法律英语期末考试句子翻译

法律英语期末考试句子翻译

UNIT ONE CONTRACT LAW

Section A Understanding of Contract

claim that the definition of the American Restatement

ignores the bargain—the exchange of equivalents which is the

esnce of a contract.

法学家们声称《美国合同法重述》忽略了契约的本质，即等价交

换是合同的本质。

to say that a contract can simply be ―a promi‖ is to

overlook the fact that there is ge nerally some act or promi

given in return for the other promi before that promi

becomes a contract.

因此说合同是一个承诺就忽略了一个事实，即在承诺成为一个合

同之前，通常有一些行为或承诺是为了其他承诺做出的。

scholars also argue that all the definitions in terms

of promis or agreements presuppo that people only enter

into contractual relations after they have made some agreement

or promi. 这些学者还是对这些定义持不同观点，他们认为依据合同

承诺或契约所作解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后构

成了合同关系。

is that a person who induces another to rely upon him

and change his position, ought not to let that person down, and

the other is that a person who does a rvice to another or

renders him some benefit, ought generally to be recompend

for his trouble.

一种观点是诱导他人依赖于他，并促使其改变立场的人，不应该

让人失望。另一种观点是帮他人的忙，致使其获得利益的人，一般都

应该为其所造成的法律纠纷而获得赔偿。

the above discussion we come to know the Contract

may be defined as an agreement, a promi or a t of promis,

which create legal liabilities rather than moral obligations,

enforceable by the law between two or more persons to do or

forebear from doing some act or acts；their intentions being to

create legal relations and not merely to exchange mutual

promis, both having given something, or having promid to

give something of value as consideration for any benefit derived

from the agreement or the promi except a transaction

agreement by deed.

经过以上的讨论我们可以看出合同可能会被定义为协议、承诺，

它所产生的是法律义务而非道德义务，可由两个或两个以上的人之间

的法律或祖先做一些行为；他们的意图是创设法律关系，而不仅仅交

换彼此的承诺，或者承诺给予一些有价值的东西，考虑任何利益的协

议或承诺契约交易协议的除外。

6.A transaction by deed derives its legally binding quality

from the special way in which it is made rather than from the

operation of the contract law.

某项以契约形式的成功交易源于其本身具有法律约束力的特许交

易特征，而不是合同法的操作。

definition of contract in the Chine contract law

stress its functions,saying that a contract is the manifestation

of intention to establish, change or terminate the civil

relationship between two or more parties.

中国的合同法的定义强调的是合同的功能，指出合同所要表现的

形式是确立、改变或终止合同双方或多方的民事关系。

8. Making a contract is a civil juristic act done by both sides.

At least two parties shall enter, and express their genuine

intention. Otherwi a contract cannot be established. The

purpo to make a contract is to bring out a certain civil juristic

effect, including establishing, changing or terminating the civil

relationship between the two parties. Making a contract is a legal

act rather than illegal act. Unlawfully established contracts are

null or void. Contractual obligations are often impod on all

ing to the difference among their apperance,it

falls into precontractual

obligation,after contractual obligation and the subordinated

obligation in contract performing.

签订合同是甲乙双方的民事法律行为所至。至少双方均应积极参

与，并表达真实意图。否则合同就不成立。签订合同的目的是为了确

立一定的民事法律效力，其中包括双方民事法律关系的确定、变更和

终止。签订合同是一种法律行为而不是非法行为。非法订立的合同均

为无效合同。合同义务通常是强加给合同各方的。依据产生阶段的不

同，合同义务可以分为先合同义务、后合同义务、合同履行中的附随

义务三种。

UNIT TWO INTERNATIONAL DIVOICE: LITIGATING MARITAL

PROPERTY AND SUPPORT RIGHTS

Section A Jurisdiction and Procedure in International Divorce

Litigation

1.A court may also exerci personal jurisdiction bad on a

respondent's general appearance in a proceeding, and a

respondent who files a responsive pleading without objecting to

jurisdiction is typically deemed to have waived any of the

defens.

