英语诗歌的节奏

第二节 英语诗歌的节奏之杨若古兰创作

英诗的节奏来自于诗的格律和音步，而音步是格律的基本

单位.音步是必定数目的重读音节和非重读音节按照必定的规则

排列而成.音步的排列方式则构成英诗的格律.按照每一音步中重

读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分

成分歧的品种，及格律.

罕见的英语诗歌格律有以下四种.

（1）顿挫格：音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构

成.

（2）扬抑格：音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构

成.

（3）扬抑抑格：音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节

构成.

（4）抑顿挫格：音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节

构成.

（1）

顿挫格iambus ,the iambus foot

She walks in BeautyShe walks in beauty, like the night Of

cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright

Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the

less, Had half impair'd the nameless grace Which waves in every raven

tress, Or softly lightens o'er her face; Where thoughts renely sweet

express How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. And on that cheek,

and o'er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win,

the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace

with all below, A heart who love is innocent!

（2）

扬抑格 trochee, the trochaic foot

Men of England, wherefore plough

For the lords who lay yelow

Never ek to tell thy love,

Love that never told can be.

（3）扬抑抑格

Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon behind

themVolley'd and thunder'd;Storm'd at with shot and shell,While

hor and hero fell,They that had fought so wellCame thro' the jaws of

DeathBack from the mouth of Hell,All that was left of them,Left of

six hundred.

(4) 抑顿挫格

Annabel lee

顿挫格一音步

Thus I

Pass by

And die

As one

Unknown

And gone----

Tell me not, in mournful numbers,

Life is but an empty dream!

For the soul is dead that slumbers,

And things are not what they em.

Life is real! Life is earnest!

And the grave is not its goal;

Dust thou art, to dust returnest,

Was not spoken of the soul.

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,

Is our destined end or way;

But to act, that each to-morrow

Find us farther than to-day.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,

And our hearts, though stout and brave,

Still, like muffled drums, are beating

Funeral marches to the grave.

In the world's broad field of battle,

In the bivouac of Life,

Be not like dumb, driven cattle!

Be a hero in the strife!

Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant!

Let the dead Past bury its dead!

Act,--act in the living Prent!

Heart within, and God o'erhead!

Lives of great men all remind us

We can make our lives sublime,

And, departing, leave behind us

Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,

Sailing o'er life's solemn main,

A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,

Seeing, shall take heart again.

Let us, then, be up and doing,

With a heart for any fate;

Still achieving, still pursuing,

Learn to labor and to wait.

----H.W. Longfellow

扬抑格四音步

The trumpet of a prophecy! O wind,

If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

第三节 英诗的音韵_

英诗的音乐性还表示在音韵上.音韵是通过反复使用不异或

附近的音素而发生，是构成诗歌音乐美和艺术情趣的主要元素.

英诗中罕见的音韵方式可以分为两大类：行中韵（internal

rhyme）和尾韵 (end rhyme)

1行中韵是指诗行内通过反复使用不异或附近似的音素而发

生，具体表示为以下几种方式.

（1）

头韵 alliteration

头韵是指一行诗或一个句子中，较为临近的两个或两个以

上的词起首辅音不异而发生的音韵.

Look at the stars! Look, look up at the skies!

O look at all the fire-folk sitting in the air!

The bright boroughs, the circle-citadels there!

—G. M. Hopkins, “The Starlight NIght”

-------------------------------------------------------------------

I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,

Among my skinning swallows.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,

He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast,

暗头韵 internal or hidden alliteration

Here in the long unlovely street

---------------------------------------------------------------------

The Scian and the Teian mu,

The hero’s harp, the lover’s lute,

Have found the fame your shores refu.

头韵与双声

（2）

腹韵 （assonance）

腹韵也称原音迭韵或半谐音.

From the cradle to the grave

Do not go gentle into that good night

Old age should burn and rave at clo of day.

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Though wi men at their end know dark is right,

Becau their words have forked no lightning they

Do not go gentle into that good night.

(3)假韵（consonance）

Dash-fish hand-nd add-read

______________________________________________

At once a voice aro among

The bleak twigs overhead

In a full hearted evensong

Of joy illimited.

(4)倒尾韵（Rever Rhyme）

great-grazed student-studio ll-nd

soul-sold well-weld painting-patience

A boy’s will is the wind’s will

And the thoughts of youth are long long thoughts.

(5)类尾韵（pararhyme）

sit-sat nd-sold great-groat

spit-spat sweet-sweat

Your looks were like the raven,

Your bonie brow was brent.

2 尾韵（end rhyme）

尾韵又称脚韵，是指诗行与诗行之间外行末的压韵.尾韵常分为

“完整韵”（perfect rhyme）和“不完整韵”( imperfect rhyme)两

种.

