新时代交互英语读写译1_4中国文化部分翻译全集

2023年12月11日发(作者：让爱传递)

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Book 1

1 中国龙

对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、 雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

Chine Dragon

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 year. The ancients in

China considered the dragon (or long) a fetish that combines animals including the fish,

snake, hor and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial

phenomena. The Chine dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion

process of the Chine nation. To the Chine, the dragon signifies innovation and

cohesion.

2 饺子

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统特色食品。 相处为古代医圣张仲景发明。 饺子的制作是

包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独 特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待友、逢年过节都有包饺子吃 的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来讲，“更岁饺子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧 迎新必不可少的内容。

Dumplings

Dumplings are one of the Chine people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an

ancient Chine legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint- Zhang

zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling

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wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings

and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste,

and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying

that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings.” During the Spring

Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chine people like to

follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chine people who show high

reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by

the new is an esntial part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

3 针灸

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、 调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治” 。主要疗

法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位， 或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位， 以达到刺激经络。 治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一 起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹” 。

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chine medicine (TCM). In accordance

with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpo of acupuncture is to

dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang

balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional

Chine medicine that “internal dias are to be treated with external therapy”. The

main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the

patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to

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stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has

been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.

Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chine food, kung fu (otherwi known as Chine

martial arts), and traditional Chine medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of

the “four new national treasures.”

中国功夫

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

Chine Kung Fu

Chine kung fu, or Chine martial arts, carries traditional Chine culture in abundance.

It is a traditional Chine sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat

and the motions engaged with a ries of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chine king

fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and

“cultivating qi” (otherwi known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes

thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chine kung fu has a long history, with

multi-various cts and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness

with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’

pondering of life and the univer. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named

by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow

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boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang),

and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged

swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

5 中国汉字

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画， 经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、 形、

意、 韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后， 汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方” ，源于 古人“天圆地方”的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

Chine Characters

Chine characters were initially meant to be simple pictures ud to help people

remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique system

that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing

system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on

tortoi shells, and the are regarded as the original forms of Chine characters.

Afterwards, Chine characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze

inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chine

characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient

Chine beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of

Chine characters are “—” (the horizontal stroke), “︱”(the vertical stroke), “丿”(the

left-falling stroke), “丶”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).

6 中国筷子

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子 . word可编辑 . .专业.专注.

古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及

手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵”的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。 Chine Chopsticks

The Chine way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history

of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu

in ancient Chine. They look deceptively simple to u, but posss multi-various

functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stiring, scooping, poking,

tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in

ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often ud by people as a

metaphor as weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a

baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also

implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters.” Chopsticks are highly praid by

Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

7 中国印章

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称

谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。 印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱

色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

Chine Seal

A al can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chine official and private al of

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various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lea and

others. The als ud by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.

According to historical records, als were widely ud during the Warring States Period

(475BC-221BC). The making of a al is to engrave fonts, such as al characters and

official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the al,

basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chine al

is not only ud in daily life, but it is also ud to reprent signatures on paintings and

calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

8 天干地支

天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、

已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。 古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12 次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是 60

天。古人 以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60 年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古 沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011 年便是辛卯年。

Chine Era

The Chine era is the symbol that the Chine calendar us for recording and naming

years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve

Earthly Branches are: , yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After

obrving the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes

roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order

of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly

matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.

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The Chine era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in u now.

according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the

venth of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.

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Book 2

1 中国丝绸

中国是丝绸的故乡。 栽桑、 养蚕、 缫丝、 织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。 商周时期

（前 1600—前 256）丝绸的生产技术就已经发展到相当高的水平。西汉（前 206—公元

25）时张 骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中 国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征、 东方文明的使者。

Chine silk

China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, riculture, silk reeling and thickening are

all great inventions of the ancient Chine. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties

(1600BC—256BC), the Chine people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an

extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC—25BC), Zhang Qian, an

outstanding diplomat, traveled around central Asia and connected China with the

Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade,

exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its

extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant cultural connotations.

