2020长宁高考英语一模分析

2023年12月24日发(作者：春节文化)

Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary

Section A

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.

For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, u

one word that best fits each blank.

A Grateful Patient

I took a job as a receptionist for a vet（兽医）almost five decades ago. As an enthusiastic animal lover, I

accepted the position on the condition (21) _______ U wouldn’t have to assist with any wounded animals. I didn’t

have the courage (22) _______ (watch) any creature in pain.

At the end of my first week, we were closing the office for the day (23) _______ a young man ran up to us

holding a verely injured Doberman puppy（杜宾幼犬）in his arms and begging us to save his life. The four-month-old puppy had been hit by a car.

The doctor and I ran back into the operating room. The only place (24) _______ the skin was still attached to

his poor little body was around one shoulder. The vet worked tirelessly for what emed like hours, (25) _______

(w) him back together again. That was the easy part. The puppy had broken multiple bones, including his back.

(26) _______ _______ he survived the next few days, we were quite sure he would never walk again.

The day forever changed my life. I became the vet’s assistant in all things medical. One of my first jobs was

to give that Doberman puppy daily physical therapy. Weeks went by until one day he finally recovered.

Fast - forward about a year. I walked into the clinic’s (27) _______ (crowed) waiting room and called the

name of the next client. Suddenly, a huge Doberman ran toward me. I found (28) _______ pinned against the wall

with this magnificent dog standing on his back legs, his front paws（爪子）on my shoulders, washing my face with

plentiful and joyful kiss!

I still tear up in amazement (29) _______ the display of love and gratitude the dog had for me that day all

tho years ago. I went on to be a vet technician for 14 years, and since retirement, I have volunteered at a no-kill

animal shelter. In all the time that has pasd and all the experiences I have had, I’ve never met a dog who didn’t

know that it (30) _______ (rescue) in one way or another.

（

› usa › readers-digest

Reader's Digest: 2019-08-01 - A Grateful Patient - PressReader

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）

Section B

Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chon from the box. Each word can be ud only once. Note that

there is one word more than you need.

A. achievement B. captured C. championed D. conveniently E. distract

F. executive G. manageable H. memorable I. publicizing J. reluctantly

K. reveal

Marketing the Moon

An astronaut, a little hop and a witty quote: Neil Armstrong’s first lunar（月球的）footstep is deep-rooted

in the minds of all humankind. But that first moon landing might not have been such a(n) __31__ moment if it weren’t

for NASA’s clever PR (Public Relations) team.

Richard Jurek is a marketing __32__ and co-author of the book marketing the Moon: The Selling of the

Apollo Lunar Program. He says NASA’s move to real-time, open communication made the 1969 Apollo 11 landing

“the first positive viral event that __33__ the world’s attention.”

Before NASA was established in 1958, rockets were the military’s territory; that cretiveness carried over

into the space agency’s early days. At first, NASA followed a “fire in the tail” rule, only ___34___ a rocket’s launch

when it was successfully in the air. But as the agency evolved, it started announcing more details about the Apollo

program. It ___35___its astronauts, talked openly about mission goals and challenges, and shared launch times so

people could watch. “If it had been run like it was under the military,” Jurek says, “we would not have had that n

of drama, that n of involvement, that n of wonder, that ___36___.” Instead, all the PR and press promotion

in the years ahead of Apollo 11 brought the human spaceflight program into people’s living rooms and imaginations.

As the drama neared its peak, NASA’s PR officials pushed for live TV broadcasts of the first humans to walk

on the moon. Not everyone thought it was a good idea. The technology for live lunar broadcasts, and cameras small

enough to keep the cargo ___37___, didn’t exist at the point. Some engineers worried that developing that equipment

would ___38___ from efforts to achieve the landing itlf. But NASA’s communications team argued that telling the

story was as vital as the ___39___ itlf. Live TV would bring the American people -- and international viewers --

along for the ride.

