中国特色文化词汇及段落英译

常用的中国文化特色英译词汇

阳历：solar calendar

阴历：lunar calendar

闰年：leap year

十二生肖：zodiac

春节：the Spring Festival

元宵节：the Lantern Festival

清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day

端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival

中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day

重阳节：the Double-ninth Day

七夕节：the Double-venth Day

春联：spring couplets

春运：the Spring Festival travel

把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：

风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen

turn the Chine character forluck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sou

nds like arrival) and put it on your door to bringin good fortune for the new y

ear

庙会：temple fair

爆竹：firecracker

年画：(traditional) New Year pictures

压岁钱：New Year gift-money

舞龙：dragon dance

舞狮：lion dance

元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings

花灯：festival lantern

灯谜：lantern riddle

食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一

年更加甜蜜。

Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially import

ant for LunarNew Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year.

传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。

Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight tr

easure rice),jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and eds.

四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle

亭/阁：pavilion/attic

刺绣：Embroidery

剪纸：Paper Cutting

书法：Calligraphy

针灸：Acupuncture

象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters

偏旁：radical

战国：Warring States

人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow

铁饭碗：Iron Bowl

黄土高原：Loess Plateau

红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals

儒家文化：Confucian Culture

孟子：Mencius

火锅：Hot Pot

《诗经》：the Book of Songs

《史记》：Historical Records/ Records of the Grand Historian

《西游记》：The Journey to the West

唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored Pottery

火药：gunpowder

印/玺：Seal/Stamp

京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera

秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera

相声：Cross-talk/ Comic Dialogue

电视小品：TV Sketches/TV Skit

太极拳：Tai Chi

天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing

故宫博物馆：The Palace Muum

敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves

小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand

春卷：Spring Roll(s)

莲藕：Lotus Root

北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck

门当户对：Perfect Match/ Exact Match

《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh

文房四宝(笔墨纸砚)：”The Four Treasure of the Study”/

“Brush, Ink-stick, Paper, andInk-stone”

兵马俑：Cotta Warriour/ Terracotta Army

风水 Fengshui; geomantic omen

阳历 Solar calendar

阴历 Lunar calendar

闰年 leap year

十二生肖zodiac

春节 the Spring Festival

元宵节 the Lantern Festival

清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day

端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival

中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day

重阳节 the Double-ninth Day

七夕节 the Double-venth Day

春联 spring couplets

庙会 temple fair

爆竹 firecracker

年画(traditional) New Year pictures

压岁钱 New Year gift-money

舞龙dragon dance

元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings

花灯 festival lantern

灯谜 lantern riddle

舞狮 lion dance

踩高跷 stilt walking

赛龙舟 dragon boat race

胡同hutong

山东菜 Shandong cuisine

川菜 Sichuan cuisine

粤菜 Canton cuisine

扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine

月饼 moon cake

年糕 rice cake

油条 deep-fried dough sticks

豆浆 soybean milk

馒头 steamed buns

花卷 steamed twisted rolls

包子 steamed stuffed buns

北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck

拉面 hand-stretched noodles

馄饨 wonton (dumplings in soup)

豆腐 tofu? bean curd

麻花 fried dough twist

烧饼 clay oven rolls

皮蛋 100-year egg; century egg

蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg

糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks

火锅hot pot

长城 the Great Wall of China

烽火台 beacon tower

秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang

兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Hors

大雁塔 Big Wild Goo Pagoda

丝绸之路the Silk Road

敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes

华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs

五台山"Wutai Mountain

九华山 Jiuhua Mountain

蛾眉山Mount Emei

泰山 Mount Tai

黄山 Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain

故宫 the Imperial Palace

天坛 the Temple of Heaven

午门 Meridian Gate

大运河 Grand Canal

护城河the Moat

回音壁Echo Wall

居庸关 Juyongguan Pass

九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall

黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi

十三陵 the Ming Tombs

苏州园林 Suzhou gardens

西湖 West Lake

九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley

日月潭 Sun Moon Lake

布达拉宫Potala Palace

鼓楼 drum tower

四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex

孔庙 Confucius Temple

乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha

十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha

喇嘛Lama

转世灵重 reincarnated soul boy 中药 traditional Chine medicine

《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi，s Canon of Traditional Chine Medicine