法庭还可以基于被告出现在诉讼程序的事实或者其在答辩状中没

有提出管辖权异议而获得

应诉管辖权。

relying on Burnham-type rvice to confer personal

jurisdiction on the court, counl should be aware that foreign

jurisdictions may refu to enforce a decree entered on this basis,

在依此判例赋予法院属人管辖权之前，律师应该意识到外国司法

机关可能拒绝执行这种判决，因为美国以外的国家普遍不承认“接触

的管辖权”。

the question of jurisdiction, due process requires

that a respondent must be afforded notice and an opportunity

for a hearing, even in the context of an ex-parte divorce.

撇开管辖权的问题，即使是在单方面的离婚诉讼中，正当法律程

序也要求给予被告观看和听证的机会。

question of whether substituted rvice is permitted is

determined by the law of the forum, but the means utilized must

also comply with the laws of the country in which rvice is made.

州法律将决定是否允许替代送达,但是所运用的这些方法必须遵守

传票送达国国家的法律。e of process on an individual in a

foreign country is subject to both the law of the state where the

action has been filed and any applicable provisions of foreign or

international law.

对身在国外的个人进行送达受州法律以及可引用的外国法和国际

法条款的约束。

the perspective of courts in the United States,

financial orders that satisfied jurisdictional rules in the country

where they were entered, but which were not bad on facts that

would give ri to personal jurisdiction over the respondent

spou, would not satisfy the due process requirements for

recognition and enforcement in the United States.

从美国法院的角度来看,财产判决虽然符合作出判决的国家的管辖

权规则，但却不是基于引

起对被告的属人管辖权的事实，这会因不符合法定诉讼程序的要

求而不被认可和执行。

this rule of divisible divorce jurisdiction, an ex-parte

divorce decree bad on the petitioner's domicile or residence

within the forum state is entitled to full faith and credit in every

state. Court orders concerning marital property and support

rights are not entitled to full faith and credit, however, unless the

forum court had personal jurisdiction over the respondent. Bad

on the same policies, courts in the United States give effect to

many foreign ex-parte divorce decrees as a matter of comity, but

do not recognize and enforce financial orders entered by a

foreign court unless that court had full personal jurisdiction.

在可分割的离婚诉讼管辖权原则下，州法院基于原告在法院所在

国的住所或居住地而作出的单方面离婚判决在每个州都能得到充分信

任（效力）。但若涉及婚姻财产分割和抚养义务时，只有该管辖法院

对原被告双方都有属人管辖权时，其判决才会被信任和认可。基于上

述规则，美国法院以礼让规则承认很多国外单方离婚判决的效力，但

并不承认和执行外国法院作出的财产判决，除非该法院已经具有完全

的属人管辖权。

UNIT THREE A FAMILY LAW PERSPECTIVE ON PARENTAL

INCARCERATION Section A Family Law and Child Development

law is unique among American legal fields in making

children's interests paramount, as it does in the context of

custody disputes between a child's legal parents.

当儿童的法定父母因监护权发生纠纷时，在整个美国法律领域中，

只有婚姻家庭法是优先保护儿童利益的。

elevating children's interests over other concerns,

custody courts provide an unparalleled examination of children's

development, and how that development is affected by each

child's placement in one or another caretaking environment.

通过权衡儿童各方面的利益，家事法院制定了一套审查儿童未来

发展及如何通过安置儿童的监护环境影响该发展的规则。

asssing children's best interests in order to resolve

custody disputes take for granted that the ways in which children

are brought up will shape the type of adults they become.

法院在解决监护权纠纷时，是通过预测儿童在该照管下将被塑造

成何种类型之成人，来评估儿童利益之最大化的。

While custody courts care about children's day-to-day

happiness, they are especially concerned with how children's

current experience will affect their future. The custody literature

therefore provides extensive analysis of the ways in which

childhood experience and early caregiving arrangements can

alter a child's cour of development into adulthood, for better

or for wor.