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Come landing day, which ___40___ fell on a Sunday, more than half a billion people worldwide crowded

around TVs and radios for the historic moment. “We were able to come together and do something that was exciting

and interesting and brought the world together,” says David Meerman Scott, marketing strategist and co-author of

Marketing the Moon. “I don’t know that we’ve done anything like that since.”

（/the-sciences/marketing-the-moon-how-pr-made-the-apollo-landing-a-cultural-moment）

（Marketing the Moon: How PR

Made the Apollo Landing a

Cultural Moment

NASA's bold choices to open the Apollo Program to the world made the

Moon landing humanity's first truly viral event.

By Erika K CarlsonMay 20, 2019 5:00 AM

）

(Neil Armstrong’s first lunar footstep is ingrained in the minds of all humankind. But that first

moon landing might not have been such a memorable moment if it weren’t for NASA’s

savvy PR team.

Richard Jurek is a marketing executive and co-author of the book Marketing the Moon: The

Selling of the Apollo Lunar Program. He says NASA’s move to real-time, open

communication made the 1969 Apollo 11 landing “the first positive viral event that captured

the world’s attention.”

Before NASA was established in 1958, rockets were the military’s purview; that

cretiveness carried over into the space agency’s early days. At first, NASA followed a

“fire in the tail” rule, only publicizing a rocket’s launch when it was successfully in the air.

But as the agency evolved, it started announcing more details about the Apollo program. It

championed its astronauts, talked openly about mission goals and challenges, and shared

launch times so people could watch.

3 / 20

Apollo 11’s Buzz Aldrin makes a sandwich during a TV broadcast. (Credit: NASA)

“If it had been run like it was under the military,” Jurek says, “we would not have had that

n of drama, that n of involvement, that n of wonder, that reveal.”

Instead, all the PR and press hype in the years ahead of Apollo 11 brought the human

spaceflight program into people’s living rooms and imaginations.

Along for the Ride

As the drama neared its climax, NASA’s PR officials pushed for live TV broadcasts of the

first humans to walk on the moon.

Not everyone thought it was a good idea. The technology for live lunar broadcasts, and

cameras small enough to keep the payload manageable, didn’t exist at that point. Some

engineers worried that developing that equipment would distract from efforts to achieve the

landing itlf.

Apollo 16 astronaut John Young leaps and salutes the flag. (Credit: NASA)

But NASA’s communications team argued that telling the story was as vital as the

achievement itlf. Live TV would bring the American people — and

Come landing day, which conveniently fell on a Sunday, more than half a billion people

worldwide huddled around TVs and radios for the historic moment.

“We were able to come together and do something that was exciting and interesting and

brought the world together,” says David Meerman Scott, marketing strategist and co-author

of Marketing the Moon. “I don’t know that we’ve done anything like that since.”

)

Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phras marked A, B, C and D. Fill in

each blank with the word or phra that best fits the context.

Ancient creatures likely evolved the stress respon to better escape from hunters. But today its caus

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include traffic, deadlines and first dates. According to a 2018 American Psychological Association survey of more

than 3,000 people, the top ___41___ are work, money, the economy and health.

Although everyone faces stress, people react to it ___42___. “There’s the situation, how we ___43___ the

situation, and then our skills at handling the situation,” says psychologist William Lovallo of the University of

Oklahoma. ____44____ experiences help us asss appropriate respons, so most people improve with age. “A high

school student or a college student might not have tho ___45___ skills and might let a situation get out of hand,”

he adds.

Most ___46___have normal stress respons, regulated to give the right burst of hormones（激素）and bodily

changes for a particular stressor. But others always over-or under-react, which may be a warning sign for physical or

mental ___47___. To study this, scientists often monitor cortisol（皮质醇）or heart rate variations throughout the

day and during trying tasks.

