英国

2024年1月12日发(作者：学习书法的好处)

英美概况（英国篇1：英国的国土与人民

I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts

英国的不同名称及其各组成部分

phical names: the British Isles, Great Britain andEngland.

地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

al name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland.

官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, andhundreds of small ones.

不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous ction.

英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north;the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh

苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。

(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff

威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.

北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。

Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were oncecolonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.

英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。

II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征

phical position of Britain:

英国的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the a. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northcoast of Europe. It is parated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east.

英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。

north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostlylowlands.

英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。

Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).

塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。

Thames River is the cond longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).

泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square

kilometres).

讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.

克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）

斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。

IV. Climate 气候

1. Britain's favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has

a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small

range.

英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。

factors influence the climate in Britain:

影响英国气候的因素：

1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the asonal differences by heating up the land

in winter and cooling it off in summer;

环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；

2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year

round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;

一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift pass the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.

北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。

ll 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall

in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water

deficit in the south and east.

英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。

V. The People 人口

tion distribution 人口分布：

Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the

population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of

the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the

Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).

英国人口约570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为：英格兰人（81.5%），苏格兰人（9.6%），威尔士人（1.9%），爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民族居民。

difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:

英伦三岛民族的祖先：

The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.

英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁-萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。

difference in character个性差别：

The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their

past.

威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。

The Scots are said to be a rious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable,

generous and friendly.

苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。

The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。

difference in speech between southern England and northern England:

英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别：

Southerners speak the type of English clo to BBC English; In northern England, regional

speech is usually "broader" than that of southern England.

南方人讲的英语接近BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。

Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语言及文化保持活力。

Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.

The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On the occasions competitions

are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.

一年中他们有称之为"艺术年会"的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。

main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存在的主要问题：

The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman

Catholics, who are eking more social, political and economic

opportunities.

作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。

ants: 移民：

About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World

War II.

自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。

英美概况（英国篇3：英国的形成（公元1066-1381） )

I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)

诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）

1. William's Rule （1066-1087）

威廉一世的统治（公元1066-1087）

England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror

在威廉统治下的英国封建制度

①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to thissystem, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in Englandin return for a promi of military rvice and a proportion of the land's produce. ④The estateswere scattered far and wide over the country, so that tho who held them could not easilycombine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled outland to the lesr nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and rvices. ⑥At thebottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or rfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system ofEngland was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord,but also to the king.

①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。②根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。③威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和收租。④这些地产分散于各处，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。⑤已成为国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。⑥在封建等级底层的是农奴。⑦英国封建制

独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且要效忠于国王。

2. King Henry II and his reforms

亨利二世国王和他的改革

The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.

亨利二世巩固君主制的途径。

Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries toleave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolishedmany castles built in Stephen's time; strengthened and widened the powers

of his sheriffs andrelied for armed support upon a militia compod of English freemen.

亨利二世采取了一些措施巩固君主制。他迫使弗兰德斯雇佣军离开英国，收回史蒂芬森赠出皇室土地；拆除几十座史蒂芬森时造德城堡，加强并扩大了他的行政长官们的权力，依靠由英国自由民组成的民兵获取军事支持。

The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law.

亨利二世对法院及法律进行改革的方式。

King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the

whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cas were therefore heard

before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a

common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He

also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-bad trial system. Besides, he

shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offens from the Bishop's court to the

King's court.

亨利二世大大加强了王家法院，扩展了其司法工作的职权范围。他将全国分为六个审制区。案件更多地由巡回法官审理，并不偏不倚地使用法律。在他统治时期，逐渐建立起超越地方领主法律的普遍法。另外，他用陪审员制度代替了旧的残酷的审判制度。他坚持被控犯有刑事罪的神职人员应由国王法庭审判，而不由主教法庭审判。

II．Contents and the significance of the Great Charter

《大宪章》的内容及意义

Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of

sixty-three claus. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made

without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned

or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should posss all its rights, together with

freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and

privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the

country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation

of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the

Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the

powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the

king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

《大宪章》是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的。《大宪章》总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；(3)教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；（4） 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权；(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为《大宪章》为英国的自由奠定了基础，但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的文件，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王权利。《大宪章》的精神是限制国王权力，使其在英国封建法律允许的范围内活动。

origins of the English Parliament

英国议会的起源

The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265,

Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each

county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the Hou of Lords and the

Hou of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties.

And the most important part of Parliament was the Hou of Lords.

大议会是当今英国议会的原型。1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。

IV．The Hundred Years' War and its conquences.

百年战争及其结果

The Hundred Years' War refers to the war between England and France that lasted

intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The caus of the war were partly territorial and partly

economic. The territorial caus were related with the posssion by the English kings of

the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic

caus were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the

importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides,

England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing n of

nationalism were the other caus.

