名师指导：英语阅读理解差怎么办

名师指导：英语阅读理解差怎么办

名师指导：英语阅读理解差怎么办 高考英语

阅读理解题不仅占分高，而且也是很多同学丢分的重灾区。怎样才能

克服英语阅读理解这个弱项呢？新东方网高考频道偏科栏目邀请高考

一线名师从阅读理解常考的几类提醒出发，为大家解答英语阅读理解

攻关方法。

很多学生对英语阅读很头痛，总认为自己有阅读障碍症，说阅读

的文章貌似看懂了，但做题目却做不对；还有些学生说文章很凌乱，

生词多，不知道作者在说什么，一头雾水。这些学生可能其他方面很

优秀，比如说语法很精通，笔头翻译也比较干净等，但阅读成了他们

心中的痛。

我在学生时代也有这样的困惑，即便到了大学，表达很流利，但

阅读仍然是我的弱项。每每上泛读课时，老师发给我的阅读试卷我的

正确率只有75%左右。作了老师之后，因为要帮助学生分析阅读，所

以我在阅读上会花很多时间。一篇文章要看至少三四遍，才敢自信地

走上讲台跟学生娓娓道来文章的主旨、结构、写作目的以及核心细节。

慢慢地，我的阅读障碍消除了，做阅读的速度加快了，对于选择的正

确性有了自信。所以，我觉得，做老师的不必过分苛责学生阅读能力

差，阅读的提高需要时间。学生和老师不同，不可能花那么多时间研

究英语阅读。

不过，今天我还是要作为一个克服障碍的learner在这里，跟大家

交流一点点小的心得和学习方法。

首先，要养成理清文章脉络的习惯。在阅读时，要用比划出每一

段当中的主题句、（一般出现在段首或段尾）核心句（比如转折部分

的句子，过渡句）和出现频率较高的词。这些字句连在一起可能会帮

你对文章的理解有个整体的把握。其次，要注意标点符号如破折号、

冒号的用法，往往他们是对核心概念的界定和解释说明。第三，先看

问题可能会帮助你理解文章，让你了解这篇文章到底要你掌握哪些核

心内容。

1．事实细节题的设问特点

（1）常以 when，where，what，which，who，how

much/many 等词提问。

（2）以是非 true/fal，not true/fal 等词提问。

2．正确选项的特点

正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方法就是同义词

替换或释义，即把文中语言（词汇和结构）改头换面，来表达相同的

意思。

[例] "Poor but honest.” "The derving （ 值得帮助的） poor.”

The words always come to my mind when I think of "the poor.”

But I also think of people who， perhaps through alcohol （酒）

or drugs， have ruined not only their own lives but also the lives

of others in order to give way to their own pleasure. Perhaps

alcoholism and drug addiction （上瘾） really are "dias，”

as many people say， but my own feeling-bad， of cour，

not on any rious study-is that most alcoholics and drug addicts

belong to the "underving poor.” And that is largely why I

don’t give spare change to beggars.

64. What does the author think of beggars who take drugs？

A. They should be given a check-up.

B. They really need money to live.

C. They have no pleasure in life.

D. They are not worth helping.

此题答案是D.命题人在这里用 They are not worth helping 来替

换了文中的 underving poor，表达了相同的意思。

3．干扰选项的特点

（1）无中生有：凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰答题。

[例] Many years ago，when I was fresh out of school and

working in Denver，I was driving to my parents’ home in

Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station（加油站）about

50 miles from Oklahoma City，where I was planning to stop and

visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register（收

款台）I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for

gas. I took off，but had gone only a few miles when black smoke

poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I

should do. A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had

spoken to at the gas station. They said they would take me to my

friend’s. We chatted on the way into the city，and when I got

out of the car，the husband gave me his business card.

62. What happened when the author found smoke coming

out of his car？

A. He had it pulled back to the gas station.

B. The couple nt him a business card.

C. The couple offered to help him.

D. He called his friend for help.

根据文中意思，此题答案是C.选项A、D都是凭空捏造原文不存

在的细节，作为干扰项，虽然有B这一细节，但是这一动作发生的时

间与题干不符，动词nt 用得也不对。

（2）常识干扰：干扰项是一些基本常识和我们对社会、生活等方

面一些问题的一般看法和认识，虽然符合客观现实，但并非文章所提

及的。

[例] Budgets are not complex， but sticking to them can be

tough. When planning your budget be realistic about your

expens. If you know that you drop $18 at a movie， don’t

write $12 in that space simply becau you wish you were

spending less. If you are eyeing a big purcha， such as a $150

skateboard， spend less and save more until you have the total

amount. No matter how attractive it may be， avoid spending

your savings. One day， you will thank yourlf！

58. what should people do when planning a budget？

A. fill in the expens as they really are.

B. avoid spending money on expensive things.

C. t aside a fixed amount of money as savings.

D. list income and expens on two pieces of paper.

根据文中意思，此题答案是A.但是选项B、C都看似符合常识—

—要做好花销预算，尽量避免买太贵的东西；每月固定留出一笔钱存

上。这些选项的说法符合我们的一般认识。如果考生此时粗心，就容

易使得干扰项想入为主，而忽略了要从原文验证，从而导致了错误的

判断。

（3）偷梁换柱：这是细节题干扰项最常见的方法。干扰项利用了

原文的一部分结构和词汇，但在一些位置换掉个别词，造成了语义的

变化。

[例]Cara Lang is 13. She lives in Boston， Massachutts， U.

