2023年12月11日发(作者:温暖组词)
海牙规则
海牙规则(Hague Rules)全称为《统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约》。也是关于提单法律规定的第一部国际公约。早期,作为最大货主的美国于1893年通过了《哈特法》(Harter
Act),这部法律最大特点就在于对免责的限制。哈特法这种规定对航运界产生重大影响,并为1924年海牙规则所接受。海牙规则规定了承运人最低限度义务,免责事项,索赔和诉讼,责任限制和适用范围以及程序性等几个方面。对于承运人免责事项,海牙规则第4条2款列举了11项免责事项。11项免责事项,尤其是航行和管船过失亦免责奠定了海牙规则关于承运人的不完全过失责任制的基础。对于索赔和诉讼时效,海牙规则均规定了较短时间。索赔通知为交货前或当时,货物灭失、损坏不明显为移交后3日内并以书面形式。但双方进行联合检查者除外。海牙规则规定了一年的诉讼时效,自货物交付或应当交付之日起一年内。对于责任限制,海牙规则规定了每件或每单位100英镑的最高赔偿额。但托运人装货前就货物性质和价值另有声明并载入提单的则不在此限。
至于适用范围,公约适用于任何缔约国内签发的提单。这使海牙规则的适用范围有限。因而,人们常常用提单(B/L)中的首要条款(Paramount Clau)扩大海牙规则的适用范围。
总体看来,《海牙规则》无论是对承运人义务的规定,还是免责事项,索赔诉讼,责任限制,均是体现着承运方的利益。而对货主的保护则相对较少。这也是船货双方力量不均衡的体现。力量不均衡势力相互妥协的产物不可避免地有各种缺点和不足。比如期限过短,限额过低等。而且,随着国际经贸的发展,海牙规则的部份内容已落后,不适应新的需要。对其修改已成为种必然趋势。这样,从60年代开始,国际海事委员会着手修改海牙规则,于1968年2月通过了《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约的协定书》,简称《海牙—维斯比规则》,并于1977年6月生效,这就是维斯比规则。1978年3月6日至31日在德国汉堡举行由联合国主持的由78国代表参加的海上货物运输大会又通过了《汉堡规则》,即联合国海上货物运输公约(United Nations Conventiononthe Carriage of GoodsbySea,1978),于1992年11月1日生效,进一步完善了海上货物运输规则。
海牙规则的产生背景
提单的使用由来已久。早期的提单,无论是内容还是格式,都比较简单,而且其作用也较为单一,仅作为货物的交接凭证,只是表明货物已经装船的收据。随着国际贸易和海上货物运输的逐步发展,提单的性质、作用和内容特别是其中的背面条款都发生了巨大变化。
在提单产生的早期,即自货物托运形式出现后的很长一个时期,在海上航运最为发达的英国,一方面,从事提单运输的承运人,即英国习惯上视为“公共承运人”(Common Carrier)必须按照英国普通法(Commonlaw)对所承运的货物负绝对责任,即负有在目的港将货物以装货港收到货物时的相同状态交给收货人的义务,对所运货物的灭失或损坏,除因天灾(ActofGod)、公敌行为(QueensEnemies)、货物的潜在缺陷、托运人的过错行为所造成,或属于共同海损损失之外,不论承运人本人、船长、船员或其他受雇人、代理人有无过错,承运人均应负赔偿责任。但另一方面,法律对私人合同却采取“契约自由”原则,这就为承运人逃避普通法上的法律责任打开了方便之门,承运人在提单上列入对货物灭失或损失免责的条款,强加给货主的各种不公平的条件和不应承担的风险越来越多。这种免责条款从18世纪开始出现,到19世纪中期的后半期,便发展到不可收拾的地步。有的提单上的免责事项甚至多达六七十项,以至有人说,承运人只有收取运费的权利,无责任可言。承运人滥用契约自由,无限扩大免责范围的作法使当时的国际贸易和运输秩序陷入极度的混乱,其直接结果不但使货方正当权益失去了起码的保障,而且还出现了保险公司不敢承保,银行不肯汇兑,提单在市场上难以转让流通的不良局面。这不仅损坏了货主、保险商和银行的利益,而且也严重阻碍了航运业自身的发展。
在以英国为代表的船东国在提单上滥用免责条款的时期,以美国为代表的货主国利益受到了极大的损害。为了保护本国商人的利益,美国于1893年制定了著名的《哈特法》(HarterAct),即《关于船舶航行、提单,以及财产运输有关的某些义务、职责和权利的法案》。该法规定,在美国国内港口之间以及美国港口与外国港口之间进行货物运输的承运人,不得在提单上加入由于自己的过失而造成货物灭失或损害而不负责任的条款,同时还规定承运人应谨慎处理使船舶适航,船长船员对货物应谨慎装载、管理和交付。该法规定,凡违反这些规定的提单条款,将以违反美国“公共秩序”为由宣告无效。
《哈特法》的产生,对以后的国际航运立法产生了巨大的影响。澳大利亚1904年制定了《海上货物运输法》;新西兰于1908年制定了《航运及海员法》;加拿大于1910年制定了《水上货物运输法》。这些立法都采纳了《哈特法》确定的基本原则,根据《哈特法》的有关规定对提单的内容进行了调整。但是,少数国家的努力是难以解决承运人无边际免责的实质问题。而且各国立法不一,各轮船公司制定的提单条款也不相同,极大地妨碍了海上货物运输合同的签订,不利于国际贸易的发展。国际海上货物运输不可能按某一国的法律处理,因此,制定统一的国际海上货物运输公约来制约提单已势在必行。
