铁人三项

2023年12月27日发(作者：知觉现象学)

铁人三项

The three typical components of triathlon: swimming, cycling, and running游泳，骑自行车，跑步：铁人三项的三个典型的组成部分 A triathlon is a multi-sport event

involving the completion of three continuous and quential endurance events. [ 1 ]

While many variations of the sport exist, triathlon, in its most popular form, involves

swimming , cycling , and running in immediate succession over various distances. 铁人三项是一个多项目体育事件涉及的事件完成三个连续和连续耐力。 [1]虽然很多变化，这项运动的存在，铁人三项，在其最普遍的形式，包括游泳，骑自行车，和运行在各种即时的继承距离。 Triathletes compete for fastest overall cour

completion time, including timed "transitions" between the individual swim, bike,

and run components. [ 1 ]铁人三项选手争夺最快的全过程，完成时间，包括定时的“过渡”之间的个人游泳，自行车和运行组件。 [1]

Triathlon races vary in distance.铁人三项比赛距离各不相同。 According to the

International Triathlon Union , and USA Triathlon , the main international race

distances are Sprint distance (750 m swim, 20 km bike, 5 km run), Intermediate (or

Standard) distance, commonly referred to as " Olympic distance" (1.5 km swim, 40

km ride, 10 km run), the Long Cour (1.9 km swim, 90 km ride, 21.1 km run, such as

the Half Ironman), and Ultra Distance (3.8 km swim, 180 km ride, and a marathon:

42.2 km run); the most recognized branded Ultra Distance is the Ironman triathlon .

[ 2 ]根据国际铁人三项联盟和美国铁人三项，主营国际比赛距离冲刺距离（七百五米游泳，20公里自行车，5公里跑步），中级（或标准）的距离，通常被称为“奥运距离“（1.5公里游泳，40公里车程，10公里跑），龙场（1.9公里游泳，90公里车程，21.1公里跑步半铁人三项等），和超距离（3.8公里游泳，180公里车程，及一项马拉松比赛：42.2公里跑），而最被认可的品牌超距离是铁人三项。

[2]

Transition areas are positioned both between the swim and bike gments (T1), and

between the bike and run gments (T2) and are where the switches from swimming

to cycling and cycling to running occur.过渡区的位置都在游泳和自行车之间段（T1）的之间，以及自行车和（T2）和游泳是从哪里切换到骑自行车和骑自行车运行出现运行区段。 The areas are ud to store bicycles, performance apparel, and any

other accessories needed for preparing and for the next stage of the race.这些领域是用来存放自行车，演出服装，和准备，为下一阶段的比赛所需的任何其他配件。

The time spent in T1 and T2 are included in the overall time of the race. [ 3 ]

Transitions areas can vary in size depending on the number of participants expected

for the race.和T2 T1的时间花费在包括在比赛中。总时间的[3]转换成大小不同的地区可以根据不同的比赛号码为与会者预期。 In addition, the areas provide a

social headquarters prior to the race. [ 4 ]此外，这些地区总部提供了一个社会在比赛前。 [4]

The nature of the sport focus primarily on persistent and often periodized training

in each of the three disciplines, as well as combination workouts and general

strength conditioning. [ 5 ]这项运动的性质主要侧重于持久性，经常周期性的培训，各学科的三个，以及结合体能训练和综合实力调节。 [5]

[ edit ] History [ 编辑 ] 历史

Triathlon is considered by some to have its beginnings in 1920s France . [ 6 ]

According to triathlon historian and author Scott Tinley (and others [ 7 ] ), the origin

of triathlon is attributed to a race during the 1920s-1930s that was called variously

"Les trois sports", "La Cour des Débrouillards", and "La cour des Toucheà Tout".铁人三项是由有一些人认为它在20世纪20年代开始法国。 [6]根据铁人三项历史学家和作家斯科特廷利（和其他人[7] ），铁人三项起源是由于比赛期间，20世纪20年代，30年代，被称为不同程度“莱斯三河体育”“拉班德Débrouillards”，，和“La当然德德勤à兜售”。 Nowadays, this race is held every year in France near

Joinville-le-Pont , in Meulan and Poissy .如今，这场比赛是在法国举行每年近约恩维利乐蓬，在Meulan和普瓦西。

An earlier tri-sport event in 1902 featured running, cycling, and canoeing. [ 7 ] There

are documented tri-sport events featuring running, swimming, & cycling (not

necessarily in that order) in 1920, 1921, 1945, and the 1960s. [ 7 ] In 1920, the

French newspaper "L´Auto" reported on a competition called "Les Trois Sports" with

a 3 km run, 12 km bike, and a swim across the channel Marne .较早的三1902年体育事件在精选跑步，骑自行车和皮划艇。 [7]有记载，游泳，骑自行车及（不一定按此顺序排列）于1920年，1921年，1945年三体育活动具有运行，20世纪60年代。 [7] 1920年，法国报纸“欧莱雅汽车”报道公里自行车，体育“为3的竞争称为”莱斯三河公里跑步，12，游过通道的马恩河。 Tho three parts were

done without any break.这三个部分进行了没有任何突破。 Another event was held

in 1921 in Marilles with the order of events bike-run-swim.另一个事件是1921年举行的马赛与事件的顺序自行车运行，游泳。 Among the participants was

American athlete Charles Sector. [ 8 ] There are also articles in French newspapers

about a race in Marille in 1927.在与会者的是美国选手查尔斯部门。 [8]也有27年在法国马赛的文章在报纸上有关比赛。 There is a 1934 article about "Les Trois

Sports" (the three sports) in the city of La Rochelle , a race with: (1) a channel

crossing (c. 200 m), (2) a bike competition (10 km) around the harbor of La Rochelle

and the parcLaleu, and (3) a run (1200 m) in the stadium André-Barbeau.有一个体育“1934年一篇关于”莱斯三河）在城市（体育三拉罗谢尔，与比赛：（1）海峡横渡（约200米），（2）自行车赛（10公里）周围的拉罗谢尔港口和ParcLaleu，（3）在大球场安德烈巴博运行（1200米）。

[ edit ] Modern triathlon [ 编辑 ] 现代铁人三项

The first modern swim/bike/run event to be called a 'triathlon' was held at Mission

Bay, San Diego, California on September 25, 1974.第一届现代游泳/自行车/运行事件被称为'铁人三项'是在举行使命湾，加利福尼亚州圣迭戈 09月25日，1974。