监护法院在关心儿童的日常幸福感的同时，更关注儿童现在的经

历会如何影他们的未来。因此，与监护权有关的文献对于孩提时代的

经历以及早期关爱环境或好或坏地影响孩子的成长历程的方式给出了

大量的分析。

custody literature reflects a connsus that the

conditions most likely to foster a child's

well-being are continuity and stability, and that, converly,

any disruption of a child's environment and caretaking

arrangement can inflict developmental harm.

有关监护权的文献一致认为，抚养儿童最好的条件是稳定而持续

的环境，相反的，任何割裂儿童成长环境与抚养安排的事情都可能对

儿童的发展造成损害。

y courts will discuss with a great degree of nuance—

and often with the aid of expert psychological testimony—the

harms that disruption of the parent-child tie can inflict on a child

given her particular stage of development.

监护权法庭将会进行细微而深入的讨论，经常采用来自心理专家

的证词的帮助，以此来说明父母与儿童之间的割裂对儿童成长的特殊

时期带来的伤害。

tion of an infant from a parent can disrupt the

bonding process that is the foundation of the child's future

emotional and intellectual growth, and paration of parent and

toddler can impede the toddler's first steps toward autonomy

and independence, which the toddler takes by building on the

trust developed during the infant-parent bonding process.

将婴儿与父母分离会割裂父母与婴儿相融合的过程，而这个相融

合的过程是未来儿童情感和智力发育的基础。将父母和幼儿的分离将

会妨碍幼儿走向自我约束与独立自主的第一步，而这一步则是幼儿与

父母在相融合过程中建立信任关系的关键。

deprivation, moreover, is often attended by additional

potential harms in the form of frequent moves, educational

disruption, and parental stress, each of which, according to the

custody ca law, can jeopardize a child's emotional and

intellectual development, with long-term effects. 像这类（潜在监

护人的）破产，往往跟经常性的迁徙、教育中断、紧张的父母关系等

因素交织在一起，增加了对儿童的伤害。依照有关监护权的判例法，

前述种种因素均能对儿童的情感和智力发展造成持久的影响。

UNIT FOUR SITUATED JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS

ction A an analysis of situated justice

rs find that subjects often express greater concern

for a fair process than for the substantive outcome of a legal

encounter.

学者们发现,研究对象通常更关注官司中的程序公正而不是实体结

果公正。

2. Abnt a fair process, respondents view legal outcomes as

suspect and lo confidence in the ability of legal institutions to

resolve future grievances.

公正程序的缺失使得研究对象们怀疑法律后果,从而对法律部门解

决未来法律纠纷的能力丧失信心。

e Lind and Tylers recognition that there are

situationally bad differences in the meaning of procedural

justice ”，much of the rearch that has followed their lead is

bad on discrete and hypothetical encounters with law and legal

authorities like the police.

尽管林德和泰勒承认“程序公正的意义因情景差异而不同”,其领

导下的研究多半以彼此独立、臆想性的法律纠纷和法律机构如警察局

为基础。

s capture rearch participants' feelings about

fairness abstractly and are elicited through either forced -choice

surveys and interview protocols or social psychological

experiments that u vignettes and simulated conflict.

该研究结论只是抽象性地(不具体)捕获了研究参与者们(研究对象)

对公正的感觉,而该结论的获得,要么是通过强迫选择调查和采访协议,要

么是通过使用电视短剧和模拟纠纷的社会心理学实验。

e it to say, much of the procedural justice rearch

assumes that it is the analyst's job to distill the "objective" from

the "subjective" thought from action," and process from outcome,

regardless of whether the distinctions have any relationship to

how actual litigants describe their legal experiences.

不用多说,很多这类程序公正研究都认为,找出主观跟客观、思想与

行动、程序与结果的区别,是分析者的职责所在,不论这些差异是否与现

实情境中的诉讼当事人如何描述其法律体验有关。

say this a bit differently, we should not rely on a thin

operationalization of fairness if we believe that this key concept

is culturally thick.

