unit 5 答案及翻译

Unit

5 A place in society

Active reading (1)

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people (donation)

2 involving or done with a lot of energy, effort, attention etc (inten)

3 knowing and understanding a lot about a complicated subject (sophisticated)

4 supporting social and political change that aims to make a system fairer (progressive)

5 capable of doing something in a satisfactory or effective way (competent)

6 a new member of a company or an organization, especially someone who has recently joined (recruit)

7 to deliberately make someone feel frightened, especially so that they will do what you want (intimidate)

8 to experience or deal with something, especially a problem (encounter)

5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.

There are two big political parties in the United States: the Republican party, which is traditionally

the more conrvative of the two, and the Democratic party, which is said to be more (1) progressive.

One of the most interesting and (2) inten moments in American political life is the election campaign

which comes before the presidential elections. Both parties need a lot of money to pay for the campaign,

for which they rely on (3) donations made by individuals and organizations. They also need a lot of new

(4) recruits to work on the campaign. The people are usually young, intelligent and hard-working,

(5) competent in their jobs and not easily (6) intimidated, since they are likely to (7) encounter a lot of

problems which have to be resolved quickly. But they also need to be highly (8) sophisticated, to be

5 Is a athlete someone who will be (a) quickly forgotten, or (b) remembered for a long time?

hall-of-fame

6 If the market is people, is there (a) a crowd of people there, or (b) not many people there?

heaving with

7 If you someone, do you want them to (a) come to e you immediately, or (b) go away?

summon

8 If you doing something, do you (a) do it, or (b) not do it?

refrain from

9 If there is a of activity, do a lot of things happen (a) all at once, or (b) over a long period of time?

flurry

Active reading (2)

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 support that you always give to someone or something becau of your feelings of duty and love towards them

(loyalty)

2 to give someone the ability or opportunity to do something (enable)

3 a company that lls the same goods or rvices as another company (competitor)

4 a written legal agreement between two people or business that says what each must do for the other or give to the

other (contract)

5 the control and operation of a business or organization (management)

6 money ud in a way that may earn you more money (investment)

6 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.

A Does your company do a lot of business abroad?

B Yes, it does. We’ve recently signed a number of (1) contracts in the Middle East.

A So you’re making a major (2) investment in that area?

B Yes, we are. We also have a lot of (3) competitors in our line of business, so it won’t be easy.

A Have you ever thought of working for one of them?

B Not really, I’ve got a certain amount of (4) loyalty to my own company. I think that I’ve been treated

rather well by the (5) management. And if things go well, the new project I’m working on should

(6) enable me to get promotion quite quickly.

7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may

need to make other changes.

1 The 2,000 words form the most basic part of the English language. (core)

2 Some British people think belonging to the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests.

(membership)

Some British people think membership of the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests.

3 The process of nding the books may take up to two weeks. (delivery)

The delivery of the books may take up to two weeks.

4 They said they would cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday. (threatened)

They threatened to cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday.

5 Can’t you e the positive side? You always spend time talking about the bad things. (dwell on)

You always dwell on the bad things.

6 Your inner strength will enable you to overcome life’s obstacles. (prevail over)

8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 Does an intermediary try to get two people or groups to (a) agree, or (b) disagree with each other?

2 Is your successor in a job the person who comes (a) after, or (b) before you?

3 If you have been nominated for a job, have you been (a) formally, or (b) only informally appointed?

4 Is a go-between someone who (a) takes messages between two people, or (b) prevents them from

communicating?

5 Is an individualist someone who (a) is, or (b) isn’t dependent on other people?

6 If you can stand on your own feet, can you (a) look after yourlf, or (b) e further than most people?

7 Does parental advice come from (a) the government, or (b) your mother and / or father?

Language in u

word formation: pro- and anti-

1 Look at the ntence from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.

She was pro-abortion, anti-corruption, pro-low carbon emissions and anti-capital punishment, as fine a

progressive liberal as you could find this side of the Atlantic.

1 If she was pro-abortion, was she in favour of or against the possibility of having an abortion?

She was in favour of the possibility of having an abortion.

2 If she was anti-capital punishment, was she in favour of or against the death penalty?

She was against the death penalty.

3 How are the words formed?

The words are formed using the prefixes pro- and anti-.

4 What information do they give about people’s characters?

They indicate a person’s political ideas.