____48___, the intensity of the respons ems to be t from a young age. Studies have shown that people

who experienced childhood hardships -- including physical punishment and a(n) ___49___ home -- are more likely

to have quiet stress reactions as adults. For example, as part of a study published in 2012, Lovallo expod 354

participants to moderate stress. People who lf-reported early-life ___50___ actually had lower heart rates and

cortisol levels than other participants. While the study tasks were not important, the individuals’ under-reactions

suggest their stress respon may also have trouble ___51___ when it really matters. It can be just as ___52___ as an

extreme respon. Other rearch has found links between childhood conflict, abnormally low adult stress and

substance misu. Though the biology is not fully understood, it’s suggested that early - life neglect or suffering

___53___ the body’s stress pathways.

Even before birth, a child can ___54___ parental stress. The phenomenon is well - demonstrated in rats and

mice, and some papers have shown the same association ___55___. For example, babies born to mothers who

survived the 9/11 attacks all had how cortisol levels.

5 / 20

(What Science Says About Why

You're Stresd and How to

Cope

Under pressure, pushing down on me, pushing down on you.

By Bridget AlexJune 21, 2019 5:58 PM

Whether animal, vegetable, mineral or machine, everything experiences stress — broadly

defined as challenges to equilibrium, a balanced state of being.

The Human Stress Story

In biology, stress is the body’s respon to perceived threats to our physical or mental well-being. Moderate amounts are healthy and normal. But too much — or too little — caus

problems. Chronic stress is linked to cardiovascular dia, anxiety and depression.

Stress associated with extreme events such as combat can lead to post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD). Symptoms of PTSD, which affects over 7 million Americans, include

flashbacks and hypervigilance long after a trauma. Meanwhile, recent studies show that

people who underreact to stress are more likely to have impulsive behavior and substance

addiction.

The Adaptive Stress Respon

A 1936 Nature paper launched the field of stress rearch. In the study, physician Hans

Seyle — later called the father of stress — subjected rats to cold, drugs, excessive exerci

and other assaults. Whatever the stimuli, the rats exhibited similar physiological effects.

Now understood as the stress respon, this t of bodily changes is an adaptation that

allows animals to focus their energy on survival and forgo other matters such as growth or

reproduction. It’s initiated when the brain detects a potential threat and launches a cascade

of hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol, that affects the endocrine, nervous and

immune systems.

One stream of hormones, called the sympathomedullary (SAM) pathway, triggers the fight-or-flight respon, characterized by upticks in heart rate, breathing and blood sugar levels.

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Another pathway, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, keeps the body on high

alert by tapping gluco rerves and dialing back nonesntial functions.

How to Cope

There are a lot of coping strategies that relieve negative feelings associated with stress.

Some — such as meditation, journaling, therapy and medication — are recommended;

others — denial, overeating, alcohol — are not. Alternatively, some strategies remove the

stressor. For instance, a couple in a toxic relationship may ver ties, or someone

overwhelmed by to-dos could improve time management skills. The best approach depends

on the person and their circumstances.

For healthy individuals with everyday challenges, simple changes can help. Nearly 30

studies with a total of more than 2,500 participants found stress and anxiety were reduced

thanks to mindfulness programs that taught people to live in the prent, without judgment.

Similarly, a 2017 review of 42 studies in Psychoneuroendocrinology concluded that yoga

improves measures of a healthy stress respon, including blood pressure, resting heart

rate and cortisol levels.

Why So Stresd?

Ancient organisms likely evolved the stress respon to better escape from predators. But

today’s triggers include traffic, deadlines and first dates. According to a 2018 American

Psychological Association survey of more than 3,000 respondents, the top stressors are

work, money, the economy and health.

Although everyone faces stress, people react to it differently. “There’s the situation, how we

evaluate the situation, and then our skills at handling the situation,” says psychologist

William Lovallo of the University of Oklahoma. Previous experiences help us gauge

appropriate respons, so most people improve with age. “A high school student or a

college student might not have tho coping skills and might let a situation get out of hand,”

he adds.

Most adults have normal stress respons, calibrated to give the right burst of hormones

and bodily changes for a particular stressor. But others consistently over- or underreact,

which may be a warning sign for physical or mental disorders. To study this, scientists often

monitor cortisol or heart rate fluctuations throughout the day and during trying tasks.