换句话说,既然这一关键概念有着深厚的文化底蕴,我们就不应该把

公正的概念作公式化的肤浅的解读。

constraints can include the opportunities and

normative categories that the law establishes; the roles of

professionals like judges and lawyers; and material, social, and

cultural resources such as well worn organizational routines for

managing disputes.

这些限制因素包括法律产生的各种机遇和规范;像法官和律师这样

的专业角色;以及物质、社会和文化资源,譬如那些老生常谈的管理纠纷

的体制性惯例。

develop a situated justice framework, then, we draw

from legal consciousness and cultural sociology to analyze

internal schema in their social contexts and from dispute

processing to analyze the constraints of legal structures.

为了构建情境公正的理论研究框架,我们按照法律意识和文化社会

学来分析其社会情境中的内部模式,按照争议处理程序来分析法律结构

的限制性因素。

both the literature on legal consciousness and cultural

sociology demonstrate, the ways in which people construct

cultural categories are inparable from the conditions of

possibility within their legal, social, economic,and institutional

environments.

正如有关法律意识和文化社会学的文献所显示的那样,人们形成文

化差异的方式与其法律、社会、经济和制度环境下的可能性条件密切

相关。

antly, a person's legal schema is contingent on the

specific contexts in which he or she engages law (or avoids it)- -

which includes the legal environment as well as the structure of

markets, the workplace, and the government's legal categories

and classifications with conquences for everyday behavior.

重要的是,一个人的法律模式取决于其所处(或避免)之具体法律情

境——包括法律环境、市场结构、工作场所、政府的法律类别和日常

行为的后果。

when they lack this knowledge, people are reluctant

to make a claim becau they have insufficient access to lawyers,

do not want to be classified as a victim, or doubt whether they

derve legal protections.

使人们缺乏这方面的知识,他们也不愿意提起诉讼,因为他们难以获

得律师的帮助,不想被归类为受害者,或者怀疑他们是否应该得到法律保

护。

, our approach begins with the interpretive

assumption that people 'build up”the meanings of their legal

encounters through both mundane and extraordinary

interactions.

因此,我们的研究方案首先着手于一种阐释性设定,即通过平凡的和

非凡的互动,人们逐渐形成了对其法律经历的理解。

a more general level, key cultural constructs like

fairness should not be easily dismisd as epiphenomenal

window dressing atop the more causal material underpinnings of

legal institutions.

在更一般的层面,一些关键文化构想,如公平,不应该被轻易抛弃,仅

仅是因为它被看做一种带有副作用的窗口,粉饰了更合因果关系的法律

体系的物质基础。

14. As cultural theorists argue, any rious contemporary

analysis of how power and inequality are produced and

reproduced within institutions such as courts must consider the

enactment of cultural concepts.

文化理论家认为,任何正式的当代的对权力和不平等是如何在法院

这种机构产生和复制的分析,都必须考虑文化概念的制定。

sum,legal situations and constructs establish the very

conditions of possibility that an individual claimant encounters

by tting up the arena,the rules ,and the ideological parameters

within which participants understand and play the game.

总之，法律制度和结构建立的可能性的条件的个人申请会遭遇到

设置舞台上，规则和意识形态参数内，参与者理解和玩游戏的影响。

Applied to the study of employment discrimination, it reveals

litigants' conceptions of fairness in the context of their real life

institutional encounters with law and the role of the

conceptions in

reproducing an unequal legal system.

应用到关于就业歧视的研究,它揭示了现实生活制度与法律的相互

作用的背景下当事人的公平观念，以及在重塑一个不平等的法律体系

时这些观念的定位。

UNIT FIVE LAW MERCHANT

Section A foundations of the Law Merchant

1. The questions provide an institutional and functional

framework within which to consider a variety of autonomy values

that impact on the relationship between merchant law and

merchant practice.