The race was conceived and directed by Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan, members

of the San Diego Track Club, and was sponsored by the track club.这场比赛的构思和杰克斯通和唐沙纳汉，在圣地亚哥田径俱乐部会员执导，由俱乐部主办的轨道。

46 participants entered this event.进入46人参加这次活动。 It was reportedly not

inspired by the French events, [ 9 ] although a race the following year at Fiesta Island,

California, is sometimes called 'the first triathlon in America.' [ 6 ]据报道，作者没有灵感来自于法国的事件， [9]虽然比赛岛，次年在加州的嘉年华，有时被称为'美国的第一个铁人三项。' [6]

[ edit ] Ironman [ 编辑 ] 铁人

The first modern long-distance triathlon event was the Hawaiian Ironman Triathlon .第一届现代远距离铁人三项事件是夏威夷铁人三项。 It included a swim of 2.4

miles (3.9 km), a bike ride of 112 miles (180 km), and a marathon run of 42.195

kilometres (26.219 mi).它包括游泳2.4英里（3.9公里），180公里自行车骑了112英里（）和马拉松）运行42.195公里（26.219英里。 It was conceived during the

awards ceremony for the 1977 Oahu Perimeter Relay (a running race for 5-person

teams).它的构思是在1977年的颁奖仪式瓦胡岛周边接力（一队人赛跑5 -）。

Among the participants were numerous reprentatives of both the Mid-Pacific Road

Runners and the Waikiki Swim Club , who members had long been debating which

athletes were more fit: runners or swimmers.在与会者中，许多代表和双方的中太平洋公路赛跑威基基游泳俱乐部，其成员长期以来一直争论的运动员们也更适合：跑步或游泳。 On this occasion, US Navy Commander John Collins pointed out that a

recent article in Sports Illustrated magazine had declared that Eddy Merckx , the

great Belgian cyclist, had the highest recorded " maximum oxygen uptake " of any

athlete ever measured, so perhaps cyclists were more fit than anyone.在此之际，美国海军司令约翰柯林斯指出，在最近的文章体育画报杂志曾宣称，埃迪Merckx，伟大的比利时自行车运动员，具有最高的记录“最大摄氧量“有史以来测试过的任何运动员，所以也许骑自行车的人更多适合于任何人。 Collins and his wife, Judy,

had taken part in the triathlons staged in 1974 and 1975 by the San Diego Track Club

in and around Mission Bay, California, as well as the Optimist Sports Fiesta Triathlon

in Coronado, California , in 1975.柯林斯和他的妻子朱迪，采取了铁人三项运动部分，在嘉年华举行铁人三项在1974年和1975年的圣地亚哥田径俱乐部使命湾及周边地区，加利福尼亚州，以及乐观的科罗纳多，加利福尼亚州，于1975年。

A number of the other military athletes in attendance were also familiar with the San

Diego races, so they understood the concept when Collins suggested that the debate

should be ttled through a race combining the three existing long-distance

competitions already on the island: the Waikiki Roughwater Swim 2.4 miles (3.9 km),

the Around-Oahu Bike Race (115 miles (185 km); originally a two-day event) and the

42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi) Honolulu Marathon .在出席会议的其他军事运动员人数也与圣地亚哥的比赛熟悉，所以他们理解这个概念时，柯林斯认为，辩论应该通过结合岛内现有三个长距离赛跑比赛中已经解决：威基基Roughwater游泳二点四英里（3.9公里），周围，瓦胡岛自行车赛（一百一十五英里（185公里），原本是一个为期两天的事件）和四十二点一九五公里（26.219英里），檀香山马拉松赛。 No one prent had ever done the bike race so they did not realize it was a

two-day, not one-day, event.目前还没有人做过这样的自行车比赛，他们并没有意识到这是一个为期两天的，而不是一个为期一天的活动。 Collins calculated that,

by shaving 3 miles (4.8 km) off the cour and riding counter-clockwi around the

island, the bike leg could start at the finish of the Waikiki Rough Water and end at the

Aloha Tower , the traditional start of the Honolulu Marathon.柯林斯岛内计算，英里（4.8公里）关闭3剃须过程中，顺时针柜台周围和骑马，自行车腿可以开始在水上完成的威基基粗糙和结束在阿啰哈塔，传统的檀香山开始马拉松赛。 Prior to

racing, each athlete received three sheets of paper listing a few rules and a cour

description.比赛之前，每位运动员接受三纸列出了一些规则和课程描述。

Handwritten on the last page was this exhortation:在最后一页是这样的手写告诫：

““ Swim 2.4 miles!游泳2.4英里！ Bike 112 miles!自行车112英里！ Run 26.2

miles!跑26.2英里！ Brag for the rest of your life! [ 10 ]吹嘘自己的余生为你的！

[10] ”“

— Commander Collins, USN (1978) -指挥官柯林斯，美国海军（1978）

With a nod to a local runner who was notorious for his demanding workouts, Collins

said:以本地运动员是谁他的要求锻炼臭名昭著的点头，柯林斯说：

““ Whoever finishes first, we'll call him the Ironman.谁首先完成，我们会打电话给他的铁人。”“

— Commander Collins, USN (1978) [ 11 ] -指挥官柯林斯，美国海军（1978） [11]

Of the fifteen men to start off in the early morning on February 18, 1978, twelve

completed the race and the world's first Ironman, Gordon Haller , completed it in 11

hours, 46 minutes, and 58 conds. [ 11 ]男人的15上午开始了在早期2月18日，1978年，完成了十二个种族和世界上第一个铁人，戈登哈勒，它在11小时内完成，46分钟和58秒。 [11]

[ edit ] Organizations [ 编辑 ] 组织

Today, a number of triathlon events over varying distances are held around the world.今天，铁人三项活动的次数在不同的距离在世界各地举行。 The standard

"Olympic Distance" of 1.5/40/10 km (.93/24.8/6.2 miles) was created by long time

triathlon race director Jim Curl in the mid-1980s, after he and partner Carl Thomas

produced the US Triathlon Series (USTS) between 1982 and 1997. [ 12 ] The Hawaii

Ironman Triathlon rves as the Ironman World Championship.标准的“奥运距离”