第一次世界大战的爆发虽然延缓了制定国际统一规则的进程,但同时又给制定国际统一规则带来了生机。战后由于全球性的经济危机,货主、银行、保险界与船东的矛盾更加激化。在这种情况下,以往对限制合同自由,修正不合理免责条款问题一直不感兴趣的英国,为了和其殖民地在经济上、政治上采取妥协态度,也主动与其他航运国家和组织一起寻求对上述问题的有效解决方法,也主张制定国际公约,以维护英国航运业的竞争能力,保持英国的世界航运大国的地位。为此,国际法协会所属海洋法委员会(Maritimelaw Committee)于1921年5月17日至20日在荷兰首都海牙召开会议,制定了一个提单规则,定名为《海牙规则》,供合同当事人自愿采纳。以此为基础,在1922年10月9日至11日在英国伦敦召开会议,对海牙规则进行若干修改,同年10月17日至26日,于比利时布鲁塞尔举行的讨论海事法律的外交会议上,与会代表作出决议,建议各国政府采纳这个规则,在稍作修改后使之国内法化。1923年10 月,又在布鲁塞尔召开海商法国际会议,由海商法国际会议指派委员会对这个规则继续作了一些修改,完成海牙规则的制定工作。随后,1923年11月英国帝国经济会议通过决议,一方面建议各成员国政府和议会采纳这个修订后的规则使之国内法化;另一方面率先通过国内立法,使之国内法化,由此而产生了《1924年英国海上货物运输法》(Carriage of Goods by SeaAct1924-COGSA)。这个法律在1924年8月获英女皇批准。1924年8月25日,各国政府的代表也在布鲁塞尔通过了简称《海牙规则》的《1924年统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约》。
《海牙规则》于1931年6月2日正式生效。欧美许多国家都加入了这个公约。有的国家仿效英国的作法,通过国内立法使之国内法化;有的国家根据这一公约的基本精神,另行制定相应的国内法;还有些国家虽然没有加入这一公约,但他们的一些船公司的提单条款也采用了这一公约的精神。所以,这一公约是海上货物运输中有关提单的最重要的和目前仍普遍被采用的国际公约。我国虽然没有加入该公约,但却把它作为制定我国《海商法》的重要参考依据;我国不少船公司的提单条款也采纳了这一公约的精神。所以,《海牙规则》堪称现今海上货物运输方面最重要的国际公约。 海牙规则的主要内容
海牙规则全文共有16条,其中第1条至第10条是实质性条款,主要内容包括:
1、关于承运人的责任期间。规定承运人对运输货物承担责任的期间是“自货物装上船舶开始至卸离船舶为止”。
2、关于承运人的责任。规定承运人必须承担的责任是,在开航以前和开航当时谨慎处理使船舶适航;妥善地配备船员、装备船舶和配备供应品;使货舱、冷藏舱、冷气舱和该船其他载货处所适于并能安全收受、载运和保管货物;以及适当而谨慎地装载、操作、运送、保管、照料和卸下所运货物。
3、关于承运人的免责。海牙规则规定了承运人对船长、船员在驾驶和管理船舶的过失;火灾;海上或其他通航水域的灾难、危险或意外事故;天灾;战争行为;公敌行为;政府依法扣押;检疫限制;托运人的过失;罢工、关厂、停工或劳动力受到限制;在海上救助或企图救助人命或财产;货物的固有缺点等17项免责事项。其中最引起托运人不满的免责事项是航行过失免责,即承运人对船长、船员、引航员或承运人的雇佣人员在驾驶或管理船舶中的行为,疏忽或过失引起的货物灭失或损坏,可以免除赔偿责任。
4、关于承运人的赔偿责任限制。规定承运人对每件或每单位货物的赔偿限额为100英镑。
5、关于诉讼时效。规定对货物灭失或损坏赔偿的诉讼时效“自货物交付之日或应交付之日一年以内”。
6、关于公约的适用范围。规定“适用在任何缔约国所签发的一切提单”,
7、关于公约适用的强制性。规定运输合同中凡是解除或减轻公约规定承运人责任的任何条款、约定或协议均属无效。
扩展阅读:
1.海牙规则的特点:
2.《海牙规则》规定的承运人的责任是最低限度的,仅包括两项强制性的义务,一是适航义务,二是管货的义务。责任制为不完全的过错责任制。责任期间是从货物装上船起至卸完船为止的期间。承运人的免责事项规定很多,约有17项,列举如下:(1)船长、船员、引水员或承运人的雇用人在驾驶或管理船舶中的行为、疏忽或不履行职责;(2)火灾,但由于承运人实际过失或者私谋所造成的除外;(3)海上或其他可航水域的风险、危险或者是以外事故;(4)天灾;(5)战争行为;(6)公敌行为;(7)君主、统治者或人民的扣留或拘禁或依法扣押;(8)检疫限制;(9)货物托运人或货主、其代理人或代表的行为或不行为;(10)不论由于何种原因引起的局部或全面的罢工、关厂、停工或劳动力受到限制;(11)暴乱和民变;(12)救助或企图救助海上人命或财产;(13)由于货物的固有瑕疵、性质或缺陷所造成的容积或者重量的损失,或者任何其他灭失或损害;(14)包装不当;(15)标志不清或不当;(16)尽适当的谨慎所不能发现的潜在缺陷;(17)不是由于承运人的实际过失或私谋,或是承运人的代理人或受雇人员的过失或疏忽所引起的任何其他原因。
3.从以上可以看出,《海牙规则》对于承运人的免责太多,这样对托运人是不公平的,所以,后来的《维斯比规则》对《海牙规则》进行了一些修改和补充。这些修改和补充包括加大了承运人的赔偿限额,从原来的每件或每单位不超过100英镑,变更为每件或每单位1万金法郎或每公斤30金法郎,两者以高者计算等等,但是这并没有从根本上改变托运人不利的处境,《汉堡规则》相比较而言就比较公平合理。 维斯比规则
什么是维斯比规则
《维斯比规则》是《修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》(Protocol to Amend
the International Convention forthe Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill so
flading)的简称。
于1968年6月23日在布鲁塞尔外交会议上通过,自1977年6月23日生效。截止1996年9月,参加该规则的国家共有29个,其中包括英国、法国、德国、荷兰、西班牙、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、意大利和日本等主要航运国家。因该议定书的准备工作在瑞典的维斯比完成而得名。《维斯比规则》是《海牙规则》的修改和补充,故常与《海牙规则》一起,称为《海牙-维斯比规则》。