这些问题提供了一个整套体制和功能上的框架，在这个框架内去

考虑影响商事法和商业惯例之间关系的各种自主观。

2 .The eighteenth-century jurist, William Blackstone,

grounded the post-medieval Law Merchant of his day in

merchant custom, which he viewed as universal in application,

independent of municipal

law and local rules,and guided by the demands of

transnational trade.

十八世纪的法学家威廉?布莱克斯通,奠定了后中世纪商业习惯法的

基础，他认为这部法律是能够普遍适用的，独立于国内法和地方统治

者的,并能够指导跨国贸易的需求。

tone’s view of the L aw Merchant arguably was

inspired as much by how he thought it ought to function as how

it operated in fact.

布莱克斯通的商法观可以说来源于他对商法应该具备怎样的功能

以及商法实际上的运作情况的想象。

portrayal of it as autonomous from municipal law

reflects his concern that it should not be subject to municipal

demands that might otherwi stratify and destabilize it.

他对商法是独立于国内法的这一描述反应了他的关注即商法不应

服从地方自治的需求,否则可能会导致分层并动摇商法。

depiction of it as a uniform body of transnational law

bad on merchant practice reprents it as a stable regulatory

system suited to England's position as a maritime power.

他对商法的描述是:作为建立在商业惯例上跨国法律的统一体的一

部分,代表了它作为一个牢固的监管系统,它是适合于英国这个海洋大国

的。

er the proposition that Law Merchant courts provide

merchants with prompt, expeditious, and expert justice.

考虑商事法庭为商人们提供讯捷的、快速的和熟练的司法判决的

这个提议。

7. A hypothesis favoring both the procedural and substantive

autonomy of the Law Merchant is that judges who have an

understanding of merchant practice are best equipped to

understand disputes between other merchants and to tailor their

decisions to accord with reasonable merchant expectations.

商法的程序过程和实体自治支撑着一种假设理论。即,熟知商业习

惯的法官能够很好地理解商人们之间的争议,并能够确保他的裁判符合

商人的商业预期。

further hypothesis is that, in combining mercantile and

adjudicative experience, they deliver informed and orderly

remedies befitting the needs of the merchant parties. Illustrating

such remedies are tho delivered by Piepoudre Courts, in which

the mayor of the town, the bailiff of a borough, or a steward

presided at the market fair.

进一步的假设是:他们结合商业的和裁判的经验,提供符合商家各方

的需求的正规的和有序的补救方法。说明这种补救方法是由

Piepoudre法院提供,其中市场的公平由市长、区执行官员

或者集市的公会来主持。

9. A challenge to the hypothes is that Law Merchant

judges were not invariably merchants themlves, but included

local officials, clerics, and influential members of local

communities, who primary asts were reverence,

respectability, or holding an office within a local authority. 这些假

设面临着一个挑战,即商事法官并不总是商人本身,而且还包括地方官员,

神职人员,以及当地社区受到敬畏,尊敬,或控制一个政府官员的地方权威

具有影响力的成员。

10.A further challenge is that the law in Law Merchant was

not autonomous from other bodies

of law. Concepts like ex aequo et bono were espoud in

Roman and canon law well before the Law Merchant, and they

were propagated by merchant and non merchant courts alike.

怼独立的商法的另一项挑战是,商法的“法”并不是自发地来自于

其他部门法。像公平合理原则这一概念，在商人法之前就在罗马法和

教会法中得到信奉，并且通过商业的和非商业的法庭传播。

r challenge to the independence of Law Merchant

justice was the interplay between local and itinerant influences

on deliberations before merchant courts. Rulings of merchant

courts also varied from win–lo determinations to facilitation

between merchant parties.

对独立的商法的正义的另一项挑战是在商事法庭审议之前局部的

正义和流动的正义间的相互影响。商事法院的判决也是根据简易化的

输赢的决定而在各方之间有差别。

granting licens and exemptions to merchant guilds,

fairs, markets, and towns local authorities sought to maintain

stable relationships between merchants and the local community,

to promote domestic employment and industry, and to prerve

local law from foreign influences.