Now form new words to describe someone who is:

(a) against racism

An anti-racist: a person who is against racism, ie against the belief that people of their own race are better

than others, and against the unfair and violent treatment to people from other races.

(b) in favour of devolution

A pro-devolutionist: a person who is in favour of devolution of power, finance, decision-making on education,

health etc to regional or local administrative bodies, rather than keeping such power and control centrally with

the government.

(c) against intervention

An anti-interventionist: a person who is against intervention by the central government in business, education,

health etc, especially for regional or local matters.

(d) against protecting the environment

An anti-environmentalist: a person who is against environmentalism, ie who is against tho who think we

need special action to protect the environment.

(e) in favour of a market economy

A pro-market economist: a person who is in favour of letting market forces have their own process with

not just to … but to …

2 Rewrite the ntences using not just to … but to …

1 I needed to e him for two reasons. I wanted to tell him about the new contract, and I also wanted to check

whether he was still interested in working with us.

I needed to e him not just to tell him about the new contract, but to check whether he was still interested in

working with us.

2 People went to Joanne’s for two reasons. They went becau they were curious to e who their fellow

diners were, but also to be en themlves.

People went to Joanne’s not just to e who their fellow diners were, but to be en themlves.

3 Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro for two reasons. Firstly, it was a personal challenge, and

condly, he wanted to rai money for a children’s charity.

Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro not just to face this personal challenge, but to rai money for a

children’s charity.

4 I agreed to go to Egypt for two reasons. I wanted to e an old friend, and I also needed a break from the

northern winter.

I agreed to go to Egypt not just to e an old friend, but to take a needed break from the northern winter.

5 Florence left home for two reasons. She couldn’t find a job in the area where she lived, and she was beginning to find

family life oppressive.

Florence left home not just to find a job in this area, but to escape from her family life which she found oppressive.

prep. which / whom

+

3 Complete the ntences with an appropriate prep. + which / whom.

1 It’s not always easy to identify the group to which someone belongs.

2 The global community, of which we are all part, is changing very rapidly.

3 The friends with whom I grew up all left home years ago.

4 The standards by which we are judged today em to have little to do with traditional values.

5 The society in which I grew up was rather different in tho days.

6 My parents, to whom I owe so much, came from a very poor background.

unpacking complex ntences

4 Look at the ntences from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.

1 Did Joanne’s have a reputation for good food?

No, in fact, the food was often maligned.

2 How did Josh know it?

He knew it by reputation, ie he had heard or read good comments about it.

3 What was special for its orchestra?

The orchestra had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet.

4 Who were the sort of guests it had a reputation for?

They were famous celebrities, eg politicians, diplomats, movie actors, athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars, Nobel

prize winners etc.

5 Who does refer to?

anyone who was anyone

It refers to anyone who is famous or who has star-quality.

Collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.

1 inten When a feeling or action is inten, it is usually very strong or extreme, or it exists in large

amounts?

(a) If the pain is inten, what do you feel like doing?

You feel like screaming or crying with pain.

(b) What sort of work requires inten concentration?

Difficult or hard work on which you need to focus all your attention.

(c) What kind of weather is inten heat?

Very hot and dry weather.

2 delivery This word usually means carrying goods somewhere and giving them to someone who is waiting

to receive them.

(a) How many of the online bookstores offer free delivery?

A few offer free delivery.

(b) What do you do if you are asked for cash on delivery?

You pay when what you have ordered is delivered.

(c) If a mother has had an easy delivery, what has she just brought into the world?

A baby; she has just given birth in a comfortable manner.

3 core This word usually means the centre of something, or the most important and necessary part of

something.

(a) What do you do with the apple core when you’ve finished eating?

You throw it away becau it is not the part to eat, but it has the most important part for the apple tree –the

pips or apple eds.

(b) How many words do you think should be included in a core vocabulary of English?

A limited number of basic and frequent words.

(c) How devoted are a hard core of fans who stay up all night to greet their heroes?

They are very devoted and loyal.

6 Translate the paragraphs into Chine.

1 Josh shivered as he checked the address on the slip of paper in his hand. He’d never been to Joanne’s, but

knew it by reputation, not becau of its food, which had often been maligned, or its jazz orchestra, which had

a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet, but becau of the stellar quality of its

sophisticated guests: politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars

and Nobel Prize winners – in short, anyone who was anyone in this city of powerbrokers.

