(完整版)雅思托福基础测试题

（完整版）雅思托福基础测试题

Model Test (Basic)

vocabulary

part I （20分）

government is determined to protect its tobacco

________.

A) monopoly B) monotony C) monologue D) monograph

2. Apparently in interviews he refus to talk about his

________life.

A) privacy B) private C) univer D) unify

decided to postpone their holiday ______ next year.

A) on B) for C) until D) in

4. Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _______

with the local police.

A) inquire B) consult C) register D) profession

5. As he has _______ our patience, we’ll not wait for him any

longer.

A) torn B) wasted C) exhausted D) consumed

6. The teachers try to be objective when they _______ the

integrated ability of

their students.

A) justify B) evaluate C) indicate D) reckon

7. Mrs. Morris's daughter is pretty and _______, and many girls

envy her.

A) slender B) light C) faint D) minor

8. Tomorrow the mayor is to _____ a group of Canadian

businessmen on a tour of the city.

A) coordinate B) cooperate C) accompany D) associate

9. Norman Davis will be remembered by many _____ with not

only as a great

scholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend.

A) kindness B) friendliness C) warmth D) affection

logical ______ has been so rapid over the last few

years.

A）retrograde B)retrogress C) progress D) project

11. Salaries for ______ positions em to be higher than for

permanent ones.

A) legal B) optional C) voluntary D) temporary

never arrives on time and my ______ is that he feels the

meetings are uless.

A) preference B) conference C) inference D) reference

is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone

without _______.

A) exception B) exclusion C) modification D) substitution

s believe that the control of television by mass

advertising has ______ the quality of the programs.

A) lesned B) declined C) affected D) effected

15. The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students

can hardly bear it.

A) convention B) confinement C) principle D) discipline

A) rerve B) restrain C) retain D) replace

ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to

be operated _____ instead of mec hanically.

A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) synthetically

Part II （10分）

also photographs away from her studio at various

architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of

assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image. The

word "transform" is clost in meaning to which of following?

A) move B) extend C) change D) interpret

upper end of the a anemone has a mouth

surrounded by tentacles that the animals to capture its food.

The word "capture" is clost in meaning to which of

following?

A) catch B) control C) cover D) clean

disturbed, a a anemone retracts its tentacles and

shortens its body so that

it rembles a lump on a rock.

The word "retracts" is clost in meaning to which of

following?

A) pulls back B) relaxes C) reproduces D) lifts up

heless, many local residents want to retain the

existing the character of the area. The word "retain" is clost in

meaning to which of following?

A) prerve B) posss C) enjoy D) improve

5.A rock durable enough to have withstood natural

conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be

shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a

few generations. The word "shattered" is clost in meaning

to which of following?

A) arranged B) dissolved C) broken apart D) gathered

together

Grammar （30分）

ing to the law, _____ have an equal right to an

education.

A. every of children

B. every child

C. all of children

D. all children

2. The workers in that factory are paid _____.

A. by the hour

B. by an hour

C. by hour

D. by hours

3. They talked about the problem among _____.

A. them

B. each other

C. themlves

D. one another

4. A good writer is _____ who can express the commonplace

in an uncommon way.

A. that

B. he

C. one

size of that island is about _____ that of this one.

A. three times as much as

B. as three times much as

12. He went away and he _____ back yet.

A. is not

B. has not been

C. was not

D. will not be

13. The world’s supplies of petroleum _____ .

A. have been gradually exhausted

B. have gradually exhausted

C. are being gradually exhausted

D. are gradually exhausted

14. We _____ your terms carefully but _____ to say that we

cannot accept them.

A. are studying; regret

B. have studied; are regretting

C. have studied; regret

D. have been studying; will regret

15. With the development of production and science,

electronics _____ a wide application in

a short time.

A. has found

B. finds

A. have told

B. told

C. have been told

D. are told

18. The experiment is very expensive. But _____ succeed, we

would be able to make production more efficient.

D. was able to

23. _____ as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not

B. as

C. which

D. that

29. The higher income tax is harmful _____ it may discourage

people from trying to earn more.

A. so that

B. in that

C. unless

D. in ca

30. Only in the last few years _____ to help the

underprivileged in the country.

A. something is done

B. is something done

C. has there something been done

D. has anything been done

Reading （30分）

Interesting Day Cours in your Area

You may feel you can’t sing or you may be an established

singer who wants to improve or gain confidence. You will be

shown how to sing in tune, how to breathe correctly and how to

project your voice. You may attend this cour more than once

and each time have a wonderful experience. Everyone can sing

and it’s great fun.

D Focus On Landscapes

This cour is designed for students who are familiar with

painting in watercolors, but are having difficulty with some

techniques. We will discuss choice of materials, color mixing and

any other areas that may be raid.

The day will start with a demonstration, followed by an

opportunity to sketch outdoors. After a light lunch cooked in the

studio, there will be a further practical ssion.