Hitherto, Chine silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chine culture and the

emissary of oriental civilization.

2中国园林

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代 建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开” 。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略

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“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内

涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

The Chine Classical garden

The Chine Classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chine architecture.

It is a kind of environmental art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and

rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a

Chine classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.”

When you go sighteing in a Chine classical garden, you should be able to appreciate

its artistic concept which “makes u of the natural landscape to create the real fun of

mountains and rivers for

viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chine classical garden is

hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant

connotations.

3文房四宝

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝” 。用笔墨书写绘画在 中国可追溯到五千年前。秦（前 221---前 206）时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前

206—公元 220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张之后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随 笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝（960--1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安 徽徽州） 、宣纸（安徽宣州） 、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

Four Treasures of the Study

The writing brush, inkstick, inkstone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of

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the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the

Study.” The writing brush and inkstick have been ud by the Chine to write and paint

since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty(221BC—206BC), people already ud feathers

of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han

Dynasty(206BC—220AD), man-made ink was ud instead of natural ink. After paper

was invented by the Chine, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which

originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The inkstone was first

developed with the u of writing brushes and ink. After the Song

Dynasty(960AD—1279AD), the “Four Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to hubi,

the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhangjiang province; huimo, the inkstick

produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in

Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the inkstone made in Zhapqing, Guangdong

province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the “Four Treasures of the

Study” have written the whole Chine civilization, as it is.

4 对联

对联又称楹联或对子， 是以中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。 中国对联的

哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理， 乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。 对联的特征是“对仗” ：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有 春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。

The antithetical couplet

The antithetical couplet(also called duilian)is also known as yinglian or duizi. An

antithetical couplet is a kind of national writing style, which is compod by the skillful

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manipulation of the characteristic of the Chine language that one character

corresponds with one syllable . The philosophical origin and national cultural psychology

of the antithetical couplet are the notion of yin-yang duality, according to which the

Chine recognize and master things. The feature of the antithetical couplet is an

“antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of speech, the level and oblique fitting with

each other, the content being related, and the rhythms corresponding. There are many

types of antithetical couple ts, such as Spring Festival couplets, marriage couplets,

birthday couplets, elegiac couplets, and antithetical couplets about tea, etc.

5 中国围棋

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。故称为弈， 别称坐隐，手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十 一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。国 棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数易理，兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文

化中的智慧与灵性。

Chine Weiqi.

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And

chess particularly refers to Chine Weiqi. Weiqi could be called the national chess of

China. In ancient times, Weiqi was called yi, with the alternative names

Zuoyin and Shoutan. The regulations of Weiqi are both simple and complex at the same

time. A full weiqi t has 361 playing pieces and is played on a board with a 19 by 19 grid.

The circumference of the board is less than 2/3 metre. Playing Weiqi may look like an

arrangement of two sides’ black and white pieces. However, it is actually a competition

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between two players and it tests their wisdom, courage, and patience. Weiqi symbolizes

Heaven and Earth. It contains philosophical theories,

such as the theories embodied in the image-numerology in The Book of Changes, the

art of war, and theories on state administration and national curity, which embodies

the wisdom and the spirit of Chine culture.

6京剧

京剧被誉为"东方歌剧"， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的"徽班"。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

Beijing Opera

Praid as "Oriental Opera", Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintesnce of China.

It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern

China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming

the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts——song,

speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates

the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera

are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or

female).

7道教

道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所 . word可编辑 . .专业.专注.

著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Chine Taoism

Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and

thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching

who authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist

classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding

of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral

character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s

golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can

be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth

sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after

its kind. Truly, only he that rids himlf forever of desire can e the cret esnces; He

that has never rid himlf of desire can e only the outcomes.

8成语

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chine Idioms

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Chine idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phras and expressions.

Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom

is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as

a word. Most Chine idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make

unremitting efforts to improve onelf), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa

(success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient

works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of

the Chine language that are conci and have great vitality.

Book 3

1中国传统节日

传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首为春节，俗称“过年” ，有祈年等多 种习俗， 是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。 其他主要的节日有元宵节、 清明节、 端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。每个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗 习惯。农历节日和农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。 Traditional Chine Festivals

Traditional Chine festivals are usually fixed according to the Lunar calendar. January 1

on the lunar calendar has been designed as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as

guonian). There are veral customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a

good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in

China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other Chine festivals include the

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Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-Seventh

Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the

Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and

custom. The Chine festivals that follow the Lunar calendar are different from the 24

Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar. They embody China’s cohesion and vitality.

2 中国茶文化

茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618-1279） 。开门七件事，柴米

油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。 中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中， 其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，

体悟大道， 提升人生境界。

Chine tea

As a traditional drink for Chine people, Chine tea is believed to have first started

with Chine Emperor Shen Nong, and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties

(618AD-1279AD). Making tea was considered one of the ven basic daily necessities

along with fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar, while drinking tea is an apt portrayal

of daily life in China. Tea culture is the extension and generalization of the science and

humanities character of tea. In China, the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism,

Buddhism, and Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate both mind and body,

comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm of life through the art of drinking tea.

3 中国画

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜 料作画于绢、 帛、 宣纸之上， 古代称之为水墨丹青。 为区别于西方的油画而称之为 “中国 . word可编辑 . .专业.专注.

画” ， 简称“国画” 。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在 于“笔墨” ，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。 Traditional Chine Painting

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And

painting particularly refers to traditional Chine painting. Traditional Chine painting is

done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper.

In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it from Western

oil-paintings, the Chine people term their works “traditional Chine painting”

(abbreviated to “Chine painting”). The subject matters of Chine paintings are

typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques

employed by the Chine painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and

free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink”.

Chine painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter. Even

though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the

artistic creation, traditional Chine painting is a reflection of the aesthetic

consciousness and artistic ntiment of the Chine people.

4 中国酒文化

中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文 化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美

情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜 拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应付。

Chine Wine and Spirits Culture

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China is the home of wine and spirits. The functions of wine and spirits were classified by

the ancients into three kinds: treating patients, keeping in good health, and showing

politeness and respect to others. China’s wine and spirits culture is an important part of

Chine food culture, and it embodies its values in many respects, such as in social and

political life, literature and art, life philosophies, aesthetics, and so on. There is an old

saying which goes, “It is not a banquet without wine.” Under the custom of having dinner

together in China, drinking games were therefore introduced. There are many kinds of

banquet betting and drinking games, like the morra (a finger-guessing game),

wine/spirits words, wine/spirits chips (a drinking game), all with rich cultural

connotations. In reality, it is difficult to win unless you have a card up your sleeve. 23 5

中国石窟

中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天 水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将

崇高美与世俗融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的 博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。

Chine Grottoes

Chine grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China, there are four major

art landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at

Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui.

Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and

cular feelings together, prenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody

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the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the

extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chine Buddhist grottoes are regarded as

a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are compod of architecture,

painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achievements of Chine grottoes have attracted

the attention of the world, and have become important international cultural heritage.

6 中国古典文学名著

中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各

异。而小说中的《三国演义》 、 《水浒传》 、 《西游记》 、 《红楼梦》则被称为中国四大古典文学 名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、 民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。

Chine Classical Literature

Chine classical literature includes poetry, pro, fiction, and ci (new lyrics written to

pre-existing tunes), fu (“descriptive poems” of pro-poetry),

qu (freer form bad on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other

styles. Its artistic expressions are various in technique. Four classics of Chine literature

are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of

Red Mansions, which have extensive and far-reaching significance both on a national

and international level. Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can

experience traditional Chine society and human culture, and folklore customs. And it

is an important way to absorb the quintesnce of traditional Chine culture as well as

to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.