1.5/40/10公里（.93/24.8/6.2英里）是由很长一段时间铁人三项赛事总监吉姆卷曲在80年代中期，他和伙伴卡尔托马斯产生的美国铁人三项系列（ USTS）1982年至1997年。 [12]夏威夷铁人三项充当世界铁人三项锦标赛。 The entity that

owns the race, the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC), hosts other triathlons around

the world that also fall under the Ironman brand.该实体拥有的比赛中，世界铁人三项公司（世贸中心），拥有世界各地的其他三项全能运动，也属于铁人的品牌。

Long-distance multi-sport events organized by groups other than the WTC may not

officially be called "Ironman" or "Iron" races. [ 13 ] Such triathlons may be described

as Full distance triathlon or "Half distance", but the "Ironman" and "Iron" labels are

the official property of the WTC.长距离多运动世贸中心举办的活动可能比其他团体没有正式被称为“铁人”或“铁”的比赛。 [13]这种铁人三项可能被描述为全程铁人三项或“一半距离”，但“铁人“和”铁“的标签，是世贸中心的官员财产。

The International Triathlon Union (ITU) was founded in 1989 as the international

governing body of the sport, with the chief goal, at that time, to put triathlon on the

Olympic program. [ 14 ] For its part, the ITU does not sanction WTC races.; [ 15 ]

however, USAT us a combination of ITU and WTC rules to sanction WTC's branded

events. [ 16 ]在国际铁人三项联盟（ITU）的成立于1989年作为国际体育组织的理事，与主要目标，在那个时代，要使方案铁人三项的奥运会。 [14]就其本身而言，国际电联不制裁世贸中心比赛。 [15]然而，USAT使用规则相结合的国际电联世界贸易中心和世贸中心制裁的品牌活动。 [16]

The symbol for triathlon in the Olympics为在奥运会铁人三项符号 International

Ultra-Triathlon Association(IUTA) is the official governing body of Ultratriathlon

which involves triathlon in longer distances than Ironman. [ 17 ]国际超铁人三项协会（IUTA），是正式理事机构Ultratriathlon涉及铁人三项在更长的距离比。 [17]

[ edit ] Olympics [ 编辑 ] 奥运会

The sport made its debut on the Olympic program at the Sydney Games in 2000 over

the Olympic Distance (swim: 1,500 m (1,600 yd) - bike: 40 km (24.9 mi) - run: 10 km

(6.2 mi)).这项运动作出了首次对奥运会的方案，悉尼奥运会在2000年奥运会距离（游泳：1500米（1,600码） -自行车：40公里（24.9英里） -运行：10公里（6.2英里））。

[ edit ] Standard race distances [ 编辑 ] 标准竞赛距离Name名称 Swim游泳 Bicycle自行车 Run运行 Notes注释

Kids of Steel童装钢

100–750 m 100-750米 5–15 km 5-15公里 1–5 km 1-5公里

Distances vary with age of athlete.距离随运动员的年龄。 See: Ironkids见：Ironkids

Novice (Australia)新手（澳大利亚）

300 m 300米 8 km 8公里 2 km 2公里

Distances vary, but this is a standard Novice distance cour in Australia (often called

enticer triathlons).距离有所不同，但这是一个标准的新手在澳大利亚远程课程（通常称为enticer三项铁人）。

3-9-3 (New Zealand) 3-9-3（新西兰）

300 m 300米 9 km 9公里 3 km 3公里 Distances vary, but this is a standard

Novice distance cour in New Zealand.距离有所不同，但这是一个标准的新手在新西兰远程课程。

Super Sprint超级冲刺 400 m 400米

(0.25 mi) （0.25米） 10 km一○公里

(6.2 mi) （6.2英里） 2.5 km 2.5公里

(1.5 mi) （1.5英里）

Distances vary, but this is a standard Super Sprint cour.距离有所不同，但这是一个标准的超级冲刺课程。

Novice (Europe)新手（欧洲） 400 m 400米

(0.25 mi) （0.25米） 20 km二十〇公里

(12.4 mi) （12.4英里） 5 km 5公里

(3.1 mi) （3.1英里）

Distances vary somewhat, but this is a standard novice/fitness distance cour in

Europe.距离略有不同，但是这是一个标准的新手/健身在欧洲的远程课程。

Sprint短跑 750 m 750米

(0.47 mi) （0.47米） 20 km二十〇公里

(12.4 mi) （12.4英里） 5 km 5公里

(3.1 mi) （3.1英里）

In addition to the above distances, two new long distance events have appeared, the

111 and 222 events.除了上述的距离，两个新的长距离的事件出现时，111和222的事件。 The 111 distance is 1 km swimming, 100 km bicycling and 10 km running,

totalling 111 km (69.0 miles).在111距离1公里游泳，100公里自行车和10公里跑步，共计111公里（69.0英里）。 The 222 distance is double that. [ 20 ] 222距离的两倍。 [20]

The ITU accepts a 5% margin of error in the cycle and run cour distances. [ 21 ]

Though there can be some variation in race distances, particularly among short

triathlons, most triathlons conform to one of tho above standards.国际电联接受保证金的周期误差在5％及运行过程中的距离。 [21]虽然有一些距离的变化，可以在比赛铁人三项，尤其是短，最铁人三项符合这些标准之一以上。

The International Triathlon Union (ITU) sanctions and organizes a World Cup ries of

Olympic distance races each year, culminating in an annual World Championship for

both elite pro-triathletes, junior pro-triathletes and amateur athletes in 5-year

age-groups.在国际铁人三项联盟（ITU）的制裁，并举办世界杯系列赛的奥运距离每年锦标赛最终在一年一度的世界精英为亲三项铁人运动员，少年亲铁人三项

和群业余运动员在5年的年龄。 The professional world cup races are conducted in

a draft legal format for the bike leg while drafting is not permitted at the amateur

level.专业的世界杯比赛都在一个草案业余水平法定形式的自行车一条腿，起草不允许在。 In addition, the ITU has a Long Distance Triathlon ries.此外，国际电联有很长的距离铁人三项系列。

The World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) sanctions and organizes a ries of Ironman

and Ironman 70.3 distance races each year.在世界铁人三项公司（WTC）的制裁，并组织了一系列的铁人三项和70.3铁人三项赛每年的距离。 The races rve as

qualifying events for the World Championships held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i

(October, Ironman) and Clearwater, Florida (November, Ironman 70.3).这些比赛活动作为合格的世界锦标赛每年举行凯卢阿-柯纳，夏威夷（十月，铁人）和佛罗里达州Clearwater （11月，铁人三项70.3）。