S. Last Thursday， she didn‘t go to school. She went to work

with her father instead. Every year，on the fourth Thursday in

April， millions of young girls go work. This is Take Our

Daughters to Work Day. The girls are between the ages of 9 and

15. They spend the day at work with an adult， usually a mother，

father， aunt， or uncle. They go to offices， police stations，

laboratories， and other places where their parents or other

family members work. Next year， the day will include sons，

too.

66. According to the passage， Take our Daughters to work

Day is ______.

A. on every Thursday in April

B. a holiday for girls of all ages

C. a day for girls to know about jobs

D. a day for girls to get a job easily

此题答案为C.但考生极容易错选A，原因是考生没有看到该选项

已经把the fourth Thursday in April换成了every Thursday in April.

因此，要特别留意选项各个句子成分是否与原文表述的意义一致，包

括地点、时间、方式、程度、性质等。

4．解题思路

（1）返回原文，每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进

行判断。

首先要找出文中哪一部分与其相关，同时要在文中找出一个词、

一个句子、甚至是一组句子来直接或间接证实自己的选择。切不可用

于文章无关的细节来作为证据。

（2）对于比较直接的细节题，有时不必通篇细看原文，只需采取

“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此

为线索，要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节。

特别提示 ： 细节题中，选项在意思上与原文相同的，才是正确的，

而不一定是与原文一字不差的。主旨题一般包括：基本论点、标题、

主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概

括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度的概括或

总结。

1．主旨题的设问特点

标志：常以“mainly about； mainly discuss； best title”等词

提问。

2．正确选项的特点

正确选项概括归纳的范围大小恰到好处，选项表达的尺度恰当。

3．干扰项的特点

（1）以偏概全：答案只阐述了主旨的一部分，也就是局部信息，

概括不够。

[例] A study of English learning problems was carried out

among a total of 106 foreign students．It shows that most

students considered understanding spoken English to be their

biggest problem on arrival．This was followed by

speaking．Writing incread as a problem as students

discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now

expected to hand in．Reading remained as a significant（显著的）

problem. The information gained helped us in determining where

special attention should be paid in our cour．Although many

students have chon to join the cour with a reasonable

motivation（动机），we considered it important to note what

emed to encourage interest. Nearly all the students have

experienced some kind of grammar-bad English teaching in

their own country. To u the same method would be lf-

defeating becau it might reduce motivation，especially if it has

failed in the past. Therefore a different method may help becau

it is different. Variety of activity was also en as a way of

maintaining（保持）or increasing motivation. Several years ago

we had one timetable that operated throughout，but we soon

found that both thestudents and the teachers lost interest by

about halfway through the ten weeks. This led us to a major re-

think，so finally we brought into line with the expresd

language needs of the students.

65．What is the text mainly about？

A．Foreign students have more problems.

B．There are many ways to improve English.

C．Teaching should meet students’ needs．

D．English learning problems should be studied again．

A属于表达意思完全不对，B、D都只是涉及了一个方面的问题，

以偏概全，C才是作者要表达的意思。

（2）主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过了文章讨论的东西。

（3）断章取义，概括错误：常以次要的事实、细节冒充全文主要

观点。

[例]

The Marches were a happy family. Poverty， hard work， and

even the fact that Father March was away with the Union armies

could not down the spirits of Meg， Jo， Amy， and Marmee，

as the March girls called their mother. The March sisters tried to

be good but had their share of faults. Pretty Meg was often

displead with the schoolchildren she taught； boyish Jo was

easy to become angry； goldenhaired schoolgirl Amy liked to

show up； but Beth， who kept the hou， was loving and

gentle always. The happy days pasd and darkness came when

a telegram arrived for Mrs. March. "Your husband is very ill，” it

said， "come at once.” The girl tried to be brave when their

mother left for the front. They waited and prayed. Little Beth got

scarlet fever （热） when she was taking care of the sick neighbor.

She became very ill but began to recover by the time Marmee

was back. When Father came home from the front and at that

joyful Christmas dinner they were once more all together. Three

years later the March girls had grown into young womanhood.