In some cas, the intensity of the respons ems to be t from a young age. Studies

have shown that people who experienced childhood hardships — including physical

punishment, an unstable home and xual abu — are more likely to have muted stress

reactions as adults. For example, as part of a study published in 2012, Lovallo expod 354

participants to moderate stress. People who lf-reported early-life adversity actually had

7 / 20

lower heart rates and cortisol levels than other participants. While the study tasks were

inconquential, the individuals’ underreactions suggest their stress respon may also

have trouble revving up when it really matters, which can be just as unhealthy as an

excessive respon. Other rearch has found links between childhood strife, abnormally

low adult stress and substance abu. Though the biology is not fully understood, it’s

suggested that early-life neglect or trauma densitizes the body’s stress pathways.

Even before birth, a child can inherit parental stress, either through hormones the

developing fetus takes in or chemical modifications to the egg or sperm. The phenomenon

is well-demonstrated in rats and mice, and some papers have shown the same association

in humans. For instance, adult children of Holocaust survivors and babies born to mothers

experiencing PTSD from the 9/11 attacks all had low cortisol levels.

How Our Bodies React to Stress

When a stressor occurs, the amygdala region perceives the threat and nds a distress

signal to the hypothalamus, which acts like a command center. It kicks off a stream of

hormones along two pathways: the sympathomedullary (SAM) and the hypothalamic

pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis.

Stress Across Species

As with people, excess stress can cau pathological disorders in animals — even

pampered pets. In a recent survey of over 4,000 dog owners, stress symptoms were

reported in almost half the canines. “It’s the most common reason for dogs to act out,”

explains study leader Nicholas Dodman, a veterinary behaviorist at the Center for Canine

Behavior Studies in Salisbury, Connecticut.

Canines show stress overtly — whimpering, quivering, escape attempts — and internally

through increas in blood pressure, heart rate and cortisol levels. The symptoms may be

acute, triggered by particular events like vet visits, and alleviated afterward. But other

caus are more pernicious. Some dogs, for example, experience paration anxiety when

left home alone. While roughly 15 percent make their distress known with howls, torn-up

sofas and accidents, studies using hidden cameras and hormone monitoring suggest many

more are afflicted. “They just shrink into themlves and kind of enter a state almost

bordering on depression that lasts as long as the paration,” says Dodman.

Zoo animals can experience stress, too. Although they’re well-fed and safe from predators,

captivity can cau chronic stress that negatively impacts growth, immunity and

8 / 20

reproduction. And many perform emingly pointless, repetitive actions that sometimes

result in lf-harm. For example, walrus rub their tusks against concrete pool edges,

parrots pluck out feathers, and bears pace compulsively. The behaviors exaggerate what

animals would do in nature, including hunting and roaming over vast territories. Analyzing

23 species, a 2016 Animal Behavior paper showed the farther wild carnivores travel on a

daily basis, the more time their captive counterparts — “in an unnatural situation of

confinement and stress and boredom,” says Dodman — spent performing the potentially

harmful behaviors.

Engineering and Design

Physicists and engineers often define stress as force acting on a certain area. Too much

makes an object budge, bend or break. The result could be as trivial as a snapped pencil or

as catastrophic as a bridge collap.

Directly obrving stress is tricky — in most cas, rearchers end up measuring it in the

aftermath.

But we’d prefer to know how much stress a structure can withstand before it succumbs to it

— or is even built. Zoomed out, things may em stable, while at a finer scale there are “all

the places where stress are accumulating,” says Emanuela Del Gado, a physicist at

Georgetown University. It’s “a magic combination of stress acting in different directions

that cancel each other.” But when an outside force comes along, say a strong wind or

heavy load, “that magic combination can be lost,” she says, and the structure will fail. To

prevent this, Del Gado and others study how materials handle stress using computer

simulations and mathematical models.

Slow and Steady Stress

Fatigue refers to weakening due to moderate stress applied again and again. A fatigued

material will develop microscopic cracks and eventually break completely. Bone stress

fractures, common in athletes, form in this way.

