英语国家(中英文对照)简介

2024年1月12日发(作者：新年的手抄报)

Land and People 英国的国土与人民

I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分

phical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.

地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

al name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.

不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous ction.

英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh

苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。

(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff

威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.

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北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。

Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.

英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。

II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征

phical position of Britain:

英国的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the a. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is parated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel

in the south and the North Sea in the east.

英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。

north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.

英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。

Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).

塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。

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Thames River is the cond longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).

泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).

讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.

克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）

斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。

IV. Climate 气候

1. Britain''s favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It

has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.

英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。

factors influence the climate in Britain:

影响英国气候的因素：

1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the asonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;

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环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；

2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Wester lies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;

一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift pass the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.

北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。

ll 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water

deficit in the south and east.

英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。

V. The People 人口

英国是个多元文化的国家，人口将近6000万，其中英格兰5000万人，威尔士295万人，苏格兰512万人，北爱尔兰170万人。官方和通用语均为英语。威尔士北部还使用威尔士语，苏格兰西北高地及北爱尔兰通用盖尔语。居民多信奉基督教新教，主要分英格兰教会（也称英国国教圣公会，其成员约占英成人的60％）和苏格兰教会（也称长老会，有成年教徒66万）。另有天主教会和印度教、犹太教及伊斯兰教等较大的宗教社团

tion distribution 人口分布：

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Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).

英国人口约570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为：英格兰人（81.5%），苏格兰人（9.6%），威尔士人（1.9%），爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民族居民。

difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:

英伦三岛民族的祖先：

The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.

英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁—萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。

difference in character个性差别：

The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.

威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。

The Scots are said to be a rious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.

苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。

The Irish are people of charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。

difference in speech between southern England and northern England:

英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别：

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Southerners speak the type of English clo to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually "broader" than that of southern England.

南方人讲的英语接近BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。

Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语言及文化保持活力。

Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On the occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.

一年中他们有称之为“艺术年会”的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。

main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存在的主要问题：

The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are eking more social, political and economic opportunities.

作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。

ants: 移民：

About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.

自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作

Government and Administration 英国政府机构

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s

Government. The System of parliamentary government is not bad on a written constitution,

the British constitution is not t out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.

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联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。

I．The Monarchy

君主制

eth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世。”

Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Asnt to

Bills pasd by parliament.

女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法首脑，全国武装部队总司令，英獭爸粮呶奚稀钡牧煨洹Ｋ蚊紫嗪椭匾恼僭薄６砸榛嵬ü姆ò父栌肌?br>

monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power are limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。

III．Parliament

议会

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United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the Hou of Lords and the Hou of Commons.

英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。

main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.

议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。

Hou of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The

main function of the Hou of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected Hou is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect Hou.

贵族院（上议院）由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。

Hou of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the Hou of Commons that the ultimate authority.

下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。

n has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. The two parties are the Conrvative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conrvative Party

or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient ats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the cond largest number of ats becomes the Official

Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government.

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英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党—保守党和工党。从1945年以来，两党一直轮流执政，在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府，多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为“反对党”，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。

The Cabinet and Ministry

内阁和内阁部长

1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the

Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.

首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。内阁在 首相的主持下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。

2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.

内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，各大臣又为各自部门的工作向议会负责。

政府各部和公务员部

1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the Hou of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defen…

主要的政府部门包括：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。

2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil rvants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental

staff, There are about 541800 civil rvants in Britain now.

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文职人员部的成员被成为公务员。公务员主要是通过竞争考试录用。公务员部门不属于任何政党，政府的变更并不影响部门职员的变更。英国现约有541800名公务员。

VI．Local Government

地方政府部门

1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts.

英格兰和威尔士实行两级地方政府制—郡和比郡小的区。现在英格兰和威尔士分为53个郡，郡下分为369个区。

2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.

大伦敦被分为32个行政区。

Justice and the law 法律与司法机构

There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.