制定《维斯比规则》的背景
《海牙规则》自1931年生效实施后,得到了国际航运界普遍接受,它的历史作用在于使国际海上货物运输有法可依,统一了海上货物运输中的提单条款,对提单的规范化起到了积极作用,基本上缓和了当时承运方和托运方之间的矛盾,促进了国际贸易和海上运输事业的发展。但随着国际政治、经济形势的变化,以及航海、造船技术日新月异的进步,使海上运输方式发生了重大变革,特别是集装箱运输方式的出现和迅猛发展,《海牙规则》的内容已不适应新形势发展的需要。尤其关于承运人的大量免责条款明显偏袒船方利益,通货膨胀的现实使100英镑的赔偿限额明显过低等原因,到了50年代未,要求修改《海牙规则》的呼声日渐强烈。
基于上述这种形势,国际海事委员会于1959年在南斯拉夫的里吉卡举行第二十四届大会,会上决定成立小组委员会负责修改《海牙规则》。根据各国代表对修改《海牙规则》的建议,1963年小组委员会草拟了修改《海牙规则》的议定书草案,提交给1967年、1968年召开的海事法会议审议,经会议审议通过后,于1968年2月“日在比利时的布鲁塞尔召开的、由53个国家或地区代表参加的第十二届海洋法外交会议上通过,定名为《修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》,并简称为“1968年布鲁塞尔议定书”(The 1968 Brusls
Protocol)。由于该议定书草案在斯德哥尔摩讨论期间,参加会议的成员到过哥特兰岛的维斯比城,为借用中世纪维斯比海法之名声,故将该议定书称为《维斯比规则》(Visby Rules)。经过议定书修订后的《海牙规则》称为《海牙-维斯比规则》(Hague-Visby Rules)。该议定书于1977年6月23日生效。
《维斯比规则》的主要内容
《维斯比规则》共十七条,但只有前六条才是实质性的规定,对《海牙规则》的第三、四、九、十条进行了修改。其主要修改内容有:
扩大了规则的适用范围
《海牙规则》的各条规定仅适用于缔约国所签发的提单。《维斯比规则》扩大了其适用范围,其中的第五条第三款规定:①在缔约国签发的提单;②货物在一个缔约国的港口起运;③提单载明或为提单所证明的合同规定,该合同受公约的各项规则或者使其生效的任何一个国家的立法所约束,不论承运人、托运人、收货人或任何其他有关人员的国籍如何。该规定的意思只要提单或为提单所证明的运输合同上有适用《维斯比规则》的规定,该提单或运输合同就要受《维斯比规则》的约束。
明确了提单的证据效力
《海牙规则》第三条第四款规定,提单上载明的货物主要标志、件数或重量和表面状况应作为承运人按其上所载内容收到货物的初步证据。至于提单转让至第三人的证据效力,未作进一步的规定。《维斯比规则》为了弥补上述的缺陷,在第一条第一款则补充规定:“……但是,当提单转让至善意的第三人时,与此相反的证据将不能接受。”这表明对于善意行事的提单受让人来说,提单载明的内容具有最终证据效力。所谓“善意行事”是指提单受让人在接受提单时并不知道装运的货物与提单的内容有何不符之处,而是出于善意完全相信提单记载的内容。这就是说,《维斯比规则》确立了一项在法律上禁止翻供的原则,即当提单背书转让给第三者后,该提单就是货物已按上面记载的状况装船的最终证据。承运人不得借口在签发清洁提单前货物就已存在缺陷或包装不当来对抗提单持有人。
这一补充规定,有利于进一步保护提单的流通与转让,也有利于维持提单受让人或收货人的合法权益。一旦收货人发现货物与提单记载不符,承运人只能负责赔偿,不得提出任何抗辩的理由。
强调了承运人及其受雇人员的责任限制
海上货物运输合同当事人涉讼多因一方当事人的违约而引起。但在有些国家承认双重诉讼的权利,即货主在其货物遭受损害时,可以以承运人违反运输合同或以其侵权为由向承运人起诉。在货主以侵权为由提出诉讼时,承运人便不能引用《海牙规则》中的免责和责任限制的规定。如果不能对此加以限制,运输法规中的责任限制规定就形同虚设,为进一步强调承运人及其受雇人员享有该权利,《维斯比规则》第三条规定:“本公约规定的抗辩和责任限制,应适用于就运输合同涉及的有关货物的灭失或损坏对承运人提出的任何诉讼,不论该诉讼是以合同为根据还是以侵权行为为根据。”“如果诉讼是对承运人的受雇人员或代理人(该受雇人员或代理人不是独立订约人)提起的,该受雇人员或代理人也有权援引《海牙规则》规定的承运人的各项抗辩和责任限制。”“向承运人及其受雇人员或代理人索赔的数额,在任何情况下都不得超过本公约规定的赔偿限额。”根据以上规定,使得合同之诉和侵权之诉处于相同的地位:承运人的受雇人员或代理人也享有责任限制的权利。英国法院在审理“喜马拉雅”轮一案时,曾对承运人的受雇人员或代理人能否享受承运人所享受的权利作出否定的判决,认为承运人的受雇人员或代理人无权援引承运人与他人签订的合同中的条款。所以在此案后,承运人纷纷在提单上规定承运人的受雇人员或代理人可以援引承运人的免责或责任限制。人们称这一条款为“喜马拉雅条款”。显然《维斯比规则》的这一规定有利于保护船东的利益。
提高了承运人对货物损害赔偿的限额
《海牙规则》规定承运人对每件或每单位的货物损失的赔偿限额为100英镑,而《维斯比规则》第二条则规定,每件或每单位的赔偿限额提高到10000金法郎,同时还增加一项以受损货物毛重为标准的计算方法,即每公斤为30金法郎,以两者中较高者为准。采用的金法郎仍以金本位为基础,目的在于防止日后法郎纸币的贬值,一个金法郎是含金纯度为900/1000的黄金65.5毫克的单位。一旦法郎贬值,仍以上述的黄金含量为计算基础,在《维斯比规则》通过时,10000金法郎大约等于431英镑,与《海牙规则》规定的100英镑相比,这一赔偿限额显然是大大提高了。 这一规定不但提高了赔偿限额,而且创造了一项新的双重限额制度,不但维护了货主的利益,而且这种制度也为以后《汉堡规则》和我国《海商法》所接受。