Meg became Mrs. Brooke， and after a few family troubles got

ud to her new state happily. Jo had found pleasure in her

literary efforts. Amy had grown into a young lady with a talent

for design and an even greater one for society. But Beth had

never fully regained her health，and her family watched her with

love and anxiety. Amy was asked to go and stay in Europe with a

relative of the Marches. Jo went to New York and became

successful in her writing and had the satisfaction of eing her

work published there. But at home the bitterest blow was yet to

fall. Beth had known for some time that she couldnt live much

longer to be with the family and in the spring time she died. News

came from Europe that Amy and Laurie， the grandson of a

wealthy neighbor， had planned to be married soon. Now Jo

became ever more successful in her writing and got married to

Professor Bhaer and soon afterwards founded a school for boys.

And so the little women had grown up and lived happily with

their children， enjoying the harvest of love and goodness that

they had devoted all their lives to.

58. Which of the following would be the best title for the

passage？

A. The march Family B. The March Parents

C. The March Girls D. The March Relatives

本文讲述了March家中4个女儿的成长历程。这是一个有痛苦也

有快乐的一家人，大女儿Meg成了一个教师，Jo对写作感兴趣，Amy

对设计感兴趣，Beth最终带着全家人的祝福离开人世。其中的A项显

然将主题的范围扩大了，将一个家庭包括父母和女儿都涵盖进去了。

而选项B则偏离了主题，要以部分代替整体。对于选项D，文中只提

到一句. . . Amy was asked to go and stay in Europe with a relative

of the Marches’ . . .，那么D项就是与主题没有关系的错误概括，显

然是不对的。

4. 解题思路

（1）寻找主题句，确定文章主题。

文章的主题句常常出现在首段，文中，文尾。因此同学们要多加

注意，对于中心贯穿于全文的，需进行总结

（2）注意首段和各段第一句话，将其含义连接成一个整体。

[例]While parents， particularly mothers， have always been

attached to their infants （婴儿）， societal conditions frequently

made this attachment difficult to maintain （保持）. First of all，

the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that

such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to

prevent the sadness that infant death caud， a number of

societal practices developed which worked against infant death

caud， a number of societal practices developed which worked

against early attachment of motherand child. One of the

premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave

infants unnamed until they had survived into the cond year.

Another practice that discouraged maternal （母亲的）

attachment was tightly wrapping （包裹） infants. Wrapping

effectively prevented the clo physical interactions like stroking

（抚摸） and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers

and fathers affection for their infants. A third practice which had

the same distancing effect was wet nursing. Breast-feeding （母

乳养育） was not popular among the well-to-do in the early

modern times: Infants were often fed by wet nurs hired for the

purpo. In some places， such as nineteenth-century France，

city infants were nt to wet nurs in the country. Often a wet

nur would feed her own child first， leaving little milk for the

city infant——who in many cas， died. In Rouen， the death

rate for children nt to a wet nur was 35 percent.

71. Which is the best title for the passage？

A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times

B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

C. Poor Health rvice and High Infant Death Rate

D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents

第一段：. . . a number of societal practices developed which

worked against early attachment of mother and child.

第二段：. . . One of the pre-modern attachment-

discouraging practices was to. . .

第三段：A third practice which had the same distancing

effect was wet-nursing. . .

通过这样的串联，我们就知道了第71题的答案：应为 B.

Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

（3）注意逆向思维法，即快速作文法。对几个选项可以自己思考

一下——如果是我写这个题目，我会怎么写？

[例] 同上文

73． Which is the best title for the passage？

A. Societal Conditions in Pemodern Times

B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate

D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents

此题正确答案B:几种减弱母亲和孩子之间依恋关系的做法。但如

果我们按照A、C、D项来写文章，则要分别写社会状况、很差的卫生

服务和较高的婴儿死亡率、还有现代与从前的父母的不同等方面，那

就不会出现D篇这样的文章。

特别提示 不管主题句出现在文章的什么位置，我们都要把这类题

作为该篇文章的最后一道题去做，因为做完其他题以后会对文章的主

旨理解有帮助。

这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思 ，通过语篇逻辑关系，

研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题

属于主观性较强的高层阅读理解

题。 1．推理引申

题的设问特点

（1）常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，

mean，describe，purpo等词提问。

（2）提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，

would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most，likely等。

2．正确选项的特点

不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文

章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。另外，正确选项大多

含义深刻，不是常识选项。

3．干扰项的特点

（1）夸大事实：对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸

大处理。

（2）无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行

推理。

（3）掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是基于文章。

（4）推理过头：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。

[例] If you are lost in the mountains， stay calm in the face

of darkness， loneliness， and the unknown. It will greatly

increa your chances of survival（生存）. Many people think

that preparing necessary equipment and knowing how to u it

are very important， but actually eighty percent of mountain

survival is your reaction to fear.

68．What can we infer from the passage？

A．Don’t travel by yourlf. B．Mountain traveling is

dangerous.