Triathlons are not all relegated to the prescribed distances.铁人三项运动是不是所有这些规定的距离降级。 Distances can be any combination of distance t by

race organizers to meet various distance constraints or to attract a certain type of

athlete.距离可以是任何距离由比赛组织者组合，满足不同距离的限制或吸引某种类型的运动员。

[ edit ] Triathlon overview [ 编辑 ] 铁人三项概述

Generally, participation in a triathlon requires athletes to register and sign up in

advance of the actual race.一般来说，在铁人三项运动员参与，需要注册并登录在实际比赛提前了。 After registration the racers are provided a race number, colored

swim cap , and, if the event is being electronically timed, a timing band.注册后，车手们提供一个比赛号码，彩色泳帽，而且，如果该事件被电子定时，定时带。 Athletes

will either be provided or briefed on details of the cour, rules, and any problems to

look out for (road conditions, closures, traffic lights, aid stations). [ 22 ] At a major

event, such as an Ironman or a Long Cour Championship, triathletes may be

required to t up and check-in their bike in the transition area a day or two prior to

the race start, leaving it overnight and under guard. [ 23 ]要么是运动员提供或向客人介绍了详细的规则，当然，任何问题看她）出（道路状况，封闭，交通灯，急救站。 [22]在一个重大的事件，如铁人或一龙当然锦标赛，铁人三项可能需要设立和办理手续的自行车在过渡区一两天比赛开始之前，把它留给下通宵守护。

[23]

Transition area (bicycles) of Hamburg Triathlon, 2002过渡区（自行车），汉堡铁人三项，2002年 On the race day, prior to the start of competition, athletes will

generally be provided with a bike rack to hold their bicycle and a small ction of

ground space for shoes, clothing, etc. within the transition area.在比赛当天，之前的

比赛开始，运动员一般会提供自行车机架持有其自行车和地面空间鞋，衣服等过渡区域内的一小部分。 In some triathlons, there are two transition areas, one for

the swim/bike change, then one for the bike/run change at a different location.在一些铁人三项，有两个过渡区，为游泳/自行车变化之一，自行车，然后一/运行在不同位置的变化。 The bicycle stage does not finish in the same place it begins, so

athletes t up two transition areas. [ 24 ]自行车的阶段并不在同一个地方完成它的开始，所以运动员设立了两个过渡区。 [24]

Racers are generally categorized into parate professional and amateur categories.赛车手一般分为单独的专业和业余的类别。 Amateurs, who make up the large

majority of triathletes, are often referred to as "age groupers" since they are typically

further classified by x and age; which offers the opportunity to compete against

others of one's own gender and age group.业余爱好者，谁构成了三项铁人运动员大部分，往往被称为“年龄石斑鱼”，因为它们通常进一步按性别和年龄;它提供了竞争的机会对自己的性别和年龄组的人。 The age groups are defined in five or

ten year intervals. [ 24 ] There is typically a lower age limit; which can vary from race

to race.各年龄组别的定义在五年或十年的时间间隔。 [24]这是一个典型的年龄下限，这可以从比赛的比赛。 In some triathlons, heavier amateur athletes may have

the option to compete against others clor to their own weight since weight is often

considered an impediment to speed.在一些铁人三项，加重业余运动员可以选择与别人竞争更接近自己的体重，因为体重通常被认为是阻碍速度。 As an example,

under USA Triathlon rules, a "Clydesdale" athlete are tho men over 200 pounds,

while "Athena" athletes are women over 150 pounds. [ 25 ] Other races and

organizations can choo whether or not to offer Clydesdale and Athena—type

divisions and t their own weight standards.作为一个例子，在美国铁人三项赛的规则，“克莱兹代尔”运动员是二百磅那些男人过来，而“雅典娜”的运动员超过150磅的妇女。 [25]其他种族和组织可以选择是否或不提供Clydesdale和雅典娜，型师，并设置自己的体重标准。

Depending on the type and size of the race, there may be any of the following

methods implemented to start the race.根据不同的类型和规模的比赛，有可能是在比赛开始实施的下列任何一种方法。 In a mass start, all athletes enter the water

and begin the competition following a single start signal.在大规模的开始，所有运动员入水，开始下一个启动信号的竞争。 In wave start events, smaller groups of

athletes begin the race every few minutes.在波开始活动，小团体的运动员在比赛开始每隔几分钟。 An athlete's wave is usually determined either by age group or by

predicted swim time.运动员的波通常取决于无论是年龄组或预测的游泳时间。

Wave starts are more common in shorter races where a large number of amateur

athletes are competing. [ 26 ] Another option is individual time trial starts, where

athletes enter the water one at a time, a few conds apart [ 27 ]波开始有更多的比赛常见的短凡业余运动员大量的相互竞争。 [26]另一种选择是个人计时赛开始，在运动员入水的时候一次，一秒钟，除了少数[27]

The swim leg usually proceeds around a ries of marked buoys before athletes exit

the water near the transition area.游泳腿通常标收益周围一系列的浮标前，运动员退出水域附近的过渡。 Racers exit out of the water, enter the transition area, and

change from their swim gear and into their cycling gear.车手退出了水，进入过渡区，并改变他们的游泳到他们的自行车齿轮和齿轮。 Competition and pressure for

faster times have led to the development of specialized triathlon clothing that is

adequate for both swimming and cycling, allowing many racers to have a transition

that consists of only removing their wetsuit and goggles and pulling on a helmet and

cycling shoes.竞争和更快的时间压力导致了服装专业铁人三项充分发展，是为游泳和骑自行车，让许多车手有一个过渡，只有消除他们的潜水衣和护目镜和头盔，自行车鞋拔组成。 In some cas, racers leave their cycling shoes attached to their

bicycle pedals and slip their feet into them while riding.在某些情况下，离开自己的自行车赛车鞋重视他们的自行车踏板和他们的脚放进去滑骑。 Some triathletes

don't wear socks, decreasing their time spent in transition even more.有些铁人三项选手不穿袜子，减少他们的时间过渡更加度过的。

