国际工程合同管理必识100关键词英文解释

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国际工程合同管理必识100关键词英文解释

activity - In CPM (Critical Path Method) scheduling, a task or item of work required to

complete a project.

activity duration - In CPM (Critical Path Method) scheduling, the estimated time required to

complete an activity.

addendum, addenda (pl.) - Alteration or clarification of the plans or specifications provided to

the bidder by the owner or by the owner's reprentative prior to bid time. An addendum

becomes part of the contract documents when the contract is executed.

advertiment for bids - The published, public notice soliciting bids for construction. Usually,

it is required by law that the advertiment be published in newspapers of general circulation

in the area, when public funds are to be ud for construction.

agent - A person authorized by another person to act on the first person's behalf. An architect

is frequently the owner's agent.

agreement - (1) A meeting of the minds. (2) A promi to perform, between signatories of a

document. (3) In construction, the specific documents tting forth the terms of the contracts

between architect, owner, engineer, construction manager, contractor, and others.

allowance - (1) In bidding, an amount budgeted for an item for which no exact dollar amount

is available. (2) A contingency for unforeen costs. (3) The classification of connected parts

or members according to their tightness or looness.

alternate bid - An amount stated in a bid which can be added or deducted by an owner if the

defined changes are made to the plans or specifications of the ba bid.

arbitration - A method of ttling disputes between parties of a contract by prenting

information to recognized authorities. Parties agree in advance to binding arbitration of

disputes, either as a clau in the contract or at the occurrence of a dispute. This method of

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required performance bond, and labor and material payment bond. C

- bid date The date established by the owner or the architect for receipt of bids.

- bid form - A form, furnished to the bidder, on which to submit his bid.

- bid opening - The opening and tabulation of bids submitted within the prescribed bid time

and in conformity with the prescribed procedures. Bid opening is preferable to bid letting.

bidding documents - The advertiment or invitation to bid, instructions to bidders, the bid

form, other sample bidding and contract forms, and the propod contract documents,

including any addenda issued prior to receipt of bids.

bidding period - The calendar period beginning at the time of issuance of bidding documents

and ending at the prescribed bid time.

bonding company - A firm providing a surety bond for work to be performed by a contractor

payable to the owner in ca of default of the contractor. The bond can be for work

performance or for payment for materials and labor.

building code - The legal minimum requirements established or adopted by a governmental

unit pertaining to the design and construction of buildings.

business agent - An official of a trade union who reprents the union in negotiations and

disputes and checks jobs for compliance with union regulations and union contracts.

change order - A written order to a contractor with the necessary signatures to make it a legal

document and authorizing a change from the original plans, specifications, or other contract

documents, as well as a change in the cost.

changes in the work - Changes to the original design, specifications, or scope of work

requested by the owner. All changes in the work should be documented on change orders.

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clod specifications - Specifications stipulating the u of specific or proprietary products

or process without provision for substitution.

completion date - The date certified by the architect when the work in a building, or a

designated portion thereof, is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the contract

documents, so that the owner can occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the u

for which it is intended.

completion list - The final list of items of work to be completed or corrected by the contractor.

Sometimes called a "punch list".

comprehensive general liability insurance - A broad form of liability insurance covering

claims for bodily injury and property damage which combines under one policy coverage for

all liability exposures (except tho specifically excluded) on a blanket basis and automatically

covers new and unknown hazards that may develop. Comprehensive general liability

insurance automatically includes contractual liability coverage for certain types of contracts.

Products liability, completed operations liability and broader contractual liability coverage are

available on an optional basis. This policy may also be written to include automobile liability.

construction documents - Drawings and specifications tting forth in detail the

requirements for the construction of a project.

contingent agreement - An agreement, generally between an owner and an architect, in

which some portion of the architect's compensation is contingent upon the owner's obtaining

funds for the project (such as by successful referendum, sale of bonds, or curing of other

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date of substantial completion - The date certified by the architect when the work or a

designated portion thereof is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the contract

documents, so that the owner may occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the u

for which it is intended.

early finish - In CPM (Critical Path Method) terms, the first day on which no work is to be

done for an activity, assuming work began on its early start time.

early start - In CPM (Critical Path Method) terms, the first day of a project on which work on

an activity can begin if all preceding activities are completed as early as possible.

employer's liability insurance - Insurance that protects an employer from his employees'

claims for damages resulting from sickness or injury sustained during their cour of work and

bad on negligence of common law rather than on liability under workmen's compensation.

errors and omissions insurance - Professional liability insurance protecting architects or

engineers from claims for damages which may result from alleged professional negligence.

extended coverage insurance - Work-site insurance (included in property insurance)

against loss or damage caud by wind, hail, riot, civil commotion, aircraft, land vehicles,

smoke, and explosion (except steam boiler explosion).

extra work - Any work, desired or performed, but not included in the original contract.

feasibility study - A thorough study of a propod construction project to evaluate its

economic, financial, technical, functional, environmental, and cultural advisability.

final acceptance - The formal acceptance of a contractor's completed construction project by

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general conditions - The portion of the contract documents in which the rights,

responsibilities, and relationships of the involved parties are itemized.

general contract - In a single-contract system, the documented agreement between the

owner and the general contractor for all the construction for the entire job.

general contractor - For an inclusive construction project, the primary contractor who

overes and is responsible for all the work performed on the site, and to whom any

subcontractors on the same job are responsible.