另外,该规则还规定了丧失赔偿责任限制权利的条件,即如经证实损失是由于承运人蓄意造成,或者知道很可能会造成这一损害而毫不在意的行为或不行为所引起,则承运人无权享受责任限制的权利。
增加了“集装箱条款”
《海牙规则》没有关于集装箱运输的规定。《维斯比规则》增加“集装箱条款”,以适应国际集装箱运输发展的需要。该规则第二条第三款规定:“如果货物是用集装箱、托盘或类似的装运器具集装时,则提单中所载明的装在这种装运器具中的包数或件数,应视为本款中所述的包或件数;如果不在提单上注明件数,则以整个集装箱或托盘为一件计算。”该条款的意思是,如果提单上具体载明在集装箱内的货物包数或件数,计算责任限制的单位就按提单上所列的件数为准;否则,则将一个集装箱或一个托盘视为一件货物。
诉讼时效的延长
《海牙规则》规定,货物灭失或损害的诉讼时效为一年,从交付货物或应当交付货物之日起算。《维斯比规则》第一条第二款、第三款则补充规定,诉讼事由发生后,只要双方当事人同意,这一期限可以延长,明确了诉讼时效可经双方当事人协议延长的规定。对于追偿时效则规定,即使在规定的一年期满之后,只要是在受法院法律准许期间之内,便可向第三方提起索赔诉讼。但是准许的时间自提起诉讼的人已经解决索赔案件,或向其本人送达起诉状之日起算,不得少于三个月。
《维斯比规则》议定书
《维斯比规则》规定的承运人责任限制金额计算单位为法郎,并以黄金作为定值标准。由于黄金本身的价格是根据市场供求关系自由涨落的,所以以金法郎责任限制计算单位的实际价值也不能保持稳定。针对这一情况,1979年在布鲁塞尔召开有37国代表出席的外交会议上,通过了修订《海牙-维斯比规则》(The l979 Protocol to the Hague Rules)议定书。议定书将承运人责任限制的计算单位,由金法郎改为特别提款权(Special Drawing center,SDR),按15金法郎折合1SDR。议定书规定承运人的责任限制金额为每件或每单位666.67SDR,或按货物毛重计算每公斤2SDR,两者中以较高者为准。但国内法规定不能使用特别提款权的缔约国,仍可以金法郎作为计算单位,该议定书于1984年4月开始生效。
特别提款权是国际货币基金组织于1969年创设的,作为国际储备的货币单位。自1981年1月1日起,特别提款权由5种世界上贸易出口额最高国家的货币,即美元、德国马克、日元、法国法郎和英镑按每5年调整一次的比例构成。据基金会1990年10月9日新闻公报,自1991年1月1日起,调整特别提款权构成比例为:美元40%,德国马克21%,日元17%,法国法郎11%,英镑11%。此比例于1995年底以前不变。特别提款权既为一种账面资产,又为一种联合货币,只是不在市场上流通、兑换。其价格计算方法:首先将其构成中所含其他4种货币金额,按照当日伦敦外汇市场汇价分别折算为等值美元,然后把所有美元值相加,即得出1单位特别提款权美元值。此特别提款权价格由世界银行逐日挂牌公布。
维斯比规则(英文版)
Hague-Visby Rules Article I
Definitions
In the Rules the following expressions have the meanings hereby assigned to them
respectively, that is to say,
(a) "carrier" includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a
shipper;
(b) "contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or
any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by water,
including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a
charter-party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates
the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same;
(c) "goods" includes goods, wares, merchandi and articles of every kind whatsoever, except
live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so
carried;
(d) "ship" means any vesl ud for the carriage of goods by water;
(e) "carriage of goods" covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the
time they are discharged from the ship
Article II
Risks
Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of goods by water the
carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such
goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and
immunities hereinafter t forth.