The cycling stage proceeds around a marked cour, typically on public roads.当然，周围循环阶段的显着收益，通常在公共道路。 In many cas, especially smaller

triathlons, roads are not clod to automobiles; however, traffic coordinators are

often prent to help control traffic.在许多情况下，特别是小铁人三项，道路不封闭，汽车，但是，目前的交通协调员经常帮助控制流量。 Typically, the cycling stage

finishes back at the same transition area.通常情况下，骑自行车阶段完成后在同一过渡区。 Racers enter the transition area, rack their bicycles, and quickly change into

running shoes before heading out for the final stage.车手进入过渡区，架单车，并迅速改变，然后前往跑鞋的最终阶段。 The running stage usually ends at a parate

finish line near the transition area.通常的运行阶段结束于一个单独的过渡区附近的终点线。

In most races, "aid stations" located on the bike and run cours provide water and

energy drinks to the athletes as they pass by.在大多数的比赛，“急救站”的课程设自行车和运行提供水和能量饮料的运动员及他们擦肩而过。 Aid stations at longer

events may often provide various types of food as well, including such items as

energy bars , energy gels , fruit, cookies, and ice.在较长的事件往往急救站提供各类食品，以及，包括项目的这种能量棒，能源凝胶，水果，饼干和冰。

Once the triathletes have completed the event, there is typically another aid station

for them to get water, fruit, and other post-race refreshments.一旦完成铁人三项活动，通常就是他们的另一个把水，水果急救站和其他赛后点心。 Occasionally, at

the end of larger or longer events, the provided amenities and post-race celebrations

may be more elaborate.偶尔，在较大或较长的活动结束，所提供的设施和赛后举行的庆祝活动可能会更复杂。

[ edit ] Rules of triathlon [ 编辑 ] 铁人三项规则

While specific rules for triathlon can vary depending on the governing body (eg USA

Triathlon, ITU ), as well as for an individual race venue, there are some basic universal

rules.虽然铁人三项具体规则可能有所不同，根据不同的管理机构（如美国铁人三项国际电联），以及为个人比赛的场地，有一些基本的普遍规则。 Traditionally,

triathlon is an individual sport and each athlete is competing against the cour and

the clock for the best time.传统上，铁人三项是一项个人运动，每个运动员是针对课程，以获得最佳时钟竞争。 As such, athletes are not allowed to receive assistance

from anyone el inside or outside the race, with the exception of race-sanctioned

aid volunteers who distribute food and water on the cour. [ 28 ] [ 29 ]因此，运动员不得接受赛事以外的任何其他人的协助内部或种族，与例外批准的急救志愿者在球场上谁分发食物和水。 [28] [29]

Triathlons are timed in five quential ctions: 1) from the start of the swim to the

beginning of the first transition (swim time); 2) from the beginning of the first

transition to the end of the first transition (T1 time); 3) from the start of the cycling

to the end of the cycling leg (cycling time); 4) from the beginning of the cond

transition to the end of the cond transition (T2 time); 5) and finally from the start

of the run to the end of the run, at which time the triathlon is completed. [ 29 ]

Results are usually posted on official websites and will show for each triathlete

his/her swim time; cycle time (with transitions included); run time; and total time.铁人三项运动是连续第五年定时：1）从一开始就游到了第一次转换（游泳时间）开始，2从第一个过渡到第一次转换（T1的时间）结束的开始），3 ）从自行车到腿（循环时间）结束循环的开始; 4第二过渡到第二个转变（T2的时间）结束的开始）5），最后从运行开始到运行结束了，此时的铁人三项完成。 [29]结果通常是官方网站上公布，并会显示每个三项铁人他/她的游泳时间，周期时间（包括转换）;运行时间和总时间。 Some races also post transition times parately.一些比赛也分别后过渡时间。

Other rules of triathlon vary from race to race and generally involve descriptions of

allowable equipment (for example, wetsuits are allowed in USAT events in the

swimming stage of some races when the water temperature is below 79 °F (26 °C),

[ 30 ] and prohibitions against interference between athletes. [ 29 ]其他规则的铁人三项比赛有所不同种族和一般涉及设备说明允许的（例如，雨衣是比赛允许一些USAT游泳舞台活动在当水的温度，低于79华氏度（26℃） [30 ]和禁令对运动员相互干扰。 [29]

One important rule involving the cycle leg is that the competitor must be wearing

their bike helmet before the competitor mounts the bike and must remain on until

the competitor has dismounted; the competitor may remove their helmet at any

time as long as they are not on the bicycle (eg while repairing a mechanical problem).一个重要的规则，涉及循环腿就是参赛者必须穿着头盔的自行车选手坐骑前的自行车，并且必须保持直到竞争者下了马;竞争对手可将在任何时间，只要他们的头盔，因为他们都在不自行车（如机械故障修复时）。 Failure to comply with this

rule will result in disqualification. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Additionally, while on the bike cour,

all bicycles shall be propelled only by human force and human power.不遵守此规则将被取消资格。 [29] [30]另外，虽然在自行车上的过程中，所有的自行车应推动力量的唯一由人类力量和人类。 Other than pushing a bicycle, any propulsive

action brought on by u of the hands is prohibited.推着一辆自行车比其他任何推进行动所带来的手的使用上是禁止的。 Should a competitor's bike malfunction

they can proceed with the race as long as they are doing so with their bicycle in tow.

[ 30 ]如果竞争对手的自行车故障，他们可以长期进行的比赛，因为他们这样做是在用自己的自行车拖车。 [30]

[ edit ] Triathlon and fitness [ 编辑 ] 铁人三项和健身

Triathletes tend to be physically fit , and many amateur athletes choo triathlon

specifically for its fitness benefits.铁人三项运动员往往是身体健康，许多业余铁人三项运动员选择专门为健身的好处。 Becau all three events are endurance

sports, nearly all of triathlon training is cardiovascular exerci.因为所有这三个事件是耐力运动，几乎所有的铁人三项训练是心血管运动。 In addition, since

triathletes must train for three different disciplines, they tend to have more balanced

whole-body muscular development than pure cyclists or runners, who training

emphasizes only a subt of their musculature.此外，由于铁人三项选手必须培养三种不同的学科，他们往往有更多的平衡全身骑自行车或跑步比单纯的，他们的训练只强调一个子集，其肌肉发达的肌肉。

Each element of the triathlon is slightly different from tho sports if encountered

alone.每个元素是铁人三项运动的稍有不同，如果遇到孤独。 While amateur

triathletes who also compete in individual swimming, cycling or running races

generally apply the same techniques and philosophy to triathlon, asoned

triathletes and professionals have specialized techniques for each discipline that

improve their race as a whole.虽然谁也业余铁人三项游泳比赛中个人，骑自行车或跑步一般适用相同的技术和理念，铁人三项，经验丰富的三项铁人运动员和专业人士专门为每个学科，提高他们作为一个整场比赛的技术。