被授予执照和豁免权的商人公会,展销会,集贸市场及地方当局应试

图保持商人和当地社区之间稳定的合作关系,以促进国内就业和工业,并

保护地方法律不受外国法律的影响。

13. A romantic image of Law Merchant justice is of politically

connected merchants exerting influence through their surrogates

in the courts of kings and through their economic impact over

guilds, fairs, and markets.

商法的浪漫形象,是通过政治关联的商家通过他们在国王法院的代

理人和他们在行业协会,展览会和市场经济的影响力来施加影响。

nt judges employ informal proceedings to

respond to the immediate demands of merchants, such as by

considering trade usages of merchants who dealt in perishable

goods, and by reacting to fluctuating prices or irregular sources

of supply in volatile markets.

商事法官通过采取非正式程序来满足商人的迫切需求。他们会援

引有关易损货物的商业惯例,也会顾及动荡市场上股东价格和非常规原

料供应因素。

UNIT SIX COMMON EUROPEAN SALES LAW

Section A The substantive scope of the CESL

some respects, the substantive scope of the regime t

out in the CESL reflects the restrictions as to the subject-matter

of the contracts for which it is available, as can be en in tho

of its provisions governing the obligations and remedies of

parties to the particular types of contract in question(Parts IV and

V of the CESL).

在某些方面,欧洲统一销售法中的实体法范围制度的设立反映了对

该合同标的物的限定是可行的,可以从其规定的义务和当事人救济问题

的特定类型的合同体现出来(欧洲统一销售法的第IV和V部分)。

, while the CESL contains rules governing the formation

of a contract(containing rules on

pre-contractual information and on offer and acceptance ), it

does not contain any rule governing the relations between

parties who have not or have not quite concluded a contract:

首先,虽然欧洲统一销售法包含管理合同成立的规则(包含在先合同

信息规则和对要约和承诺规则),它不包含关于双方当事人之间没有缔结

合同关系的任何规则。

particular, the CESL impos a number of duties of pre-

contractual information owed by one contracting party to

another and then provides that a party which has failed to

comply with any duty to provide pre-contractual information is

liable for any loss caud to the other party by such a failure.

特别地,欧洲统一销售法对一些先合同信息即由缔约一方应承担未

能为对方提供售前合同信息而造成其任何损失产生的责任。

l 27 states that ?the matters of a contractual or non-

contractual nature that are not addresd‘in the CESL: …include

legal personality, the invalidity of a contract arising from lack of

capacity, illegality or immorality, the determination of the

language of the contract,matters of non-discrimination,

reprentation, plurality of debtors and creditors, change of

parties including assignment, t-off and merger,property law

including the transfer of ownership, intellectual property law and

the law of torts. Furthermore, the issue of whether concurrent

contractual and non-contractual liability claims can be pursued

together falls outside the scope of the Common European Sales

Law. 详述27条明确指出,在欧洲统一销售法中,以下关于契约性或非契

约性的问题?未明确规定:...包括主体资格问题,由于缺乏相应的法律行为

能力,或者因非法或不道德,或者因缺乏意思表示能力而导致无效合同,关

于非歧视性问题、代表性问题,存在多个债务人和债权人的问题,合同各

方转让、抵销,包括所有权转移的物权法以及知识产权法和侵权法的相

关问题。

will be noticed that the list is explicitly stated as being an

inclusive rather than an exclusive one,and some of its contents

give ri to uncertainty (how can the law of torts be altogether

excluded from the scope of the instrument given the inclusion of

liability for breach of pre-contractual information duties? ) and

substantive difficulty (as in the ca of the exclusion of ?illegality

or immorality).

应当注意到,该列表被明确声明其为一个包容而非排他性的,并且它

的一些内容引起不确定性(为什么侵权法被完全排除在其给予的范围列

入违反先合同义务的信息?)和实质性的困难(如’非法或不道德')的排斥

的情况。

6. Issues within the scope of the Common European Sales

Law but not expressly ttled by it are to be ttled in accordance

with the objectives and the principles underlying it and all its

provisions, without recour to the national law that would be

applicable in the abnce of an agreement to u the Common

European Sales Law or to any other law.