乔希打了个冷战，他打开手里的纸条核对了一下地址。之前他没来过乔安妮餐厅，但对于它的鼎鼎大

名却早有耳闻，倒不是因为这里的饭菜有多美味，其实这里的菜品屡遭恶评，也不是因为这里的爵士

管弦乐队有一位知名电影导演客串吹小号，而是因为这里汇集了有头有脸的宾客，可以说是星光璀璨，

他们中有政客、外交家、电影明星、载入名人堂的体育明星、记者、作家、摇滚明星、诺贝尔奖得主

等等——总之，这里的每一位客人都是这座权力之城里的一个人物。

2 The Swedes and the Saudis in this true story have different concepts of the role of personal relationships in

business. For the Swedes, business is done with a company; for the Saudis, with a person whom one has

learned to know and trust. As long as one does not know another person well enough it is convenient to have

prent an intermediary or go-between, someone who knows and is trusted by both parties. At the root of the

difference between the cultures is a fundamental issue in human societies: the role of the individual versus

the role of the group.

在这个真实的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人对人际关系在商业中的作用有着不同的理解。对瑞典人来说，

他们是在和一个公司做生意；但对沙特人来说，他们是在跟一个他们了解并且信任的人做生意。只要

是他们对某个人还了解得不够，让一位双方都认识并信任的中间人或介绍人在场，这样做会比较方便。

这两种文化的差异源于人类社会的一个根本问题：即个人角色与集体角色的问题。

Translation of the passages

Active reading (1)

乔安妮餐厅的晚餐

雪下得很大，虽然每个真正的纽约人都盼着过一个白色的圣诞，可还在第五大道购物的人们却行色匆匆，他们

不但要在最后一刻前挑选到心仪的圣诞礼物，还要避开严寒，回家和还亲人们共度圣诞夜。

乔希·莱斯特拐进了第四十六街。他还没来得及享受圣诞的气氛，因为他仍在工作着，虽说是要在乔安妮餐厅

吃一顿工作餐。乔希是位黑人，三十出头，长得平易近人，穿着时髦得体，却不华贵。他来自弗吉尼亚州北部，父

母都是辛勤工作的人，或许只有回到父母家里才最让他感到幸福。单从他行为举止，别人看不出他拥有一个哈佛法

学院的学位，一段在华盛顿特区跟从国会议员实习的经历，还有纽约一家律师事务所初级合伙人的身份。他才华横

溢，思维敏捷，聪明过人。

这次会面意味着乔希要过了圣诞夜才能回家了。他并没有因此而不高兴。因为他要见的人是康涅狄格州的资深

参议员乔·罗杰斯，此人是全美曝光率最高的名人之一。参议员罗杰斯是民主党人，现在是她的第三个任期，对于

乔希过去也有过被人怀疑的经历，但他没有被吓到。

“我肯定她很快就到。能烦请你带我去她的座位去吗？”乔希说。

“那这边走，先生。”领班把乔希领到餐厅靠里处，指了指一张桌子。

“谢谢，请给我来一杯马丁尼，”乔希说。可那位领班还没等他说完就迫不及待地要回到纽约上层社会那令人

陶醉的纷乱中去，至少在他看来，那里的每一个人都在叫唤着他，希望得到他的注意。

这张桌子离卫生间很近，还紧挨着一扇半开的窗户，好象从五大湖刮来的刺骨寒风正好沿着哈德逊峡谷吹进来，

在这儿结束了它的旅程。

突然间，餐厅安静了片刻，紧接着又响起了一阵热烈的窃窃语声。

“罗杰斯参议员！”领班喊道，“能在乔安妮再次见到您真是太荣幸了！”

“晚上好，阿尔贝托。我要和一位年青人吃饭，他叫莱斯特。”

领班慌得急眨眼，还咽了咽口水。

“好的，参议员，您这边走。” 当罗杰斯参议员穿过拥挤的餐厅时，不断有人回过头来，他们认出了她，并默

默地跟她打招呼。在一个不分阶级的社会里，罗杰斯可以说是离美国的统治阶级最近的人了。阿尔贝托在周围转了

一阵子，然后走过去和一位同事说了几句话。

“很高兴又见到你，乔希”罗杰斯说。“我们先吃点东西，然后我要跟你谈谈一份商业提案的事。”

阿尔贝托回到餐桌旁，深深地弯下腰，那谦卑的样子简直有点可笑。

“参议员，这张桌子太冷了，坐着不舒服，不知道……”