general foreman - The general contractor's on-site reprentative, often referred to as the

"superintendent" on large construction projects. It is the responsibility of the general to

coordinate the work of various trades and to overe all labor performed at the site.

guarantee - A legally enforceable assurance of quality or performance of a product or work,

or of the duration of satisfactory performance. Also called "guaranty" and/or "warranty".

guaranteed maximum cost - The maximum amount above which an owner and contractor

agree that cost for work performed (as calculated on the basis of labor, materials, overhead,

and profit) will not escalate.

guaranty bond - Each of the four following bonds are types of guaranty bonds: (1) bid bond,

(2) labor and material payment bond, (3) performance bond, and (4) surety bond.

hold harmless - A clau of indemnification by which an insurance carrier agrees to assume

his client's contractual obligation and to assume responsibility in certain situations which

otherwi might be the obligation of the other party to the contract.

insurance - A contractual obligation by which one person or entity agrees to cure another

against loss or damage from specified liabilities for premiums paid.

- professional liability - Insurance coverage for the insured professional's legal liability for

claims for damages sustained by others allegedly as a result of negligent acts, errors, or

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contractor or any subcontractor. A labor and material payment bond is sometimes referred to

as a payment bond.

latent defect - A defect in materials or equipment that could not have been discovered under

reasonably careful obrvation. A latent defect is distinguished from a patent defect, which

may be discovered by reasonable obrvation.

latest finish date - In the CPM (Critical Path Method) of scheduling, a completion deadline for

a particular activity. Work performed after this deadline will result in project delay.

latest start date - In the CPM (Critical Path Method) of scheduling, the deadline for starting a

particular activity. A late start will throw off the schedule and delay the project.

letter of intent - A letter signifying an intention to enter into a formal agreement, usually

tting forth the general terms of the agreement.

licend contractor - A person or entity certified by a governmental authority, where required

by law, to engage in construction contracting.

lowest responsive bid - The lowest bid that is responsive to and complies with the

requirements of the bidding documents.

maintenance bond - A contractor's bond in which a surety guarantees to the owner that

defects of workmanship and materials will be rectified for a given period of time. A one-year

bond is commonly included in the performance bond.

maintenance period - The period after completion of a contract during which a contractor is

obligated to repair any defects in workmanship and materials that may become evident.

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notice to bidders - A notice contained in the bidding documents informing prospective

bidders of the opportunity to submit bids on a project and tting forth the procedures for

doing so.

notice to proceed - Written communication issued by the owner to the contractor authorizing

the work to proceed and establishing the date of commencement of the work.

open bidding - A bidding procedure wherein bids or tenders are submitted by and received

from all interested contractors, rather than from a lect list of bidders privately invited to

compete.

partial occupancy - Occupancy by the owner of a portion of a project prior to final

completion.

penal sum - The amount named on a contract or bond as the penalty to be paid by a

signatory thereto in the event that the contractual obligations are not performed.

performance bond - (1) A guarantee that a contractor will perform a job according to the

terms of the contract, or the bond will be forfeited. (2) A bond of the contractor in which a

surety guarantees to the owner that the work will be performed in accordance with the

contract documents. Except where prohibited by statute, the performance bond is frequently

combined with the labor and material payment bond.

principal-in-charge - The architect or engineer in a professional practice firm charged with

the responsibility for the firm's rvices in connection with a given project.

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resident engineer - An engineer employed by the owner to reprent the owner's interests at

the project site during the construction pha. The term is frequently ud on projects in which

a governmental agency is involved.

retention - A percentage, usually 10%, withheld from a periodic payment to a contractor, in

accordance with the owner-contractor agreement, for work completed. The retention is held

until all terms of the contract have been fulfilled.

schedule of values - A statement furnished by the contractor to the architect reflecting the

portions of the contract sum allocated to the various portions of the work and ud as the

basis for reviewing the contractor's applications for payment.

schematic design pha, schematic drawing - The pha of the architect's rvices in

which the architect consults with the owner to ascertain the requirements of the project and

prepares schematic design studies, consisting of drawings and other documents illustrating

the scale and relationship of the project components to the owner. The architect also submits

to the owner a statement of probable construction cost bad on current area, volume, or

other unit costs.

aled bid - A bid, bad on contract documents, that is submitted aled for opening at a

designated time and place.

shop drawings - Drawings, diagrams, schedules, and other data specially prepared for the

work by the contractor or any subcontractor, manufacturer, supplier, or distributor to illustrate

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designated in writing by the contractor to the owner and the architect, for the prevention of

accidents.

surety - A person or entity who promis in writing to make good the debt or default of

another.

surety bond - A legal instrument under which one party agrees to answer to another party for

the debt, default, or failure to perform of a third party.

survey - (1) To do boundary, topographic, and/or utility mapping of the site. (2) To measure

an existing building. (3) To analyze a building for the u of space. (4) To determine the

owner's requirements for a project. (5) To investigate and report on required data for a project.

test pit - An excavation made to examine the subsurface conditions on a potential

construction site. Also, a pit excavated to inspect the condition of existing foundations.

time - Term defined in reference to a construction contract as time limits or periods stated in

the contract. A provision in a construction contract that "time is of the esnce of the contract"

signifies that the parties consider punctual performance within the time limits or periods in the

contract to be a vital part of the performance. Failure to perform on time is a breach for which

the injured party is entitled to damages in the amount of loss sustained.