英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

一、词类、句子成分和构词法：

（一）词类：英语词类分十种：

名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、

感叹词。

1、名词(.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：

nboy,

morning, bag, ball, class, orange

.

2、代词()： 主要用来代替名词。有人称代词、物主代词、

pron.

反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等

等。如

：who, she, you, it .

3、形容词()：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：

adj..good,

right, white, orange

.

4、数词()： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：

num.one, two, three,

first, cond, third, fourth.

5、动词()： 表示动作或状态。如：

v.am, is,are,have,e .

6、副词()： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、

adv.

程度等。如：

now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.

7、冠词()：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：

art..a, an, the.

8、介词()： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关

prep.

系。如

in, on, from, above, behind.

9、连词()： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如

conj.and, but,

before .

10、感叹词()表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：

interj..oh, well,

hi, hello.

（二）句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、

定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。

通常用名词或代词担任。如：(我是格林小姐)

I’m Miss Green.

2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动

词担任。如：(杰克每天打扫房间)

Jack cleans the room every day.

3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或

者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：

My name is

Ping ping .

(我的名字叫萍萍)

4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常

由名词或代词担任。如：(他能拼这个词)

He can spell the word.

有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾

语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：

He

wrote me a letter .

(他给我写了一封信)

有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后

面,来强调间接宾语。如： (他给我写了一

He wrote a letter to me .

封信)

5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：

Shanghai is a big city .

(上海是个大城市)

6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：

He

works hard .

(他工作努力)

7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动

词充当。如：(他们通常

They usually keep their classroom clean.

让教室保持清洁)(他常常帮我

/ He often helps me do my lessons.

做功课)

/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by

mylf

.(老师要我自学法语)

☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：

Where is your classmate Tom ?

(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)

二、句子

（一）句子从目的上分：

1.陈述句 2疑问句 3祈使句 4感叹句

（二）句子从结构上分：

1．简单句2．并列句（并列复合句）

3．复合句（主从复合句）

1）名词性从句：（1）主从 (2) 宾从 (3)表从 (4)同从

2）形容词性从句

定从 （限定性的定语从句和非限定性的定语从句）

3) 副词性从句（状从）

（三）五种句子的基本结构：

主谓

主谓宾

主系表

主谓双宾语（ 间宾 直宾）

主谓复合宾语（宾+ 宾补）

三、句子成分

（一）主语（subject）: 是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。

The sun ris in the east. （名词）

He likes dancing. （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)

Seeing is believing. （动名词）

To e is to believe. （不定式）

What he needs is a book. （主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

（It形式主，主从是真正主语）

1. 横线画出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟）

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the

classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The uful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very

difficult.

（二）谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

We study English. He likes playing the games.

2. 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟）

① I don't like the picture on the wall.

A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

③ Do you usually go to school by bus?

A. Do B. usually D. bus

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?

B. twins C. have D. breakfast

⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework

⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

A. want B. to tell C. you D. is

⑧ We had better nd for a doctor.

A. We B. had C. nd D. doctor

⑨ He is interested in music.

A. is B. interested C. in D. music

⑩ Whom did you give my book to?

A. give C. whom D. book

（三）表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性

质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher. （名词）

Five and five is ten. （数词）

He is asleep. （形容词）

The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）

To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring.

（不定式）

The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）

（常见的系动词有: be feel (摸起来), sound（听起来）, look

（看起来）, taste（尝、吃来）, smell（闻起来）keep,

stay ,remain（保持，仍是） get, become, turn（变得） feel（感

觉） ...

It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.

Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.

The door remains open. Now I feel tired.

3. 横线画出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟）

① The old man was feeling very tired.

② Why is he worried about Jim?

③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

（四）宾语：

1）动作的承受者-----动宾

I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）

How many do you need? We need two. （数词）

We should help the old and the poor.

I enjoy working with you. （动名词）

I hope to e you again. （不定式）

Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）

2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are

many rocks.

3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）

He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some

money.

4. a.横线画出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,

how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the muum on the

left.

⑨ You will find it uful after you leave school.

⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.

b.横线画出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分， 5分钟）

① Plea tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.

④ Here is a it to Tom.

⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

（五）定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语

或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。

若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：

something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语

时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。形容词作定

语：

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）

He is our friend. （代词）

We belong to the third world. （数词）

He was advid to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)

The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分

词）

I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）

You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）

5. 横线画出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟）

① They u Mr, Mrs with the family name.

② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

（六）状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、

原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步.状语在句子中的位置很

灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修

饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目

的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时

间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）

的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。

The teacher came in,with glass on his no.（注意，此句on

his no不可省略！）

副词（短语）作状语：

The boy needs a pen very much./（程度状语）

The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男

孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）

The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状

语）

The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The

boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）

介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教

室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）

Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./

在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)

On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./

星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)

分词（短语）作状语：

He sits there,asking for a pen./

他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）

Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.

/因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）

Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./

（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）

不定式作状语：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写

家庭作业。（目的状语）

To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested

in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.

名词作状语：

Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）

状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果

状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语

从句

6. 横线画出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟）

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noi upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

⑥ She loves the library becau she loves books.

⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to e the other

machine.

（七）宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

We elected him monitor. （名词）

We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名）

We will make them happy. （形容词）

We found nobody in. ( 副词 )

Plea make yourlf at home. 介词短语）

Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）

His father advid him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to

不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）

I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）

主补：对主语的补充。

He was elected monitor.

She was found singing in the next room.

He was advid to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

7. 横线画出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟）

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in

the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you e Li Ming playing football on the playground

just now?

划分句子成分练习：

1. Our school is not far from my home.

2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest.

9. They pushed the door open.

10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.

the students think highly of his teaching

13. We need a place twice larger than this one.