罗杰斯参议员等着他把话说完，她轻声地说道，“请接着说。”

“不知道您愿不愿意换张好点的桌子，到餐厅中间去，这样您就能看到餐厅里的每一个人了。”这样餐厅里的

每一个人都可以看见您啦，他本是想这么说的。“那样您会觉得舒服得多，而且……”

阿尔贝托停了来。罗杰斯参议员看了看四周。

“我同意，这儿不是屋子里最好的座位，但既然你把我的朋友带了这儿，我想我们就呆在这里好了，上我平时

亚，哥俩都是莎士比亚迷。

正当约翰尼森的上司开始怀疑公司花大笔旅费派人去洽谈是否明智时，利雅得那边来了电报，邀请约翰尼森迅

速赶赴利雅得，因为一份价值几百万美元的合同已准备好，等着他来签。一夜之间，沙特人的态度也发生了变化：

那位中间商再也不用出场了，约翰尼森还第一次看见沙特人笑了，他们甚至还相互开起了玩笑。

到现在为止，一切都进行得不错；但故事还没有结束。由于得到了这份大订单，约翰尼森被提拔为另一个部门

的经理，他也因此不用再管沙特那单生意了。另一位国际交流经验丰富的工程师被提名接替他的工作，约翰尼森还

亲自把他介绍给了那两位沙特兄弟。几星期后，从利雅得发来一份电报，两位沙特兄弟威胁说要取消合同，仅仅是

因为一个有关交货条件的细节问题。他们要请约翰尼森去协助解决。约翰尼森到利雅得后才发现，双方的矛盾源于

一个很容易解决的无关紧要的小问题，但沙特人觉得一定要约翰尼森代表公司出面才能搞定。因此，瑞典公司不得

不打破惯例，允许约翰尼森处理沙特那边的生意，虽然他现在的职责是管理另外一个完全不同的领域。

在这个真实发生的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人对人际关系在商业中的作用有不同的理解。对瑞典人来说，他们是

在和一个公司做生意；但对沙特人来说，他们是在和一个他们了解并且信任的人做生意。只要是他们对某个人了解

得还不够，让一位双方都认识并信任的中间人或介绍人在场会比较方便。这两种文化的差异源于人类社会的一个根

本性问题：即个人角色与集体角色的问题。

世界上大多数人都生活在团体利益大于个人利益的社会里, 我把这类社会称作集体主义社会，集体主义这个词在

某些读者看来具有政治意义，但我在使用这个词时不带任何政治色彩。它并不是指国家权力对个人的压制，而是特

指团体的力量。我们生命中的第一个团体向来都是我们出生的那个家庭。但不同社会有着不同的家庭结构。在大多

数集体主义社会里，小孩子成长的“家庭”有许人生活在一起；有父母，有别的孩子，还有比如爷爷、奶奶、叔伯、

姑姑、佣人及其他的家庭成员。这种家庭在文化人类学上被称为扩展型家庭。小孩在成长的过程中就学着把自己看

作是“我们”团体中的一员，这种关系并不是出于个人的选择，而是与生俱来的。“我们”团体不同于社会上众多

隶属“他们”团体里的他者。“我们”团体（或内部团体）是个人认同感的主要来源，是个人应对生活艰辛所能依

赖的唯一的安全保障。所以每个人一生都忠于自己的内部团体，而背叛这个团体是个人所能犯下的最严重的错误。

个人和内部团体之间会逐渐建立起一种相互依存的关系，这种关系既有实用价值，又能给人心理上的依靠。

新的生活。事实上，如果没有移民，欧洲的经济就会停滞不前。移民从事的工作都是欧洲日益老龄化的人口不愿意

干的。有些移民很快就融入了当地文化，学会了当地的语言，积极投身社会活动，并最终获得了公民权。

意大利是发展中国家新的移民目的地；那里四百万的移民大概占了全国总人口的7%。而在整个欧洲，这个

数字接近12%；一些北欧国家，例如德国、法国和英国，接纳大规模移民已经有50 年之久。虽然各国一届接一届的

政府相信能就一定能

都试图控制移民的流入，但收效甚微。简而言之，移民是无法改变的现实，“旧大陆”（欧洲人有时候这样称呼它）

不仅历来都是多元文化的社会，如今也是个多种族、多民族的社区。