C．Don’t get frightened in danger. D．Avoid going to

unfamiliar place.

本篇短文主要向读者介绍了山地旅行遇险时应采取的应对措施，

在文章的第一自然段作者一上来就明确提出：“If you are lost in the

mountain， stay calm in the face of darkness，loneliness， and

the unknown. It will greatly increa your chances of survival.”

（一旦你在山地旅行时遇险，面对黑暗、孤独和周围未知的环境时，

一定要保持冷静，这将大大增加你的生存机会。）在第一段最后作者

还指出“actually eighty percent of mountain survival is your

reaction to fear. . .”（实际上山地遇险时百分之八十的存货几率取决

于你面对恐惧时的发应）。根据以上各个线索，应该推断出C为正确

选项。而A、D看似常识（不要单独出游；尽量少去陌生的地方），其

实则是无中生有捏造出来原文根本没有提到的信息。对于B这个断言

有些推导过度，难道山地旅行就都是危险的吗？其实文章要表达的是

在山地旅行遇险时要保持镇静，而且没有侧重山地旅行是多么危险。

4．解题思路

（1）抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：做此类试题要善于抓住

某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，

利用逆向思维或正面推理。

[例] Most people think of racing when they e greyhounds

（灰狗）and believe they need lots of exerci. They can actually

be quite lazy！ Greyhounds are good at fast races but not long-

distance running. They do need regular exerci but they like to

run for a short burst and then get back on the bed or a

comfortable at. Another misunderstanding is that greyhounds

must be aggressive（好斗的）becau they are big in size. In fact

greyhounds love people and are gentle with children.

Greyhounds can live for 12-14 years but usually only race for

two or three years，and after that they make great pets. They

don’t need a lot of space，don’t make a lot of noi，and

don’t eat a lot for their size. Normally，greyhounds can be as

tall as 90 cm. There is，however，a small-sized greyhound，

which stands only 33 cm. Greyhounds come in a variety of colors.

Grey and yellowish-brown are the most common. Others include

black，white，blue，red and brown or a mix of the.

Greyhounds have smooth body coats，low body fat and are very

healthy. Becau they’re slim（苗条的）they don’t have the leg

problems like other dogs the same height. But they do feel the

cold，especially since they would much rather be at home in bed

than walking around outside.

69. If you keep a pet greyhound，it is important＿.

A. to keep it slim B. to keep it warm

C. to take special care of its leg D. to take it to animal doctors

regularly

文中曾提到：But they do feel the cold， especially since they

would much rather be at home in bed than walking around

outside. 从中可知他们怕冷，因此逆向推理，要注意使他们保暖。

（2）整合全文（段）信息进行推断：做推理题时，有时需要在弄

懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理

判断，确定最佳结论。

特别提示 推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，

这样才能做出合理和正确的推断。

这是一种从阅读材料中挑出单词或短语，并重新解释的题型。这

类词语一般具有以下特点：与文章主旨密切相关；语言文字或语法结

构上有一定难度，不易理解；在特定上下文中有特殊含义。

1．词义/句义猜测题的设问特点

标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其

意思，关键词是：

The word ". . .refers to __________.

2．正确选项的特点

（1）对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它带回原文，则符合逻辑，

使文章通顺易懂；

（2）对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往熟词新义，是根据

上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义，对于这个例子我们可以结合下面

的干扰项的特点一起来讲。

3．干扰项的特点

（1）字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常

规含义。

（2）无关意思：除了字面意思，命题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其

他意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意思带入原文，不符合逻辑的就能够

排除。

[例] Silence is unnatural to man. He begins life with a cry and

ends it in stillness. In between he does all he can to make a noi

in the world， and he fears silence more than anything el. Even

his conversation is an attempt to prevent a fearful silence. If he is

introduced to another person， and a number of paus occur in

the conversation， he regards himlf as a failure， a worthless

person， and is full of envy of the emptiest headed chatterbox

（喋喋不休人）. He knows that ninety-nine percent of human

conversation means no more than the buzzing of a fly， but he

is anxious to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and

not a waxwork figure（蜡塑人像）。

73. By "the buzzing of a fly”（Para.1）， the author means

" ”.

A. the noi of an inct B. a low whispering sound

C. meaningless talks D. the voice of a chatterbox

此段解释了人为什么老爱与他人交谈。这是因为人比其他任何东

西都害怕silence.另外再结合文章的结尾：At the end of an evening

during which they have said nothing meaningful for a long time，

they just prove themlves to be successful conrvationists.判断

出此题正确答案是C.干扰项A列出了字面意思“一种昆虫的嗡嗡声”，

显然不对；B项表示“一种低语的声音”也不符合逻辑（难道说话就得

低语吗？）；而D项表示喋喋不休的人的噪音，所以也不如C项（毫

无意义的交谈）更符合上下文的意思。