E Taking Happy Pictures

The main objective is to introduce you to the skills required

to take good photographs of people at special events, such as

parties or weddings.

We will discuss camera ttings, dealing with varied light or

bad weather, and how to get a good atmosphere. Lunch is

provided at a nearby hotel, followed by a practical ssion inside

the studio.

F The Music Takeaway

Get some friends, family or colleagues together for your own

music cour in a venue of your choice, which could be your front

room, bament or workplace. We nd two guitar tutors to lead

a one-day ssion for you in the style of music you prefer, such

as rock, country, funk or blues.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer

sheet.

NB You may u any letter more than once.

Participants can decide where the cour is held.

Different ability levels are welcome.

All the necessary materials are supplied.

Participants will be able to go where the public are not

normally allowed.

It is possible to repeat this cour.

You can lect what to study from a range of options.

The cour will provided advice on how to overcome difficult

conditions.

THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS

Plant communities asmble themlves flexibly, and their

particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.

Ecologists u the term “succession ”to refer to the changes

that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The

first community in a succession is called a pioneer community,

while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called

a a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant

communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years.

The changes in plant numbers and the mix of species are

cumulative. Climax communities themlves change but over

periods of time greater than about 500 years.

An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it

relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be

replaced, but the number of fish may tend to be the same from

one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an

ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that

compo the ecosystem.

At one time. Ecologists believed that species diversity made

ecosystem stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the

more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from

obrvation that long-lasting climax communities usually have

more complex food webs and more species diversity than

pioneer communities. Ecologist concluded that the apparent

stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To

take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a singe crop

are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a

single pest can destroy their entire crop. In contrast, a complex

climax community , such as a temperate forest, will tolerate

considerable damage from bad weather or pests.

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however.

The first problem is that ecologist don’t all agree what

“stability “ means . Stability can be all defined as simply lack of

change. In that ca, the climax community would be considered

the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over

time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with

which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a

major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also

called resilience . In that ca, climax community would be the

most fragile and the least stable, since they can acquire hundreds

of years to return to the complex state.

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is

not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in

temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-

successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a

redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and

the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are

reduced. In general, diversity, by itlf, does not ensure stability.

Mathematical models of ecosystems likewi suggest that

diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability- just the

opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is , in general, more

likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed

racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle）

Ecologists are especially interested in knowing what factors

contribute to the resilience of communities becau climax

communities all over the world are being verely damaged or

destroyed by human activities. The destruction caud by

volcanic explosion of Mount. St. Helens, in the northwestern

United States, for example , pales in comparison to the

construction cau by humans. We need to know what

aspects of community are most important to the community’s

resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term

stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but

from the “ patchiness” of the environment. An environment

that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms

than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes

extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent

community. Even if the new population is of a different species,

it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct

population and keep the food web intact.

2 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is not true

of climax communities?

A They occur at the end of a succession.

B They last longer than any other type of community.

C The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do

not change.

D They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

3 According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles

of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?

A Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals

in the system.

B The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as

individuals are replace.

C Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.

D A change in the numbers of an organism does not affect

tan ecosystem’s properties.

4 According to paragraph 3, ecologist once believed that

which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?

A Pioneer communities

B Climax communities

C Single-crop farmlands

D Successional plant communities

5 According to paragraph 4, why is the question of

ecosystem stability complicated?

A The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.

B Ecologists often confu the word “stability” with the

word “ resilience”.

C The exact meaning of the word “ stability” is debated by

ecologists.

D There are many different answers to the ecological

questions.

6 According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true

about climax community?

A They are more resilient than pioneer communities.

B They can be considered both the most and the least stable

communities.

C They are stable becau they recover quickly after major

disturbances.

D They are the most resilient communities becau they

change the least over time.

7 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5

about redwood forest?

A They become less stable as they mature.

B They support many species when they reach climax.

C They are found in temperate zones.

D They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stage.

9 In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the

information that “a A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely

to break down than a child’s tricycle”?

A To illustrate a general principle about the stability of

systems by using an every-day example.

B To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in

ecosystem can be applied to help understand stability in other

situations.

C To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in

general, stability increas with diversity.

D To provide an example that contradicts mathematical

models of ecosystems.

11 which of the ntences below best express the esntial

information in the highlighted ntence in the passage? Incorrect

choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out

esntial information.

A Ecologists now thinks that the stability of an environment

is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.

B Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not

often have high species diversity.

C Uniform environments can’t be climax communities

becau they do not support as many types of organisms as

patchy environments.

D A patchy environment is thought to increa stability

becau it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.

Writing （30分）

Some people think that strict punishments for driving

offences are the key to reducing traffic accidents. Others,

however, believe that other measures would be more effective in

improving road safety.

Discuss both the views and give your own opinion.