联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。

I．Criminal Proceedings

刑事诉讼程序

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1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Procution Service assumes control of the ca reviews the evidence to decide

whether to procute.

在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。

2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count becau the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accud until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The

procution and the defen get equal treatment. No accud person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accud person has the right to employ a legal advir to conduct his defen. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expen. In criminal trial by jury, the judge pass ntence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury compod of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.

在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，不许强迫被告提供证据。每位被告都有权雇佣律师为其辩护。如果他不能支付律师费，可以用公用费用提供帮助。在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪。陪审团一般由12人组成。如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定。

3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accud, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.

“无罪”裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。

IV. The Judiciary

司法机构

There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay

magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advid by

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committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.

英国没有司法机构。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官内政大臣和检察总长负责。在英格兰和威尔士，娃哈哈官根据各部委员会的建议任命外行人员为治安官。娃哈哈官推荐高等法官和巡回法官。最高级别的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建议做出。

V. Police

警察

The police rvice for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms.

在内政大臣和苏格兰及北爱尔兰国务大臣的指导下，英国警察分地组建，并以地方管理为基础。但伦敦警察署直接与内政大臣管辖。警察不得加入工会或罢工。他们通常不佩带手枪。

VI. Treatment of offenders

对违法者的处理

The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.

刑罚制度的主要目的是阻止潜在的违法者，并改造已判的违法者。

Capital punishment ( a ntence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the

penalty for treason and piracy.

英国已废除对谋杀罪的死刑，但议会仍经常辩论要恢复死刑，叛国罪和海盗罪仍可判死刑。

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Social Affairs 英国社会

I. Health and Social Services

全国医疗保健计划

1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service

(NHS), national insurance and social curity.

英国被认为是福利制度的国家。此制度的所需资金来源于全国保险税和赋税。在英国，这主要是指国民保健制度，国民保险和社会保障制度。

2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full

range of medical rvices. The rvice was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health rvice in Great Britain is funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes.

不管个人收入如何，国民保健制度为每个居民提供全面医疗服务。英国于1948年确立此制度。英国国民保健制度82%以下的费用来自普通税收，其他部分来自（1）国民保险金中的国民保险金部分；（2）对家庭一生开的药单和普通牙科治疗所收的费用；（3）其他收入，包括出售土地和增收计划的收益。

II. social Security

社会保险

1. The social curity system is designed to cure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social curity

programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.

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社会保险制度设立的目的是保障经济困难的人们的基本生活水平，政府开支的近三分之一用于社会保险计划。此计划给老人，病人，残疾人，失业者，寡妇，抚育幼儿者或低收入者提供经济帮助。

III. Religion宗教

1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the

community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and obrvance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.

在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可以在教职，礼拜或仪式中表明他的信仰。除了不可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。

2. Established churches

国教

There are two established churches in Britain: in England the church of England ( theAnglican Church圣公会) and in Scotland the Church of Scotland.(the Presbyterian Church基督教长老会)

英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。

The Christian religion: Most people believe in God and the Bible, either Protestantism

(基督教)or Catholicism (天主教)

The Ten Commandments 圣经中的十戒

1．I am the Lord your God.

2.. Thou shalt not wordship any other God but me.

3. Thou shalt not take the name of thy God in vain.

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4. Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day.

5. Love thy father and thy mother.

6. Do not commit murder.

7. Do not commit Adultery.

8. Do not steal.

9. Do not accu others fally.

10. Do not desire another man,s property or anything that he owns.

IV. Festival and Public Holidays

Christmas

Easter

The Queens official birthday

Bonfire Night

Mother’s Day

April Fool’s Day

节假日

The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.