Temperature Matters

9 / 20

Hot water makes a cold glass crack or even shatter due to thermally induced stress, forces

exerted by changing temperature. The cup’s interior warms up and expands faster than the

exterior. With no room to grow, the glass cracks along pre-existing defects.

Temperature also affects strength — the ability to withstand stress — a point made

tragically clear by the World Trade Center collap. The 110-story towers should have

withstood an airplane collision. But according to a 2002 paper in the Journal of Engineering

Mechanics, the explosion and subquent fire heated the support columns to more than

1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, causing them to lo the strength to support upper floors.

Seeing Stress in Action

Stretch a plastic bag between two polarizers — screens that filter light waves in one

direction. You’ll e trippy bands of color following stress across the baggie. This so-called photoelastic effect, exhibited by transparent polymers and glass, was once ud to

test the integrity of structures. Before computer simulations did the trick, engineers built

miniature models with photoelastic materials, subjected them to forces and obrved the

stress colorscape.

The photoelastic effect in plastic cutlery. (Credit: Alfred Pasieka/Science Source)

Different Types of Stress

Physicists and engineers distinguish between veral varieties of mechanical stress.

)

41. A. stressors B. respons C. cretes D. concerns

42. A. appropriately B. differently C. normally D. mentally

43. A. improve B. influence C. describe D. evaluate

44. A. Valuable B. Professional C. Previous D. Constant

45. A. coping B. living C. learning D. acting

46. A. adults B. rearchers C. students D. monitors

47. A. functions B. disorders C. variations D. abilities

48. A. By the way B. In some cas C. On the contrary D. As a result

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49. A. independent B. distinguished C. unstable D. extended

50. A. education B. experience C. involvement D. difficulty

51. A. racing up B. showing up C. taking up D. keeping up

52. A. impressive B. insignificant C. positive D. unhealthy

53. A. smooths B. follows C. dulls D. destroys

54. A. endure B. relieve C. increa D. inherit

55. A. between animals B. in humans C. with society D. of importance

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passage. Each passage is followed by veral questions or unfinished statements.

For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choo the one that fits best according to the

information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

I live in a cond - floor flat with an ancient tree right on the corner of the hou. Hou and tree have been

here, side by side, for well over a century. No one really knows how old the tree is, but it was already there when

builders started on the hou at the beginning of the 1900s.

It was still rather young and flexible back then, so it easily welcomed the new structure into its path. it bent

and adjusted itlf to make room, and to find the space to grow big and strong and wi. Which means that some

hundred years later, the solid, strong branches of the tree reach around two full sides of my home. It’s covered in

mass（苔藓）, which is, in turn, crawling with all sorts of inets. I have never en the incts, by the way, I just

know that they’re there becau of all the birds trying to pick them out. They are always hopping around, looking for

this and that and singing songs.

I feel like I have become part of the ecosystem. When I’m eating breakfast or making dinner in the kitchen,

I can look out and e a bird hopping around skillfully, gathering its own meal while I tend to mine. When I’m sitting

in the living room, reading or drinking tea, I can suddenly find mylf face to face with another bird. We’ll be staring

at each other and, after some time, decide we can both carry on with our business. Living side by side. Even as I write

this -- the large windows open to a lovely, soft evening -- a white feather comes floating down by my side. Probably

from one of the resident pigeons.

As I don’t have the luxury of a garden, this tree makes me fell connected to the outdoors. Such an ancient

tree, a tree that is itlf home to many other creatures -- that feels different. It is as if it has adopted me and made me

11 / 20

a part of its world, without ever asking for something in return. But if needs be, I know that it can count on me and I

will protect it with all my strength.