Article III
Responsibilities and Liabilities
1. The carrier shall be bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exerci due
diligence to
(a) make the ship aworthy;
(b) properly man, equip and supply the ship;
(c) make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which
goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and prervation.
2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle,
stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried.
3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier, or the master or agent of the carrier,
shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things
(a) the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same are furnished in
writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods starts, provided such marks are stamped or
otherwi shown clearly upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cas or coverings in which such
goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the
voyage;
(b) either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the ca may be, as
furnished in writing by the shipper; (c) the apparent order and condition of the goods:
Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the
bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for
suspecting not accurately to reprent the goods actually received or which he has had no
reasonable means of checking.
4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods
as therein described in accordance with paragraphs 3(a), (b) and (c).
However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bill of lading has been
transferred to a third party acting in good faith.
5. The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at the time of
shipment of the marks, number, quantity and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall
indemnify the carrier against all loss, damages and expens arising or resulting from inaccuracies
in such particulars. The right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his
responsibility and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.
6. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in
writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the
goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or,
if the loss or damage be not apparent, within three days, such removal shall be prima facie
evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.
The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has at the time of their receipt
been the subject of joint survey or inspection.
Subject to paragraph 6bis the carrier and the ship shall in any event be discharged from all
liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unless suit is brought within one year of their delivery
or of the date when they should have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended if the
parties so agree after the cau of action has arin.
In the ca of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the receiver shall give
all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.
An action for indemnity against a third person may be brought even after the expiration
of the year provided for in the preceding paragraph if brought within the time allowed by the law
of the Court ized of the ca. However, the time allowed shall be not less than three months,
commencing from the day when the person bringing such action for indemnity has ttled the claim
or has been rved with process in the action against himlf.
7. After the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier, master or agent of
the carrier, to the shipper shall, if the shipper so demands, be a "shipped" bill of lading, provided
that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of title to such goods, he shall
surrender the same as against the issue of the "shipped" bill of lading, but at the option of the
carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent
with the name or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped and the date
or dates of shipment, and when so noted the same shall for the purpo of this Article be deemed to
constitute a "shipped" bill of lading.
8. Any clau, covenant or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship
from liability for loss or damage to or in connection with goods arising from negligence, fault or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lesning such liability otherwi
than as provided in the Rules, shall be null and void and of no effect.
A benefit of insurance or similar clau shall be deemed to be a clau relieving the carrier
from liability.
Article IV
Rights and Immunities
1. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from
unaworthiness unless caud by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship
aworthy, and to cure that the ship is properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the
holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit
and safe for their reception, carriage and prervation in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph 1 of Article III.
Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unaworthiness, the burden of proving the
exerci of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption under this
article.
2. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting
from
(a) act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the rvants of the carrier in the
navigation or in the management of the ship;
(b) fire, unless caud by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;
(c) perils, dangers and accidents of the a or other navigable waters;
(d) act of God;
(e) act of war;
(f) act of public enemies;
(g) arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or izure under legal process;
(h) quarantine restrictions;
(i) act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or reprentative;
(j) strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cau, whether partial
or general;
(k) riots and civil commotions;
(l) saving or attempting to save life or property at a;
(m) wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect,
quality or vice of the goods;
(n) insufficiency of packing;
(o) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;
(p) latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;
(q) any other cau arising without the actual fault and privity of the carrier, or without the
fault or neglect of the agents or rvants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the
person claiming the benefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the
carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or rvants of the carrier contributed to the loss or
damage. 3. The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the carrier or the ship
arising or resulting from any cau without the act, fault or neglect of the shipper, his agents or his
rvants.
4. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at a or any reasonable
deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of the Rules or of the contract of
carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.
5. (a) Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before
shipment and inrted in the bill of lading, neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or
become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding
666.67 units of account per package or unit or 2 units of account per kilogramme of gross weight
of the goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher.
(b) The total amount recoverable shall be calculated by reference to the value of such goods at
the place and time at which the goods are discharged from the ship in accordance with the contract
or should have been so discharged.
The value of the goods shall be fixed according to the commodity exchange price, or, if there
be no such price, according to the current market price, or, if there be no commodity exchange
price or current market price, by reference to the normal value of goods of the same kind and
quality.
(c) Where a container, pallet or similar article of transport is ud to consolidate goods, the
number of packages or units enumerated in the bill of lading as packed in such article of transport
shall be deemed the number of packages or units for the purpo of this paragraph as far as the
packages or units are concerned. Except as aforesaid such article of transport shall be considered
the package or unit.
(d) The unit of account mentioned in this Article is the Special Drawing Right as defined by
the International Monetary Fund. The amounts mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph
shall be converted into national currency on the basis of the value of that currency on the date to be
determined by the law of the Court ized of the ca. The value of the national currency, in terms
of the Special Drawing Right, of a State which is a member of the International Monetary Fund,
shall be calculated in accordance with the method of valuation applied by the International
Monetary Fund in effect at the date in question for its operations and transactions. The value of the
national currency, in terms of the Special Drawing Right, of a State which is not a member of the
International Monetary Fund, shall be calculated in a manner determined by that State.