Athletes who participate in endurance events spend many hours training for tho

events and this is true for triathlon as well.在耐力项目运动员谁参与这些活动的培训花费很多时间，这对铁人三项也是如此。 Injuries that are incurred from long

hours of a single activity are not as common in triathlon as they are in single sport

events.这是从一个单一的活动中受伤长时间没有在铁人三项一样普遍，因为他们在单项体育事件。 The cross training effect that athletes achieve from training for

one sport by doing a cond activity applies in triathlon training.交叉培训的效果，运动员从运动训练达到一个做了第二项活动适用于铁人三项训练。 Additional

activities that triathletes perform for a cross training effect are yoga, pilates and

weight training.这铁人三项的交叉训练效果进行额外的活动是瑜伽，普拉提和重量训练。

[ edit ] Swimming [ 编辑 ] 游泳

Triathletes competing in the swim component of race.铁人三项运动员在游泳比赛竞争的组成部分。 Wetsuits are common but not universal潜水服很常见，但不是普遍 Triathletes will often u their legs less vigorously and more carefully than

other swimmers, conrving their leg muscles for the cycle and run to follow.铁人三项运动员通常会用自己的双腿有力，更加仔细地少比其他选手，节约了他们的腿部肌肉和周期运行遵循。 Many triathletes u altered swim strokes to compensate

for turbulent, aerated water and to conrve energy for a long swim.使用篡改许多铁人三项游泳的笔触来弥补动荡，汽水，节约能源的长期游泳。 In addition, the

majority of triathlons involve open-water (outdoor) swim stages, rather than pools

with lane markers.此外，大多数的铁人三项包括开放式水（室外）游泳阶段，而不是与道路标志池。 As a result, triathletes in the swim stage must jockey for

position, and can gain some advantage by drafting , following a competitor cloly to

swim in their slipstream.作为一个结果是，三项铁人运动员在游泳阶段必须赛马会的立场，并能获得一些优势起草，下面的竞争对手密切合作，汇集在他们的游泳。

Triathletes will often u "dolphin kicking" and diving to make headway against

waves, and body surfing to u a wave's energy for a bit of speed at the end of the

swim stage.铁人三项运动员通常会用“海豚踢”和潜水进展，使波反对，冲浪游泳使用阶段的波的能量一位结束时的速度。 Also, open-water swims necessitate

"sighting": raising the head to look for landmarks or buoys that mark the cour.此外，露天水游必要“瞄准”：扬起头，寻找地标或浮标的标志课程。 A modified stroke

allows the triathlete to lift the head above water to sight without interrupting the

swim or wasting energy.一种改进的行程允许三项全能运动员解除不中断视线头以上的水游泳或浪费能源。

Becau open water swim areas are often cold and becau wearing a wetsuit

provides a competitive advantage, specialized triathlon wetsuits have been

developed in a variety of styles to match the conditions of the water.公开水域游泳的地区由于经常感冒，因为穿着潜水衣提供了竞争优势，专门铁人三项雨衣已经制定了各种风格的水相匹配的条件。 The Springsuit, for example, sleeveless and

cut above the knee, was designed for warmer waters, while still providing buoyancy.该Springsuit，例如，无袖和削减膝盖以上的，目的是较暖的水域，同时还提供浮力。 Wetsuits are legal in sanctioned events at which the surface water

temperature is 78 °F (26 °C) or less. [ 30 ] In non-sanctioned events or in "age group"

class where most racers are simply participating for the enjoyment of the sport

instead of vying for official USA Triathlon placing, wetsuits can often be ud at other

temperatures.潜水服不太法律制裁事件在其中地表水的温度是78华氏度（26 °

C）或。 [30]在非认可的事件或“年龄组”类大多数车手只是各参与的享受而不是为美国铁人三项官方配售争夺运动，潜水衣通常可以用在其他温度。 Most race

directors will discourage or ban wetsuits, however, if the water temperature is above

84 degrees becau a wetsuit can cau overheating. [ 31 ]大多数赛事总监将阻止或禁止潜水衣，但是，如果水温84度以上，因为潜水衣可能导致过热。 [31]

[ edit ] Cycling [ 编辑 ] 骑自行车

Triathlon cycling can differ from most professional bicycle racing depending on

whether drafting is allowed during competition.铁人三项自行车可以不同于最专业的自行车赛车取决于起草过程中是允许竞争。 In some competitions, like tho

governed by USA Triathlon and the World Triathlon Corporation, drafting is not

allowed, [ 30 ] the cycling portion more cloly rembles individual time trial racing.在一些比赛，如公司铁人三项铁人三项那些受美国和世界，起草是不允许的， [30]单车部分更接近于个人计时赛的比赛。 In other races, such as tho in World Cup

and Championship racing, drafting and the formation of pelotons are legal. [ 1 ] [ 29 ]

This places an emphasis on running performance as veral athletes will enter the

bike to run transition at the same time due to drafting. [ 32 ]在其他赛事，如那些在世界杯和锦标赛赛车，起草和形成pelotons是合法的。 [1] [29]这地方同时作为一个重点在运行性能的几个自行车运动员将进入到运行在过渡由于起草工作。

[32]

Triathlon bicycles are generally optimized for aerodynamics, having special

handlebars called aero-bars or tri-bars , aerodynamic wheels , and other components.铁人三项自行车一般空气动力学优化，具有特殊把手称为气动杆或三杆，空气动力车轮等部分组成。 Triathlon bikes u a specialized geometry, including a steep

at-tube angle both to improve aerodynamics and to spare muscle groups needed

for running (e also triathlon equipment ).铁人三项自行车使用一个专门的几何结构，包括一个陡峭的座位管角既提高空气动力学和运行所需的备品肌肉群（也见铁人三项设备）。 At the end of the bike gment, triathletes also often cycle with a

higher cadence (revolutions per minute), which rves in part to keep the muscles

loo and flexible for running.在段尾的自行车，铁人三项选手也往往较高周期与节奏（每分钟转速），这部分运行服务，以保持肌肉的松动和灵活。 It is believed,

though, that the primary benefit to cycling in a triathlon is that the strain of the

effort is placed disproportionately on the slow-twitch muscle fibers, preventing the

athlete from accumulating an oxygen debt before the run.据认为，虽然，主要受益于铁人三项单车是，努力应变，是摆在慢肌纤维，防止积累运行之前对运动员氧债不成比例。