56. The flat that author lives in is _________.

A. built in an ancient tree B. hugged by a giant tree

C. decorated with branches D. surrounded by a garden

57. In the author’s description, she implies that _________.

A. birds keep her warm company B. she has been living on tree products

C. moss makes her flat nice and cool D. she has been bothered by the incts

58. What does the author really treasure?

A. A clo - to - nature life. B. A luxurious garden.

C. A spacious hou. D. A sociable neighbor.

59. Which of the following can be ud to express the author’s feeling?

A. Jealous. B. Inferior. C. Content. D. Passionate.

(B)

The Sleep of Your Dreams

According to the Centers for Dia Control and Prevention, a third of us don’t get nearly

enough shut-eye. Our collective tiredness has promoted a $41 billion market for devices promising

more -- and higher - quality -- sleep. In my everlasting arch for downtime, I tested some of the

most promising ones. Here’s how they stacked up.

Eight sleep tracker

$299

This mattress（床垫）topper fits under a The

Dream-pad pillow

$149 and up

Dream-pad us smooth

sheet and “turns any bed into a smart bed,” soundscapes to help you power down. Connect

according to Eight. While I slept, the nsor - the device to your phone via Bluetooth or USB,

decorated pad gathered data like heart rate, and the pillow emits soft music, audible only to

periods of deepest sleep, and number of turns. It you as you lay your head down. There are ten

was easy to u, and I liked the warming feature, tracks on offer. I didn’t drift off any faster with

which let me t each side of the bed to a the Dream-pad, but it did help me fall back

12 / 20

different temperature.

REM Score :8 (out of 10)

Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution

$299

asleep when I woke up at night.

REM Score: 6

Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System

$149

My eight-hour restful happiness is The Nightingale is hi - tech. Two app -

frequently interrupted by my husband’s snoring. enabled units wrap the room in a blanket of

The Smart Nora relieves me of the need to push warm sound. You can also program the system

him. When the bedside audio nsor detects a to provide weather and traffic information when

breathing disturbance, it slowly blows up the you wake up. The only downside: in standby

offender’s pillow, gently shifting them into a mode, it emits a faint noi.

freer - breathing position. My husband

sometimes woke up briefly but was soon asleep

again.

REM Score: 8

* REM: rapid eye movement (describes a period of sleep during which you dream and your eyes

make small movements)

60. By “how they stacked up” in paragraph 1, the author probably means “how they _________.”

A. make n to manufacturers B. get stuck in stores

C. are compared with each other D. are piled up together.

61. Which of the following devices favourably reacts to urs?

A. Dream-pad pillow B. Eight sleep tracker

C. Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution D. Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System

62. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. The Eight keeps the entire bed at the same temperature.

B. The Nightingale is an economical but perfect device.

C. Soft music is applied to all the four devices.

D. One in three people suffer from sleep problem.

(C)

13 / 20

REM Score: 9

An epidemic is the occurrence of a dia which affects a very large number of people living in an area and

which spreads quickly to other people. Like infectious dias, ideas in the academic world are spreadable. But way

some travel far and wide while equally good ones remain in relative insignificance has been a mystery. Now a team

of computer scientists has ud an epidemiological model to imitate how ideas move from one academic institution

to another. The model showed that ideas originating at famous institutions caud bigger “epidemics” than equally

good ideas from less well-known places, explains Allison Morgan, a computer scientist at the University of Colorado

Boulder and lead author of the new study. “This implies that where an idea is born shapes how far it spreads, holding

the quality of the idea constant.” says nior author Aaron Claut, also at Boulder.

Not only is this unfair -- “it reveals a big weakness in how we’re doing science,” says Simon DeDeo, a

professor of social and decision sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not involved in the study. There

are many highly trained people with good ideas who do not end up at top institutions. “They are producing good

ideas, and we know tho ideas are getting lost,” DeDeo says. “Our science, our scholarship, is not as good becau

of this.”

The Colorado rearchers analyzed an existing data t of computer science department hires in North

America, as well as a databa of publications by the hires. First they looked at how five big ideas in computer

science spread to new institutions. They found that hiring a new member accounted for this movement a little more

than a third of the time -- and in 81 percent of tho cas, transfers took place from higher- to lower-status universities.

