t go C. had gone D. would go

正确答案为：B。

分析：最可能选错的答案是A。在not…until…句式中，如果主句的谓语动词为非延

续行动词如：leave, start, come, e, go to bed等，主句用否定形式，从句用肯定形式，表示

“直到„„才„„”，并且，表示这一动作直到until才开始发生。故正确答案为：B。

14. I him since we met last in 1981.

A. don’t e B. didn’t e

C. won’t e D. haven’t en

正确答案为：D。

分析：在由since引导的复合句中，从句动词用一般过去时，主句动词用现在完成

时。故正确答案为：D。

15. ―Why did Li Lei u a pencil?‖

― his pen was broken.‖

A. Becau B. When C. Until D. If

正确答案为：A。

分析：由becau引导的原因状语从句，直接明白地说明因果关系，语气最强，回答用why

提出的问题需用becau回答。故正确答案为：A。