7 中草药

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中药主要由植物药（根、茎、叶、果） 、动物药（内脏、皮、骨、器官）和矿物药组成。

因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。 “四气”指

药性的“寒热温凉” ， “五味”指药物的“辛酸甘苦咸” 。中国人探索中草药已有几千年的历

史，如今中医药及其诊疗方法已传播到世界各地。

Chine Herbal Medicine

Traditional Chine medicine mainly consists of plant medicine (roots, stems, leaves,

fruits), animal medicine (viscera, skins, bones, organs), and mineral medicine. Chine

herbal medicine is bad on plant medicine. According to the unique application theory

of traditional Chine medicine, it is believed that it contains “four natures and five

flavors.” “Four Natures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and

coolness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being “pungent, sour, sweet,

bitter, and salty.” It is said that Chine people have been conducting rearch into herbal

medicine for thousands of years. Nowadays, traditional Chine medicine and its

therapeutic methods have extensively been spread to the far corners of the globe.

8 中国瓷器

瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。 早在八千年前的新石器时代， 中国的先民就发

明使用了陶器。商代（前 1600-前 1046）中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代（前 206-公元

220） 末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。 以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地， 中国也博得了 “瓷之国” 的称号。 英文中“瓷器(china)”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。

Chine Porcelain

Porcelain is regarded as one of China’s outstanding contributions to the world’s

civilization. As early as the Neolithic Age about 8,000 years ago, the Chine ancestors

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invented and began to u pottery. Proto-porcelain was invented in the mid-Shang

Dynasty (1600BC-1046BC). Celadon was molded in the late Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD).

From then on, porcelain was introduced by China to the rest of the world. China was

therefore dubbed the “porcelain country.” In English, the word “china” has become a

word that reprents “China.”

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Book 4

1 剪纸

剪纸又叫刻纸、窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢

帛、皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前 206-公元 220） ，纸张的 发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题， 表达对美好生活的向往。

Paper-cutting

Paper-cutting (otherwi known as jianzhi) is also called kezhi, chuanghua or

jianhua. Paper –cutting was popular even before paper was invented. When there was

no paper, people carved on gold leaf, silk, feathers, and so on, with a carving technique

known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts. In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220AD), the

invention if paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting. The folk

themes of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filled with the themes of enjoying a

life of ea and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life.

2 儒家思想

儒家思想也称为儒学，有春秋（前 770 年-前 476 年）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子

所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（ 《大学》 、 《中庸》 、 《论语》 、 《孟子》 ） ，五经（ 《周易》 、 《尚书》 、 《诗经》 、

《礼记》 、 《春秋》 ） 等。儒家学派以“仁、义、礼、智、信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代 长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。

Confucianism

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Confucian thought, also called Confucianism, was established by Confucius, a great

thinker and educator who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC).

Some reprentatives of Confucianism throughout Chine history include Mencius,

Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi, and Wang Yangming. The main classics of Confucianism are the

Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The

Analects of Confucius, and Mencius) and the Five Classics (Zhouyi, Shangshu

(Collection of Ancient Texts), The Book of Songs, The Rites, and The Spring and Autumn

Annals). The Confucian school regards “benevolence, righteousness, propriety,

wisdom and fidelity” as being at the core of its ethical system. Confucianism was

the main ideology of feudal society for more than 2,000 years in China.

3 中国象棋

中国象棋早在战国时期（前 475—前 221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到

了北宋（960—1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国 封建社会制度和文化的缩影 — 有中军帐（九宫） 、士位（士、仕） 、文官（象、相） 、武将 （车、马、炮） 、士兵（兵、卒） 。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本 将棋）之一。

Chine Chess

The earliest records of Chine chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period

(475BC—221BC). The early-stage Chine chess was compod of six pieces carved out

of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing.” Its final form of play was fixed at the end

of the Northern Song Dynasty (960AD—1127AD) after a long period of development.