Then the team imitated the broadcasting of ideas using an infectious dia model and found that the size of an idea

“epidemic” (as measured by the number of institutions that published studies on an idea after it originated) depended

on the status of the originating institution. The findings were published online last October in EPJ Data Science.

The rearchers’ model suggests that there “may be a number of quite good ideas that originate in the middle

of the pack, in terms of universities,” Claut says. DeDeo agrees. There is a lot of good work coming out of less

famous places, he says: “You can learn a huge amount from it, and you can learn things that other people don’t know

becau they’re not even paying attention.”

(In science, some ideas are more contagious than

others

An infectious dia model shows that ideas from prestigious institutions are

more likely to spread farthest.

14 / 20

13 May 2019

Viviane Callier

Like infectious dias, ideas in the academic world are contagious. But why some travel far and

wide while equally good ones remain in relative obscurity has been a mystery.

Now a team of computer scientists has ud an epidemiological model to simulate how ideas move

from one academic institution to another.

The model showed that ideas originating at prestigious institutions caud bigger “epidemics” than

equally good ideas from less prominent places, explains Allison Morgan, a computer scientist at

the University of Colorado Boulder and lead author of the study.

“This implies that where an idea is born shapes how far it spreads, holding the quality of the idea

constant,” says nior author Aaron Claut, also at Boulder.

Not only is this unfair – “it reveals a big weakness in how we're doing science,” says Simon DeDeo,

a professor of social and decision sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not involved in

the study.

There are many highly trained people with good ideas who do not end up at top-tier institutions.

“They are producing good ideas, and we know tho ideas are getting lost,” DeDeo says. “Our

science, our scholarship, is not as good becau of this.”

The Colorado rearchers analyd an existing data t of computer science faculty hires in North

America, as well as a databa of publications by the hires.

First they looked at how five big ideas in computer science spread to new institutions. They found

that hiring a new faculty member accounted for this movement a little more than a third of the time –

and in 81% of tho cas, transmissions took place from higher- to lower-prestige universities.

Then the team simulated the dismination of ideas using an infectious dia model and found that

the size of an idea “epidemic” (as measured by the number of institutions that published studies on

an idea after it originated) depended on the prestige of the originating institution.

The findings were published online last October in EPJ Data Science.

The rearchers' model suggests that there “may be a number of quite good ideas that originate in the

middle of the pack, in terms of universities,” Claut says.

DeDeo agrees. There is a lot of good work coming out of less famous places, he says: “You can learn

a huge amount from it, and you can learn things that other people don't know becau they're not

even paying attention.”

This piece was originally posted on

)

15 / 20

63. The word “this” in paragraph 2 refers to the fact that _________.

A. the time when good ideas were born decides how far they may spread

B. the quality of the original ideas tends to be not easy to maintain

C. good ideas from less important institutions lack influence

D. scholars in insignificant institutions consider their ideas valueless

64. The ca of some hires in paragraph 3 is ud to indicate _________.

A. the statistics the epidemological model provides for the rearchers

B. why the originating institutions transfer their new findings

C. how they carry the ideas from lower - to higher - status institutions

D. the way the movements of some new ideas happen and their effects

65. Rearchers such as Claut are very much concerned about _________.

A. losing quite a number of great and creative thoughts

B. missing the opportunities of getting more well-known

C. misusing the epidemiological model in scientific rearch areas

D. having difficulty in finding more proper science department hires

66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Infectious Dias B. Original Ideas C. Idea Epidemic D. Epidemiological Model

Section C

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper ntence given in the box. Each ntence

can be ud only once. Note that there are two more ntences than you need.

A. So we try to push back the tide and keep up by multi - tasking.

B. No wonder people say they’re too busy to e friends, exerci or sleep.

C. Would it surpri you to hear that we have more leisure time today than ever?

D. How can we learn to spend time in a way that’s more likely to lead to happiness and success?

E. It’s something that economist have been puzzling over and they’ve identified veral reasons.

F. Then you will have fewer empty experiences and far ore that are worthy of your precious time.

The Fullness of Time

Most of us think we have very little time, but the truth is we actually have a lot - on average, five hours 49

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minutes each day, which means we typically have somewhere between 36 and 40 hours available to be spent every

week however we want. So why don’t we feel time - rich? ______67______

One is that we earn more, so time feels more expensive. Then there’s the way we’ve come to e busyness

as a status symbol: important people are busy, so we want to be busy, too. Add to that the flood of incoming emails

and texts, along with the endless ocean of possibilities, and it’s easy to e where time goes.