[ edit ] Running [ 编辑 ] 运行

The primary distinguishing feature of running in a triathlon is that it occurs after the

athlete has already been exercising in two other disciplines for an extended period of

time, so many muscles are already tired.主要区别在铁人三项运行的特点是，它发生在运动员已在其他两个学科行使一个长时间，这么多的肌肉已经累了。 The

effect of switching from cycling to running can be profound; first-time triathletes are

often astonished at their muscle weakness , maybe caud by lactate accumulation

and the bizarre, sometimes painful nsation in their thighs a few hundred yards into

the run, and discover that they run at a much slower pace than they are accustomed

to in training.是的深刻影响，从自行车到运行开关即可;首次铁人三项常常惊讶于他们的肌肉无力来说，可能引起乳酸堆积和奇异的，有时甚至是痛苦的感觉在他们的大腿一到几百米，并发现他们运行在一个很慢的速度比他们习惯于在训练。

Triathletes train for this phenomenon through transition workouts known as "bricks":

back-to-back workouts involving two disciplines, most commonly cycling and running.铁人三项列车通过对这一现象为“砖”之称的过渡训练：涉及两个学科的后端到后端的训练，最常用的骑自行车和跑步。

[ edit ] Legendary and well-known events [ 编辑 ] 传奇的著名事件

Thousands of individual triathlons are held around the world each year.成千上万的个人铁人三项运动在世界各地举行，每年。 A few of the races are legendary

and/or favorites of the triathlon community becau they have a long history, or

becau they have particularly grueling cours and race conditions.对这些少数是传说中的种族和/或铁人三项社区我的最爱，因为他们有着悠久的历史，或者是因为他们有特别繁重的课程和竞争条件。 A few are listed here.这里列出一些。

Hawaii Ironman World Championship , Kona , Hawaii . 夏威夷铁人三项世界锦标赛，科纳，夏威夷。 First held in 1978 on Oahu , only five years after the sport of triathlon

was founded; it was later moved to Kailua-Kona on the island of Hawaii.首先在1978年举行的瓦胡岛，只有五年后铁人三项运动的成立，它是后来被转移到凯卢阿-科纳在夏威夷岛。 The cycling stage of the race covers more than a hundred miles

over lava flats on the big island of Hawaii, where mid-day temperatures often reach

over 110 °F (43 °C) and cross-winds sometimes blow at 55 MPH (90 km/h).在比赛的自行车舞台面积超过一百英里的夏威夷大岛，中午的气温经常达到110华氏度（43 ° C）和侧风在每小时55英里（90公里以上，有时打击熔岩单位/小时）。

The race is often challenging even to competitors with experience in other

iron-distance events.往往具有挑战性的比赛，甚至与其他竞争对手铁距离活动的经验。

Nice Triathlon , Nice , France. 尼斯铁人三项，尼斯，法国。 A race that existed until

2002 when the cour was adopted by the WTC as Ironman France.一个种族的存在，直到2002年时，当然是通过世界贸易中心作为铁人三项法国。 During the 1980s

the Nice Long Distance triathlon (Swim 4 km, Bike 120 km, Run 30 km) was, alongside

the World Championships in Kona, one of the two important races each year with

prize money and media attention. Mark Allen won here 10 concutive times.在80年代，尼斯长距离铁人三项（游泳4公里，自行车120公里，运行30公里）的注意，同时在世界锦标赛和媒体科纳钱，其中有两个重要的比赛奖金，每年。马克艾伦在这里赢得了10连续三次。 The ITU's Long Distance is a Nice-Distance race

except a short period from late 2006 to early 2008, in which it was 3 km + 80 km + 20

km.国际电联的长距离是一个短时期，除了尼斯长跑，从2006年底到2008年初，其中有3公里+ 80公里+ 20公里。

Enduroman Arch to man转弧拱。 A 289-mile triathlon from Marble Arch,

London to the Arc de Triomphe, Paris.从大理石拱门，伦敦289英里的铁人三项到凯旋门，巴黎。 Run from Marble Arch in London to Dover (87 miles), swim the

English Channel (22 miles) to Calais, and then cycle 181 Miles from Calais to Paris.来自伦敦的大理石拱门运行到多佛（87英里），游过英吉利海峡（22英里），加来，然后循环从加莱181公里到巴黎。 For this challenge, the clock starts at Marble

Arch and stops at Arc de Triomphe.对于这个挑战，时钟开始在大理石拱门和在凯旋门站。 Only 6 people in history have completed this event and the current record

is held by Eddie Ette with a time of 81 hours and 5 minutes.在历史上，只有6人已完成这项活动，目前的记录是由埃迪Ette举行了81小时5分钟。

St. Anthony's , St. 圣安东尼，圣 Petersburg , Florida . 圣彼得堡，佛罗里达州。 The

unofficial ason opener for the triathlon year.为非正式铁人三项年赛季的揭幕战。

Held in the last week of April every year, this race attracts professional and amateur

triathletes from around the world.关押在4月最后一周每年，这场比赛吸引了来自世界各地的专业和业余铁人三项选手。 One of the largest Olympic Distance

triathlon in the US with over 4000 participants each year.其中一个最大的奥运距离铁人三项在美国有超过4000个，每年参加。

Escape from Alcatraz , San Francisco , California . 逃离恶魔岛，旧金山，加利福尼亚州。 This non-standard-length race begins with a 1.5-mile (2.4-km) swim in frigid

San Francisco Bay waters from Alcatraz Island to shore, followed by an 18-mile

(29-km) bicycle and 8 mile (13 km) run in the extremely hilly terrain of the San

Francisco Bay area.这非标准长度赛），一开始1.5英里（2.4公里游泳，在寒冷的旧金山湾海域，从恶魔岛岸）公里，其次是18英里（29公里）自行车和8英里（13运行在旧金山湾地区的丘陵地形非常。 The run includes the notorious " Sand

Ladder ", a 400-step stairca climb up a beachside cliff.在运行包括臭名昭著的“沙梯“，400级阶梯爬上海边悬崖。