Nevertheless, a State which is not a member of the International Monetary Fund and who
law does not permit the application of the provisions of the preceding ntences may, at the time of
ratification of the Protocol of 1979 or accession thereto or at any time thereafter, declare that the
limits of liability provided for in this Convention to be applied in its territory shall be fixed as
follows:
(i) in respect of the amount of 666.67 units of account mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of
paragraph 5 of this Article, 10,000 monetary units;
(ii) in respect of the amount of 2 units of account mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph
5 of this Article, 30 monetary units. The monetary unit referred to in the preceding ntence corresponds to 65.5 milligrammes of
gold of millesimal fineness 900. The conversion of the amounts specified in that ntence into the
national currency shall be made according to the law of the State concerned. The calculation and
the conversion mentioned in the preceding ntences shall be made in such a manner as to express
in the national currency of that State as far as possible the same real value for the amounts in
sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 5 of this Article as is expresd there in units of account.
States shall communicate to the depositary the manner of calculation or the result of the
conversion as the ca may be, when depositing an instrument of ratification of the Protocol of
1979 or of accession thereto and whenever there is a change in either.
(e) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability
provided for in this paragraph if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of
the carrier done with intent to cau damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would
probably result.
(f) The declaration mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, if embodied in the bill
of lading, shall be prima facie evidence, but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.
(g) By agreement between the carrier, master or agent of the carrier and the shipper other
maximum amounts than tho mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be fixed,
provided that no maximum amount so fixed shall be less than the appropriate maximum mentioned
in that sub-paragraph.
(h) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, or
in connection with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly mis-stated by the
shipper in the bill of lading.
6. Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment whereof the
carrier, master or agent of the carrier has not connted, with knowledge of their nature and
character, may at any time before discharge be landed at any place or destroyed or rendered
innocuous by the carrier without compensation, and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all
damages and expens directly or indirectly arising out of or resulting from such shipment.
If any such goods shipped with such knowledge and connt shall become a danger to the ship
or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the
carrier without liability on the part of the carrier except to general average, if any.
Article IVbis
Application of Defences and Limits of Liability
1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in the Rules shall apply in any action
against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to goods covered by a contract of carriage whether
the action be founded in contract or in tort.
2. If such an action is brought against a rvant or agent of the carrier (such rvant or agent
not being an independent contractor), such rvant or agent shall be entitled to avail himlf of the
defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under the Rules.
3. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, and such rvants and agents,
shall in no ca exceed the limit provided for in the Rules.
4. Nevertheless, a rvant or agent of the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himlf of the
provisions of this Article, if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the rvant or agent done with intent to cau damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage
would probably result.
Article V
Surrender of Rights and Immunities, and Increa of Responsibilities and Liabilities
A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part all or any of his rights and
immunities or to increa any of his responsibilities and liabilities under the Rules contained in any
of the Articles, provided such surrender or increa shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued
to the shipper.
The provisions of the Rules shall not be applicable to charter-parties, but if bills of lading
are issued in the ca of a ship under a charter-party they shall comply with the terms of the
Rules. Nothing in the Rules shall be held to prevent the inrtion in a bill of lading of any lawful
provision regarding general average.
Article VI
Special Conditions
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier, master or agent of the
carrier and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at liberty to enter into any
agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such goods, and as to
the rights and immunities of the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to
aworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy, or the care or diligence of
his rvants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and
discharge of the goods carried by water, provided that in this ca no bill of lading has been or
shall be issued and that the terms agreed shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a
non-negotiable document and shall be marked as such.
Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect.
Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments made in the
ordinary cour of trade, but only to other shipments where the character or condition of the
property to be carried or the circumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage is to be
performed are such as reasonably to justify a special agreement.
Article VII
Limitations on the Application of the Rules
Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement,
stipulation, condition, rervation or exemption as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier
or the ship for the loss or damage to, or in connection with the custody and care and handling of
goods prior to the loading on and subquent to the discharge from the ship on which the goods are
carried by water.
Article VIII
Limitation of Liability
The provisions of the Rules shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under
any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of vesls.
Article IX
Liability for Nuclear Damage The Rules shall not affect the provisions of any international Convention or national law
governing liability for nuclear damage.