The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Compod of

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marshal or general, advisors (scholar or official), civil officials (elephant or minister),

military officers (chariots, hors and cannons), and soldiers (soldiers or pawns), Chine

chess is Chine social institution and culture in miniature. It is also one of the four most

popular chess games in the world, the other three being Chine Weiqi, the games of

chess, and shogi (or general’s chess).

4 二十四节气

中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年均 分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四

节气。 二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景， 把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容 列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。

The 24 Solar Terms The ancient Chine divided a year into 24 equal gments according

to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic. Names were given with special connotations

for the gments; such as vernal equinox (occurs on March 20 or 21) and pure

brightness (occurs on April 4, 5, or 6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms.

Originating from the Reaches of the Yellow River, the 24 Solar Terms are basically

a calendar to govern agricultural arrangements which takes into account the changes in

climate and practical agricultural needs. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and

unique creation of the ancient Chine.

5 中国书法

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、 草等各体汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现 在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓 异 . word可编辑 . .专业.专注.

彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。

Chine Calligraphy

The four ancient Chine artistic forms are called guqin,chess,penmanship, and painting;

and penmanship particularly refers to Chine calligraphy. Chine calligraphy id a kind

of art using a brush to write al script, official scrip, regular script, cursive script, grass

script, and other various writing styles of Chine characters. The writing techniques of

Chine calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is ud,

the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between

the lines. Chine calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different pos, such as the

uniqueness of the official script’s “silkworm head and swallow tail,” the regular script’s

requirement to “stick to the norm and rules,” the characteristic of grass script’s “flying

dragons and dancing phoenixes,” and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script.

Chine calligraphy reflects the personality of Chine people’s straightforwardness,

dignity, and reticence.

6 中国古琴

中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中 国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据《史记》记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。为区分于西方乐器，现被称作“古琴”。古琴依风之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所 重视的和合性。

Chine Guqin

As one of the four art forms (namely guqin, chess,penmanship, and painting) in ancient

china, guqin is a kind of plucked string instrument which is also known as

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yaoqin, yuqin and qixian qin. According to Chine history book Shih Chi, qin

appeared no later than the Yao and Shun eras. In order to distinguish it from similar

musical instruments of the West, it was called guqin. The guqin’s design imitates the

shape of a phoenix. People also named different parts of the guqin after the names

various body parts of the phoenix. This naming method reflects Confucius’ thoughts on

music and the ideology of harmony that Chine people value.

7 十二生肖

十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支记年法” ，而我 国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物记年，两种记年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，

即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戍狗、亥猪。属相 的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达、和衷共济。

The Chine Zodiac

The Chine Zodiac is the Chine way of numbering the years. It attributes an animal to

each year, according to a 12-year cycle. Since ancient times, the Chine people began

to u the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to record the passing of years. At the

same time, Chine nomadic people who lived in northwest China instead ud animals

to number the years. The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrated,

and the Chine Zodiac took shape. The 12 animals in the Chine Zodiac are: rat, ox,

tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, hor, ram, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. The meaning of

the symbolic animal of the birth year is that it can make people magnanimous and be of

one mind in times of difficulty.

8.唐宋诗词

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唐诗代表了中华诗歌的最高成就。知名诗人多若星辰，李白、杜甫、白居易都是世界闻名的伟大诗人。唐诗分为古体诗、律诗、 绝句，又有五言、七言之分，其题材广泛，数量庞大，风格和流派多样。宋词是继唐诗之后中国古代文学史上的又一座高峰， 历来与唐诗并称双雄。宋词以长短句为主，依词牌填词，豪放派和婉约派词风各异，主要代表有辛弃疾、苏轼、柳永、李清照 等。

Tang Poetry and Song Ci

Tang Poetry reprents the highest achievement of Chine poetry. There were many

distinguished poets in the Tang Dynasty, including Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi, who are

world-famous. There are various forms of Tang Poetry, such as pre-Tang poetry, regular

poems, short poems. Regular poems and short poems can also be divided into pentasyllabic

and heptasyllabic according to the characters contained in each line. There is an enormous

collection of Tang Poetry, with a wide range of subjects, styles, and schools. Its artistic charm

touches everyone deeply. Song Ci is another summit in the history of classical Chine

literature. Tang Poetry and Song Ci have consistently been called the two literary giants. The

main form of Song Ci is a kind of poetry that chie fly consists of ven-character lines

intersperd with shorter and longer ones. The writers poetize according to particular tunes.