（1）

完整韵

普通来说，两个或两个以上的词在以下情况下才干被认为是押

完整韵：

1)

2)

重读元音必须不异；

该元音后面的音素（辅音、辅音群，甚至轻读音节）必须完

整不异；

3)

该元音前面的辅音必须是分歧的音素.

eg lie-high stay-play park-lark fate-late first-burst

follow-swallow

heat-deceit rotten-forgotten win-begin sober-October

(2)不完整韵

不完整韵也称半韵（half rhyme）: 两个或两个以上的词的重读元

音不异，但元音前面和后面的辅音却不不异.这类不完整韵在某

种情况下是一种腹韵在诗行末尾的体现，如fern-bird, faze-late,

like-right

假韵

A quietness distilled,

As twilight long begun,

Or Nature, spending with herlf

Sequestered afternoon.

类尾韵-脚韵

Strange Meeting

It emed that out of battle I escapedDown some profound dull tunnel,

long since scoopedThrough granites which titanic wars had

also there encumbered sleepers groaned,Too fast in

thought or death to be , as I probed them, one sprang

up, and staredWith piteous recognition in fixed eyes,Lifting distressful

hands as if to by his smile, I knew that sullen hallBy his dead

smile I knew we stood in Hell.

（3）阳韵（masculine rhyme）与阴韵( feminine rhyme)

从压韵的诗行是以重读音节还是非重读音节结尾，英诗的尾韵

还可以分为阳韵和阴韵两类.

阳韵指互相压韵的诗行都是以重读音节的词或是单音节单词结

尾，如兰斯顿·休斯的《但愿》（Hope）

Sometimes when I am lonely,

Don’t know why,

Keep thinking I won’t be lonely

By and by.

当压韵的诗行是以非重读音节结尾时，即为阴韵，

The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to

outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce emed a vision; I would ne'er have

striven

3. 韵式

（1）连续韵，联韵或流韵，相邻的两行彼此压韵的格式

Tiger

(2)交叉韵，隔行压韵

WITH rue my heart is laden

For golden friends I had,

For many a ro-lipt maiden

And many a lightfoot lad.

By brooks too broad for leaping 5

The lightfoot boys are laid;

The ro-lipt girls are sleeping

In fields where ros fade.

（3）首尾韵

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When You Are Old

by William Butler Yeats

When you are old and grey and full of sleepAnd nodding by

the fire，take down this bookAnd slowly read，and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had

once， and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace，And

loved your beauty with love fal or true，But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you，

And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing

bars，Murmur，a little sadly，how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd

hid his face amid a crowd of stars.当你老了叶芝当你老了，头白了，睡意昏沉壁炉旁打

盹，请取下这本书慢慢读回想你曾有的温顺而深邃的眼神多少人爱你风华正茂时假意，或

者真心但只要一个人爱着你纯洁的灵魂爱你衰老了的脸上痛苦的皱纹跪在熊熊炉火旁哀声

低语诉说爱的逝去而爱已飞越山巅在群星中消失了脸庞这首诗，叶芝写给他平生倾慕而没

有得到的女人，爱尔兰民族自治活动的领导人之一、闻名的女演员茉德·冈.对我来说它的

动人只是那两行“但只要一个人爱着你纯洁的灵魂/爱你衰老了的脸上痛苦的皱纹”.不由又想

起了《情人》的开头，那段被王小波盛赞的译文：我曾经老了.有一天，在一处公共场合的

大厅里，有一个男人向我走来，他自动介绍本人，他对我说：“我认识你，我永久记得你.

那时候，你还很年轻，人人都说你美，此刻，我是特为来告诉你，对我来说，我觉得此刻

你近年轻的时候更美，那时你是年轻女人，与你那时的面貌比拟，我更爱你此刻备受摧残

的面容.”恋爱这类东西，即使它倏忽而至也经常倏忽而去，我们还是会沉迷于把它和某个

悠久的时间维度相连接.是为了证实它真实还是忠诚？风华退去后，沉淀下的才是最形而上

的情感吧？回到理想中，我们却仓促胆怯浮躁.一个姐姐的MSN名字是：“只是颗偶落的种

子，为何非要天天从土里掘出来看着它成长呢？”然而成长太漫长了，过程太漫长了，我们

要的只是结果.瑞士蒙特洛城堡地牢中的灯，它幽眇的光不断让我感动.据说拜伦曾被囚禁

于此.绑缚外行刑柱上的诗人，曾抬头仰视过它.

——————————这一路上的黑暗那么长微弱的光怎样把你照亮