其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节

whit Sunday

圣灵降临节：英文名 Whitsunday。复活节后第五十天，耶稣升天后第十天的主日，使徒们正聚集于耶路撒冷，圣灵突然从天而降，落在各人身上。于是众使徒大得力量， 15

同别人广传福音，那天，约有二十人信了耶稣。（见使徒行传第二章）。因此，圣灵降临节就是初期基督教会诞生之日，十分重要。使徒们以后遂勇赴各地宣扬耶稣救人福音，而教会最后遂得以扩展至全世界。根据第四世纪末，西班牙修道女以塞利亚所写的「朝圣记」，当时在耶路撒冷的教会已经庆祝圣灵降临节了（Pilgrimage of Ethria. pp.150）。

圣灵降临节后的第一主日，叫做「三位一体主日」（Trinity Sunday），纪念耶稣在世一生事迹，圣灵降临，以及三位一体的真神。从三位一体主日开始，直至降临期这段时期，称为「三位一体期」（Trinity Season），一共包括有二十几个主日，教会历中称为三位一体后第一主日、第二主日

Sports 体育运动

1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very riously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.

许多国际体育项目是由认真对待休闲时间的英国人引进的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育。

2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.

足球（口语叫”soccer”）,在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，出现于19世纪。

3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.

拉格比球比赛19世纪初创立于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.

板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。国际比赛是5天的康希尔决赛。

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英语国家概况——美国部分

geography 地理位置

and Hawaii are the two newest states in northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.

阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）

2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.

就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。

has 50 states now. Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.

所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。

4。The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.

落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。

5．The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river"

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密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。

6．the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in

the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.

美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。

7。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into ven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。

8。New English is made up of six states of the Northeast .Becaust of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most inportant farm activity,New English is also well-known for its position in education,Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale,Harvard,thd Massachutts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here.

新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。

New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees,which came to stand for alll American.新英格兰人最初曾被称作“美国佬：这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。

and Ethnic groups

United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.

美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。

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The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.

美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12。1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。

Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。

American History(1) 美国历史（一）

"first American "were the first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginaia,in n 1607 and 1733 the British eastablished 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。

2。In 1620,201 of Pilgrimw sailed to the New World in a ship called arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.1620年，有201名英国清教徒乘坐一名为”五月花号“的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。

3．The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.

《独立宣言》是由托马斯。杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。洛克。

4．Tn the Civil war,Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》

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5．On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at ended his speech with the memorable words:"That government of the people ,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.

1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。

the Economy 美国经济

The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。

Political institution（政治制度）

The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。

The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state

elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years .宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。

The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The

president publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the

U.S. A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席法官主持的

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Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a

Congress compod of two chambers, a Senate and a Hou of Reprentatives. The Senate is compod of 2 members from each state, Membership in the Hou is bad on population

and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众义员数宪法没有具体规定。

The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens

of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The

natorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每月年改选1/3的议员。

Menber of the Hou of Reprentative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which nd them to Congress. Today, the Hou is compod of 435 members. Since members of the Hou rve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。

According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the prent structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。

In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。

Education 教育

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1． It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. American believe that ,through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill ,attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength。在美国，人们普遍认识是，每一个人都有受教育的权利和义务，通过受教育，人们可以更好的适应社会，提高自身的社会地位，教育有助于塑造社会，增强国家实力。

2． Formal education in the U.S consists of elementary ,condary and higher education,

Elementary and condary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory.美国正规的教育由初等，中等和高等教育组成，初等，中等教育属公立教育，是免费和义务的。

3．In American, there are the best rearch universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well as Stanford and Berkeley on the west coast.美国最好的科研型大学有位于东部的哈佛，耶鲁，普林斯顿，哥伦比亚，和麻省理工大学，位于西海岸的斯坦福大学和伯克利大学。

Holidays and Festivals 节日和假期

1． By long custom, American nationally obrved holidays include Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, Independence Day, New Year’s Day, Columbus Day, Washington’s birthday, Memorial Day and Veterans’ Day.在美国有以下节日是全国同庆的节日：圣诞节，感恩节，劳动节，独立纪念日，新年，哥伦布纪念日，华盛顿诞辰纪念日，阵亡将士纪念日和退伍节。

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