Wildflower is a Half-Ironman distance race held on or near May 1 at Lake San

Antonio in Northern California since 1983. 野花是一个半举行的铁人三项比赛距离或接近5月1日圣安东尼奥湖自1983年在北加州。 In recent years it has become

a highlight on the race-calendar of many professional triathletes.近年来它已成为一对种族许多专业铁人三项盛事。 Known for a particularly hilly cour, it has

expanded now to include three races of different lengths and is one of the largest

triathlon events in the world, with over 8,000 athletes attending each year.当然了，特别是丘陵而闻名，它现在已扩大到包括三个不同长度的比赛，是世界上最大的铁人三项赛事之一，超过8000名运动员参加，每年参加。

Life Time Fitness Triathlon Series, a ries of 5 Olympic distance races: The Lifetime

Fitness in Minneapolis, the NYC Triathlon in New York City, the Chicago Triathlon, the

LA Triathlon in Los Angeles, and the US Open in Dallas. 生活时间健身铁人三项系列赛，距离奥运系列五：在终身健身明尼阿波利斯，纽约，洛杉矶铁人三项在纽约市，芝加哥铁人三项铁人三项中，洛杉矶，达拉斯和美国公开赛。 There is a

combined $1.5 Million prize pur at stake for the professionals who come from

around the world to take part in the ries.有1.5元是一个结合了专业人士谁在为来自世界各地前来参加系列的一部分股权百万奖金。

Hy-Vee Triathlon , started in 2007 by the Mid-West grocery store chain. 海兰V型铁

人三项，开始于2007年中西部杂货连锁店。 Famous for the richest prize pur ever

awarded at a single triathlon ($700,000).最富有的奖金著名不断批出单一铁人三项（$ 700,000）。 Part of the draft-legal ITU World Cup circuit and the only one on USA

soil in '07 & '08.部分草稿法律国际电联世界杯电路和对美土'07＆'08只有一个。

Also hosts a sold-out age group race, youth races, and a Junior Development race.还举办卖个年龄组进行比赛，青年比赛，和一名初级发展的竞赛。 Given the

honorable distinction of the third and final USA Triathlon Olympic Trials event in 2008.鉴于第三次和最后美国铁人三项奥运选拔赛活动于2008年光荣的区别。

Norman Extreme Triathlon ,Hardangerfjord , Norway . 诺斯曼极端铁人三项，哈当厄尔峡湾，挪威。 Norman is an Ironman-distance triathlon that starts with a

swim in the Hardangerfjord and finishes on top of a Gaustatoppen mountain at 1,850

meters above a level.诺斯曼是一个铁人距离三项铁人，一个开始和结束游泳的哈当厄尔的顶部Gaustatoppen水平山海上一千八百五十〇米以上。 Famous for

its lower temperatures and 5,000 meters total ascent, this race accepts only 200

competitors each year.闻名较低温度和5000米总上升，这场比赛只接受200名竞争者每年。

Ironman 70.3 World Championship , Clearwater, Florida , USA . 70.3铁人三项世界锦标赛，清水湾，佛罗里达州，美国。 Since 2006 this has been the final of the Ironman

70.3 ries on the half Ironman distance.自2006年以来这一直是铁人70.3铁人三项距离的半系列的最后。

Grand Prix de Triathlon , the French club championship ries sponsored by

Lyonnai des Eaux . 德铁人三项大奖赛，法国俱乐部冠军系列赛主办单位水务集团。 The circuit compris five triathlons and by the French Triathlon Federation it is

considered the most prestigious French championship.该电路由五名铁人三项和铁人三项联合会在法国它被认为是最负盛名的法国冠军。 It is of international

importance becau most of the participants are international, ienon French elite top

stars hired pro forma by the best French clubs.它具有国际意义的，因为大多数与会者是国际性的，即非法国精英顶级球星聘请备考的最好的法国俱乐部。

Triathlon EDF Alped'Huez , established in 2006 by the 2002 Long Distance World

Champion CyrilleNeveu, is one of the best known single triathlons in France. 法国电力公司Alpe德Huez铁人三项成立于2006年由2002年的世界冠军Cyrille长途奈芙，是法国一个最好的铁人三项已知单。

[ edit ] Nonstandard variations [ 编辑 ] 非标准变化

Aquabike , compod of only swimming and cycling stages. Aquabike，阶段组成，只有游泳和骑自行车。

Aquathlon , compod of only swimming and running stages. Aquathlon，组成只有游泳和跑步阶段。

Duathlon , compod of a running stage, a cycling stage and another running stage.

陆上两项铁人，组成一个运行阶段，一个骑自行车的阶段，另一个运行阶段。

Equilateral triathlon , a triathlon in which each leg takes approximately equal time.

等边铁人三项，铁人三项，其中每条腿大约需要平等的时间。

Formula One triathlon , an event that consists of a swim-bike-run combination in

multiple groups. 一级方程式铁人三项的事件，群体组成的自行车运行组合多个A游泳。

Nauticathlon TM , Trademark, owner Victor Bauduret / France Compod of many

sports (rules ) Nauticathlon商标，商标拥有者维克托Bauduret /法国体育由许多（规则 ）

Off-road triathlon , consists of swimming, mountain biking and trail running . 越野三项铁人，包括游泳，山地自行车和越野跑。 The best-known ries of the races is

known as the XTERRA Triathlon .该系列这些种族最有名的是被称为Xterra的铁人三项。

Rever order triathlon , consists of the usual three sports but in rever (run, bike,

swim) order. 逆序铁人三项，由（运行，自行车，游泳）的顺序通常的三项运动，但在逆转。 This may be done to allow a mass start while finishing in a pool.这可能是做允许大规模开始，而在游泳池整理。

Ultramantriathlon , an Ultra-long distance three day triathlon covering 320 miles in

parate stages. 奥特曼铁人三项，超长距离铁人三项三天阶段，涵盖320英里分开。

Winter triathlon , typically includes two events of either cross-country skiing ,

mountain biking or outdoor-ice speed skating and finishes with running. 冬季铁人三项，通常包括两个或事件的越野滑雪，山地自行车或室外冰上速滑和运行饰面用。

Indoor triathlon , consisting of a pool swim, stationary bike, and indoor track or

treadmill run. 室内铁人三项赛，包括一个游泳池游泳，自行车，跑步机，室内乐曲或运行。

Pedal, Paddle, Run , consisting of a bike, kayak, and run. 踏板，桨，运行，包括一个自行车，皮划艇，然后运行。