A cond factor is the comparison we make between what we can do and what others are doing, making us

anxious. _____68______ This fools us into thinking we’re being more productive with our work time, so we try to

do it with our leisure time, too. When we’re playing with out kids, we check Facebook. When we’re hanging out with

one group of friends, we post pictures to show another. This is something sociologists call ‘polluted time’.

We’re also addicted to our devices. In 2007, the amount of leisure time we spent on devices like smart-phones could be measured in minutes. Now, we spend on average 3.5 hours a day online. _____69_____

You might be wondering why you need help deciding how to spend your free time -- after all you know the

sort of things you enjoy, so what could be so difficult? Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has a surprising opinion

on it. “The popular assumption is that no skills are involved in enjoying free time, anybody can do it. Yet the evidence

suggests the opposite; free time is more difficult to enjoy than work.” Worryingly, scientists have found that people

are often no happier after a holiday than if they’d never taken one. _____70_____ The question still remains unttled.

(

/uk/the-simple-things/20190529/2836

May 29, 2019 - One is that we earn more, so time feels more expensive. Then there's the way we've

come to e busyness as a status symbol: important people are busy, so we want to

be busy, too. Add to that the flood of incoming emails, texts, tweets and 24-hour news and gossip

updates, along with the endless ocean ...

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)

Ⅳ.Summary Writing

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more

than 60 words. U your own words as far as possible.

Cryptocurrency（加密货币）

Making payments online is very easy the days if you have a credit card or a bank card that ud a payment

network. Sending money online to a friend, you have to u a payment rvice like Google Pay or PayPal, or make

a bank transfer. However, there is usually a significant delay before the receiver can u the money, and transfers

can have sizeable fees.

In 2008, a group of people published a paper describing a process that would u crypto-graph（密码学）to create a cure electronic cash system, known as a cryptocurrency. Person - to - person payments could be made

online using a shared network of computers instead of a bank or other financial organization. Each transaction

could happen very quickly. The shared network of computers would also rve as the means to confirm tho

transactions safely. Getting rid of the need for a centralized banking system would open up the possibility for

anyone to become part of the digital economy.

Today, there are over a thousand different cryptocurrencies. Most are still trying to be valid global payment

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systems like Bitcoin. They are held back by problems affecting the entire cryptocurrency industry. One issue is

weak curity on cryptocurrency websites where urs either store their electronic cash. The websites are struggling

to protect their urs from such thefts.

Another problem is the large number of fal cryptocurrencies advertid on the Internet. The

advertiments invite Internet urs to visit websites offering new cryptocurrencies. Many visitors are persuaded to

buy their cryptocurrencies using actual money. Later, the websites disappear along with the victims’ money. In

respon to this problem, companies like Facebook and Google are limiting cryptocurrency advertising on their

websites.

Ⅳ. Translation

Directions: Translate the following ntences into English, using the words given in the brackets.

72. 我真的应该为自己失礼的行为向你道歉。(owe)

73. 我表哥每天步行一小时去单位，不为省钱，为了保持健康。(but)

74. 医生建议不要口渴了才喝水，而且要多喝白开水，而不是果汁或可口可乐。(before)

75. 这家网站常年以爆料名人的隐私来满足大家的好奇心，真令人不齿！(It)

Ⅳ. Guided Writing

Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chine.

假如你是李华，今年暑假在一家老年医疗中心当了一个星期的志愿者。请给你的朋友王平写一封信，与其分享本次经历。你的信必须包括：

 你的所见所闻

 你的感悟

（信的开头已经为你写好）

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