CESL范围内的问题,并非由CESL解决而是按照其目标与基本原则

来解决,它所规定的问题的解决,不诉诸国家法律,这将是一个协议使用

CESL或者任何其他适用法律的缺失。

7. The economic objectives of the CESL rest on the possibility

for a trader to do business cross-border on a single, uniform legal

basis and, therefore, a single t of standard does the

Proposal envisage that this will be achieved at a technical

level,especially given the qualifications on choice of a law under

the Rome I Regulation.

CESL的经济目标为商人跨界做生意,制定单独的,统一的法律依据

提供了可能性,因此,可以设立单套标准条款。

agreement to u the Common European Sales Law

should be a choice exercid within the scope of the respective

national law which is applicable pursuant to the Rome I

Regulation or, in

relation to pre-contractual information duties,pursuant to

the Rome II Regulation, or any other relevant conflict of law rule.

使用CESL的协议应是在各自国家法律的范围内行使的选择,依照

罗马法I规则,或在有关合同前信息的职责,依照罗马II规则,或任何其他

有关法律冲突的规则。

UNIT Eight ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND

THE ESPOO CONVENTION

Section A The obligation to do an EIA

yan law nevertheless required an EIA for a project

of this kind and one was duly carried out by Botnia, the company

which owned the plant, and two further EIAs were also produced

by consultants actingfor the International Finance Corporation

(IFC), which funded the construction work.

然而，乌拉圭法律要求对这类建设项目作一份《环境影响评价》

报告。拥有这家工厂的波特尼亚公司曾按要求做过一份《环境影响评

价》报告。同时，为该建设项目提供资金的国际金融公司聘请的咨询

公司也做了两份《环境影响评价》报告。

2. The obligation to protect and prerve, under Article 41(a)

of the Statute[of the River Uruguay]l, has to be interpreted in

accordance with a practice, which in recent years has gained so

much acceptance amongStates //that it may now be considered

a requirement under general international law to undertake an

environmental impact asssment where there is a risk that the

propod industrial activity may have a significant adver

impact in a transboundary context, in particular, on a shared

resource. (A-2)

依据《乌拉圭河公约》第四十一条第一款的规定: 环境保护的义务

需按照近几年成员国业已达成的共识所形成的惯例来解释。由于评估

的风险对计划中的工业建设活动，尤其是那些跨境环境下共享资源的

项目可能产生实质性的负面影响，所以成员国现在可以按照一般国际

法的规则考虑担《环境影响评价》中要求的义务。

3. Either way, the Court has now confirmed that in

appropriate circumstances an EIA must be carried out prior to the

implementation of a project that is likely to cau significant

transboundary harm.

不管怎样，现在法院坚持认为在特定的环境中必须先期进行《环

境影响评价》报告，然后再开始执行那些可能造成实质性跨国环境危

害的工程项目。

practice of the parties in MOX Plant and Pulp Mills

cas similarly shows that, where activities with a known risk of

potentially significant pollution are involved, the necessity of an

EIA can be presumed, even if the actual risk is a small one.

由于生产活动带来了众所周知的潜在实质危害，即使这种真实危

害微小，但混合氧化物燃烧工厂和纸浆厂的当事各方都证实了《环境

影响评价》报告的必要性推定。

5. The Court's subquent reference to an EIA taking place

before implementation of the project also leaves open the

possibility that in some cas an EIA may occur in veral stages

一for example in schemes which require an "initial environmental

examination' followed by a full EIA only if a likelihood of

significant harm is then identified.

法院判决的后继参考作用产生在项目实际执行之前，这也就为有

些案例的《环境影响评价》分阶段实施留下了更多的可能性。比如，

如果产生实质危害的可能性得以确认，这些策划项目要求除一份完整

的《环境影响评价》报告之后还须附上一份《初期环境检测报告》。