Article X
Application
The provisions of the Rules shall apply to every bill of lading relating to the carriage of
goods between ports in two different States if:
(a) the bill of lading is issued in a Contracting State, or
(b) the carriage is from a port in a Contracting State, or
(c) the contract contained in or evidenced by the bill of lading provides that the Rules or
legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contract,
whatever may be the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any
other interested person. 汉堡规则
什么是汉堡规则
《汉堡规则》是联合国海上货物运输公约(United Nations Convention on the Carriage of
Goods by Sea,1978)的简称。于1978年3月6日至31日在德国汉堡举行由联合国主持的有78国代表参加的海上货物运输大会讨论通过,于1992年11月1日生效。截至1996年10月,共有成员国25个,其中绝大数为发展中国家,占全球外贸船舶吨位数90%的国家都未承认该规则。
制定汉堡规则的背景
海牙规则是本世纪20年代的产物,曾发挥它应有的作用,随着国际贸易和海运的发展,要求修改海牙规则的呼声不断,对其进行修改已在所难免。如何进行修改,两种思路导致了两种不同的结果。
一种是以英国、北欧等海运发达国家的船方利益为代表,由国际海事委员负责起草修改,最终导致《海牙-维斯比规则》产生。对海牙规则的一些有益修改,对维护在海牙规则基础上的船货双方利益起了一定的积极作用。
另一种思路来自广大的发展中国家,代表了货主的利益,提出彻底修改海牙规则的要求日益高涨,联合国贸易和发展会议的航运委员会于1969年4月的第三届会议上设立了国际航运立法工作组,研究提单的法律问题。
工作组在1971年2月,国际航运立法工作组召开的第二次会议上作出两项决议:第一,对海牙规则和维斯比规则进行修改,必要时制定新的国际公约;
第二,在审议修订上述规则时,应清除规则含义不明确之处,建立船货双方平等分担海运货物风险的制度。
后来,此项工作移交给联合国国际贸易法委员会。该委员会下设的国际航运立法工作组,于1976年5月完成起草工作,并提交1978年3月6日至31日在德国汉堡召开的有78个国家代表参加的联合国海上货物运输公约外交会议审议,最后通过了1978年联合国海上货物运输公约。由于这次会议是在汉堡召开的,所以这个公约又称为汉堡规则。
根据汉堡规则的生效条件规定:“本公约自第二十份批准书、接受书、认可书或加入书交存之日起满一年后的次月第一日生效。”汉堡规则自1978年3月31日获得通过,直至埃及递交了批准书后满足生效条件,于1992年11月1日起正式生效。
汉堡规则的主要内容
汉堡规则全文共分七章三十四条条文,在汉堡规则的制定中,除保留了海牙-维斯比规则对海牙规则修改的内容外,对海牙规则进行了根本性的修改,是一个较为完备的国际海上货物运输公约,明显地扩大了承运人的责任。其主要内容包括:
承运人的责任原则
海牙规则规定承运人的责任基础是不完全过失责任制,它一方面规定承运人必须对自己的过失负责,另一方面又规定了承运人对航行过失及管船过失的免责条款。而汉堡规则确定了推定过失与举证责任相结合的完全过失责任制。规定凡是在承运人掌管货物期间发生货损,除非承运人能证明承运人已为避免事故的发生及其后果采取了一切可能的措施,否则便椎定:损失系由承运人的过失所造成,承运人应承担赔偿责任,很明显,汉堡规则较海牙规则扩大了承运人的责任。
承运人的责任期间
汉堡规则第四条第一款规定:“承运人对货物的责任期间包括在装货港、在运输途中以及在卸货港,货物在承运人掌管的全部期间。”即承运人的责任期间从承运人接管货物时起到交付货物时止。与海牙规则的“钩至钩”或“舷至舷”相比,其责任期间扩展到“港到港”。解决了货物从交货到装船和从卸船到收货人提货这两段没有人负责的空间,明显地延长了承运人的责任期间。
承运人赔偿责任限额
汉堡规则第六条第一款规定:“承运人对货物灭失或损坏的赔偿,以每件或其他装运单位的灭失或损坏相当于835特别提款权或毛重每公斤2.5特别提款权的金额为限,两者之中以其较高者为准。”
对迟延交付货物的责任
迟延交付货物的责任在海牙规则和维斯比规则中都没有规定,汉堡规则第五条第二款则规定:“如果货物未能在明确议定的时间内,或虽无此项议定,但未能在考虑到实际情况对一个勤勉的承运人所能合理要求时间内,在海上运输合同所规定的卸货港交货,即为迟延交付。”对此,承运人应对因迟延交付货物所造成的损失承担赔偿责任。而且在第三款还进一步规定,如果货物在第二款规定的交货时间满后连续六十天内仍未能交付,有权对货物灭失提出索赔的人可以认为货物已经灭失。汉堡规则第六条第一款还规定:“承运人对迟延交付的赔偿责任,以相当于迟延交付货物应支付运费的2.5倍的数额为限,但不得超过海上货物运输合同规定的应付运费总额。”
承运人和实际承运人的赔偿责
汉堡规则中增加了实际承运人的概念。当承运人将全部或部分货物委托给实际承运人办理时,承运人仍需按公约规定对全部运输负责。如果实际承运人及其雇用人或代理人的疏忽或过失造成的货物损害,承运人和实际承运人均需负责的话,则在其应负责的范围内,承担连带责任。这种连带责任托运人既可向实际承运人索赔,也可向承运人索赔,并且不因此妨碍承运人和实际承运人之间的追偿权利。
托运人的责任