There are two major styles of Song Ci, called the Powerful and Free School, and the Soft and

Tuneful School.

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其他

秧歌舞

秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈， 通常在北方省份表演。 秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮

多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听 到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某 些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队， 队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康， 同事他们也乐在 其中。

Yangko

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in is usually performed in northern

provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is

powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if

people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will

come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the

old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themlves,

the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.

长城

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall

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The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you

come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting

the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who

doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls

for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the

Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we e today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east

to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

The Terra-cotta Warriors 秦始皇陵兵马俑

Qin Shihuang 秦始皇, the first emperor of the feudal Chine society, brought with him

massive funerary belongings when he die — a move to show off the authority and

splendor he’d enjoyed during his lifetime (秦始皇是中国封建社会的第一个皇帝。他死后，为了显示他生前的辉煌和 权威，在他的墓中陪葬了许多东西 ). Among them were

the three barracks of Terra-cotta Warriors (兵马俑阵), which have been marveled at as

the “World’s Eighth Miracle” 世界第八大 奇迹.

The Underground Army 地下军阵 Yong is either a human or animal figure made with

clay. The Qin Shihuang’s Tomb 秦始皇陵 and its great army of Terra-Cotta Warriors —

7000 soldiers, 100 hors and 100 chariots in all, give us a picture of the kind of grand

scale of the army and the comple

teness of the army’s military rvices more that 2000 years ago (再现了 2000 多年前气势宏伟，兵种齐全的军阵队形).

New Year’s Painting 年画

New Year’s painting is a kind of traditional Chine paintings produced by means of

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woodcut process printing. As an old form of folk art in China, this kind of paintings all

has festival themes and a sharp contrast in colors (年画是中国画的一种， 它采用木刻套印的方法作画， 内容喜庆、 色彩对比强烈，是中国古老的民间美术形式). They are

specially created for decoration of homes, warding off evil spirits and ominous

occurrences in the celebration of the Chine New Year (它是专门为过农历新年时装饰环境、除凶辟邪而创作的). That is why they are called New Year’s paintings.

The Lantern Festival 元宵节

The 15th day of the first lunar month is the Chine Lantern Festival, which coincides

with the first full-moon night of the year (这一天正好是新年的第一个月圆之夜). The

major activities of the day include watching painted lanterns, solving riddles, tting off

fireworks, and eating yuanxiao 元宵(sweet dumplings) made of glutinous rice flour （糯米面，糯米粉）.

Eating Yuanxiao 吃元宵 Eating yuanxiao 元宵 on the day of the Lantern Festival

symbolizes family reunion and happiness. Yuanxiao are made with glutinous rice flour

dough, stuffed with a variety of food such as red bean paste, same, mixed nutlets with

sugar. Minced meat is another favored flavor (元宵用糯米粉包 馅制成，馅儿有豆沙、芝麻、各类果仁加白糖，还有肉糜馅等). In southern China, people also eat tangyuan 汤圆(like yuanxiao 元宵). Watching Painted Lanterns 赏花灯 On the night of the Lantern

Festival, lines of painted lanterns are hung around the courtyard and along both sides of

the street. The colorful lights against the full moon create quite a visual feast for people

to enjoy (人们观灯赏月，其乐融融). Solving Lantern Riddles 猜灯谜 Solving riddles

written or printed on lanterns is another way of entertaining visitors on the night.

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