The English's being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the

English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have

hindered the development of a parate English national identity, while France was

hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.

百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地有密切关系，随着法国国王势力日增，他们渴望占领这片在他们领土内的土地。经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国

王。其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人，以及不断觉醒的民族意识。

战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：若国车人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍分离的英国民族的发展；而法国民族被外国势力占领了众多的领土，发展更是长期受阻。

V. The Black Death

黑死病

The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic dia spread by rat

fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348.

It reduced England's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th

century.

The economic conquences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the

plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The

surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their

rfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to

force peasants back into rfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers

which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay

more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.

黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病，在14世纪传播了到欧洲。1348年夏天横扫全英国。英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。

黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远。鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。地主想把耕地变为人力需求较少的牧场。存活的农民处于有利的计价还价地位，从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付较高工资的地主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地位。1351年政府颁布"劳工法令"，规定农民们涨工资的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制订的工资水平要高的工资都是犯罪。

VI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significance

1381年农民起义及其意义

Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Esx, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved

on London in June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels

disperd and went home, while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler

was killed at a meeting with the king.

The uprising was brutally suppresd, but it had far-reaching significance in English history.

First, it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the landowners. Second, it dealt a

telling blow to villeinage, and third, a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the

way to the development of capitalism.

1381年6月，在瓦特 泰勒和杰克 斯特劳领导下，凯特郡和埃塞克斯郡的农民和市民武装起来发动起义，并向伦敦进发。国王被迫接受了他们的要求。大多数起义农民解散回家，但泰勒和其他坚决的农民留下来要求得到更多的法律、宗教和政治权利。泰勒在又一次与国王的会见中被杀死。

尽管起义被血腥镇压，但在英国历史上留下了深远的影响。这次起义具有真实的社会性，把

矛头直接对准了富有的教职人员、律师和地主。这次起义沉重打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路。

英美概况（英国篇7:英国政府机构 )

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head ofstate is a king or a queen.

The United Kingdom is governed, inthe name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty's System of parliamentary government is not bad on awritten constitution, the British constitution is not t out in anysingle document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciarydetermines common law and interprets statutes.

联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。

I．The Monarchy

君主制

eth II, her title in the United Kingdom is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen,Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是"上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世。"

Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integralpart of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces andthe "supreme governor" of the Church of England. She gives Royal Asnt to Bills pasd byparliament.

女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法首脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国国教"至高无上"的领袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官员。对议会通过的法案给予御准。

monarch actually has no real power. The monarch's power are limited by law and

tutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。

ment

议会

United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the

Sovereign, the Hou of Lords and the Hou of Commons.

英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。

main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for

taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government

Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major

issues of the day.

议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。

Hou of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main

function of the Hou of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the

process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected Hou is to act as a chamber of

revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect Hou.

贵族院（上议院）由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。

Hou of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651

Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the Hou of Commons that the ultimate authority.

下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。

n is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to

the Hou of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held

at more frequent intervals.

英国被划分为651个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不到五年就进行一次选举。

n has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. The two parties

are the Conrvative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conrvative Party

or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient ats at a General

Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is

appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the cond largest number of ats

becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and "shadow cabinet ". The rule of

Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with

the Government.

英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党-保守党和工党。从1945年以来，两党一直轮流执政，在大选中获多数议席因而在下议院拥有多数支持者的政党组建政府，多数党领袖由君主任命为首相。获得第二多数议席的政党则正式成为"反对党"，有自己的领袖和影子内阁。反对党的目的是帮助制定政策，它可以经常给政府提出批评性的建议和修正议案。

Cabinet and Ministry

内阁和内阁部长

1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of

functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business

of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime

Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.

首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。内阁在 首相的主持下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。

2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual

Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.

内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，各大臣又为各自部门的工作向议会负责。

IV．The Privy Council

枢密院

1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give

private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the King's Council in history.

Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government

decrees.

枢密院原来是政府行政权力的源泉，给君主提供"私人"建议。它在历史上也称为国王议会。今天它的主要作用是礼节性的，如建议君主批准政府的法令。

2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the

Hou of Common and nior British and Commonwealth statement.

它的主要成员有400人左右，包括内阁阁员，下议院院长及英国，英联邦的高级政治家等。

V．Government Department and the Civil Service

政府各部和公务员部

1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the Hou of office,

the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defen…

主要的政府部门包括：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。

2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government

departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil rvants

do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in

departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil rvants in Britain now.

文职人员部的成员被成为公务员。公务员主要是通过竞争考试录用。公务员部门不属于任何政党，政府的变更并不影响部门职员的变更。英国现约有541800名公务员。

VI．Local Government

地方政府部门

1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and

the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are

sub-divided into 369 districts.

英格兰和威尔士实行两级地方政府制-郡和比郡小的区。现在英格兰和威尔士分为53个郡，

郡下分为369个区。

2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.