汉堡规则第十二条规定:“托运人对于承运人或实际承运人所遭受的损失或船舶遭受的损坏不负赔偿责任。除非这种损失或损坏是由于托运人、托运人的雇用人或代理人的过失或疏忽所造成的。”这意味着托运人的责任也是过失责任。但需指出的是托运人的责任与承运人的责任不同之处在于承运人的责任中举证由承运人负责,而托运人的责任中,托运人不负举证责任,这是因为货物在承运人掌管之下,所以也同样需要承运人负举证责任。汉堡规则这一规定,被我国海商法所接受。
保函的法律地位
海牙规则和维斯比规则没有关于保函的规定,而汉堡规则第十七条对保函的法律效力作出了明确的规定,托运人为了换取清洁提单,可以向承运人出具承担赔偿责任的保函,该保函在承、托人之间有效,对包括受让人、收货人在内的第三方一概无效。但是,如果承运人有意欺诈,对托运人也属无效,而且承运人也不再享受责任限制的权利。
索赔通知及诉讼时效
海牙规则要求索赔通知必须由收货人在收到货物之前或收到货物当时提交。如果货物损失不明显,则这种通知限于收货后三日内提交。汉堡规则延长了上述通知时间,规定收货人可在收到货物后的第一个工作日将货物索赔通知送交承运人或其代理人,当货物灭失或损害不明显时,收货人可在收到货物后的十五天内送交通知。同时还规定,对货物迟延交付造成损失,收货人应在收货后的六十天内提交书面通知。
管辖权和仲裁的规定
海牙规则、维斯比规则均无管辖权的规定,只是在提单背面条款上订有由船公司所在地法院管辖的规定,这一规定显然对托运人、收货人极为不利。汉堡规则第二十一条规定,原告可在下列法院选择其一提起诉讼:①被告的主要营业所所在地,无主要营业所时,则为其通常住所所在地;②合同订立地,而合同是通过被告在该地的营业所、分支或代理机构订立;③装货港或卸货港;④海上运输合同规定的其他地点。
除此之外,海上货物运输合同当事人一方向另一方提出索赔之后,双方就诉讼地点达成的协议仍有效,协议中规定的法院对争议具有管辖权。
汉堡规则第二十二条规定,争议双方可达成书面仲裁协议,由索赔人决定在下列地点之一提起:①被告的主要营业所所在地,如无主要营业所,则为通常住所所在地;②合同订立地,而合同是通过被告在该地的营业所、分支或代理机构订立;③装货港或卸货港。此外,双方也可在仲裁协议中规定仲裁地点。仲裁员或仲裁庭应按该规则的规定来处理争议。
规则的适用范围
该规则适用于两个不同国家之间的所有海上货物运输合同,并且海上货物运输合同中规定的装货港或卸货港位于其一缔约国之内,或备选的卸货港之一为实际卸港并位于某一缔约国内;或者,提单或作为海上货物运输合同证明的其他单证在某缔约国签发;或者提单或作为海上货物运输合同证明的其他单证规定,合同受该规则各项规定或者使其生效的任何国家立法的管辖。
同海牙规则一样,汉堡规则不适用于租船合同,但如提单根据租船合同签发,并调整出租人与承租人以外的提单持有人之间的关系,则适用该规则的规定。
其他
汉堡规则对海牙规则做了根本性的修改,扩大了承运人责任,具体规定如下:
3.1进一步提高赔偿责任限额
《汉堡规则》第6条规定了承运人的赔偿责任限额,对于货物灭失损坏的限额为每件或每单位835特别提款权(SDR)、或者以毛重每公斤2.5特别提款权,两者中以高者为准。对于延迟交货的赔偿责任,为该延迟交付货物应付运费的2.5倍,但不得超过合同规定应付运费的总额。对于货物灭失、损坏及延迟交付均有的情形,以每件或每单位835特别提款权或毛重每公斤2.5特别提款权为准。对于集装箱货物,赔偿原则等同于维斯比规则只是数额采用了汉堡规则的上述数额,对于承运人及其受雇人或代理人丧失赔偿责任限制的,同维斯比规则。
汉堡规则大幅提高了承运人的责任限额,是与国际政治经济形势的发展变化相适应的。提高责任限额,是对海牙维斯比规则过分维护承运人利益的一种纠正,是为了合理分担风险的需要从长远看,也是促进航运发展,建立国际经济新秩序的需要,是有其公正合理之处的。
3.2管辖权和仲裁规定
汉堡规则规定了海牙规则以及海牙—维斯比规则所没有规定的管辖权和仲裁条款。对于管辖权,原告可以选择下列法院起诉:被告主营业所,无主营业所时,为通常住所;合同订立地,而合同是通过被告在该地的营业所、分支或代理机构订立;装货港或卸货港;或海上运输合同为此目的而指定的任何地点。如果船铂在缔约国港口被扣,原告亦可向该港口所在地法院起诉。但此种情形下,原告需将诉讼转移到前述有管辖权的法院之一进行,转移前,被告必须提供足够的担保。对于仲裁,索赔方可选择下列地点仲裁:被诉人有营业所或通常住所的一国某一地点;装货港、卸货港;合同订立地,且合同是通过被诉人在该地的营业所、分支、代理机构订立的;或仲裁条款协议中为此目的而指定的地点。
3.3货损索赔书面通知和诉讼时效
汉堡规则相对于海牙规则,延长了上述时间限制。对于提高书面货损索赔通知,海牙规则确定了收货前或当时,汉堡规则为收货后的次日;货损不明显,海牙规则为收货后3日内,汉堡规则则为货物交付后连续15日;对于延迟交付,海牙规则未规定,汉堡规则规定为货物交付之日后连续60日,否则,承运人不负赔偿责任。对于诉讼时效,海牙规则规定了货物交付或应交付之日起1年的时间,而汉堡规则规定了2年的诉讼时效。并规定负有赔偿责任的人向他人提起追偿之诉的时间为90日,自提起诉讼一方已处理其索赔案件或己接到向其本人送交的起诉传票之日起算。汉堡规则作为平衡船货双方利益的一项国际公约,应当说其制定是相对完备的,也是体现了公正合理的主旨。但作为即得利益者的海运大国却不愿采纳此公约,而是继续采用海牙—维斯比规则,以维护其已得利益,因而,海运大国加入此公约的几乎还没有。因此,汉堡规则的普及化还有很长的路要走,建立公正合理的航运新秩序新规则也有很长的路要走,甚至要采用迂回或过渡性做法,这也是可能的,但这也只是个时间问题。
本文发布于:2023-12-11 04:45:37,感谢您对本站的认可!
本文链接:https://www.wtabcd.cn/zhishi/a/1702241137242555.html
版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系,我们将在24小时内删除。
本文word下载地址:三个海运法则:海牙法则、维斯比法则、汉堡法则.doc
本文 PDF 下载地址:三个海运法则:海牙法则、维斯比法则、汉堡法则.pdf
留言与评论(共有 0 条评论) |