《神农本草经》Shennong，s Herbal Classic

《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica

针灸 acupuncture

推拿 medical massage

切脉 feeling the pul

五禽戏 five-animal exercis

旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age

新石器时代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age

母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society

封建的feudal

朝代 dynasty

秦朝 Qin Dynasty

汉朝 Han Dynasty

唐朝 Tang Dynasty

宋朝 Song Dynasty

元朝 Yuan Dynasty

明朝 Ming Dynasty

清朝 Qing Dynasty

秦士台皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin

皇太后 Empress Dowager

汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty

成吉思汗Genghis Khan

春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period

文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng

慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi

皇帝，君主 emperor; monarch

诸侯vassal

皇妃 imperial concubine

丞相，宰相 prime minister

太监 court eunuch

少数民族 ethnic minority

祭祀 offer sacrifices

西域 the Western Regions

战国 the Warring States

中华文明 Chine civilization

文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization

秦始皇统一中国 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang

鸦片战争the Opium War

太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898

辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution

新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution

五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919

南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising

918 事变 September 18th Incident

长征 the Long March

西安事变 Xi"an Incident

南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre

抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan

毛泽东 Mao T-tong

孙中山 Sun Yat-n

蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek

国民党 Kuomingtang

中华人民共和国 the People's Republic of China (PRC)

满族 Manchu

蒙古人Mongol

士大夫 scholar-officials

学者 scholar

诗人 poet

政治家statesman

社会地位social status

中国社会词汇

多元文化论 cultural pluralism

文化适应 acculturation

社会保障 social curity

班车 shuttle bus

相定迁户 a relocated unit or houhold

大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age

独生子女 the only child in a family

单亲 single parent

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

家政服务 houhold management rvice

民工 migrant laborers

名人 celebrity

农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor/laborers

青春期 puberty

全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign

全国人口普查 nationwide census

社会保险 social insurance

暂住证 temporary residence permit/card

青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency

性骚扰 xual harassment

走私 smuggling

*性另歧视 gender/xual discrimination

年龄歧视 age discrimination

工作歧视 job discrimination

享乐主义hedonism

文盲 illiteracy

贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor

盗版 pirated/illegal copies

一国两制 One Country, Two Systems

三个代表 the Three Reprents Theory

两会（人大、政协）Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC)

南南合作 South-South Cooperation

南北对话 North-South Dialog

人大常委会 People's Congress Standing Committee

法制观念 awareness of law

法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system

改革开放 reform and opening-up

公务员 civil rvants

官僚主义作风 the bureaucratic style of work

和谐并存 harmonious coexistence

计划生育 family planning

计划生育基本国策 the basic state policy of family planning

4青才申文明建设 the construction of spiritual civilization

居委会 neighborhood committee

科教兴国 national rejuvenation through science and education

可持续发展 sustainable development

廉洁高效 honesty and high efficiency

两岸关系 cross-straits relations

两岸谈判 cross-straits negotiations

领 土完整 territorial integrity

民族精神 national spirit

普选制 general election system

求同存异 ek common ground while shelving differences

人大代表NPC member

物质文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization

小康社会 a well-off society

小康水平 a well-off standard

一个中国原则 the one-China principle

与时俱进 keep pace with the times

综合国力 overall national strength

共同愿望common desire

"走出去"（战略）going global

不结盟 non-alignment

单边主义 unilateralism

多边政策 multilateralism

多极世界 multipolar world

人 口 老龄化 aging of population

人口出生率birth rate

社区月服务 community rvice

道德法庭 court of ethics

盗用公款embezzlement

成人夜校 night school for adults

在职进修班 on-job training cours

政治思想教育 political and ideological education

毕业生分酉己 graduate placement; assignment of graduate

充电 update one's knowledge

初等教育 elementary education

大学城 college town

大学社区 college community

高等教育 higher education

高等教育"211 工程" the "211 Project" for higher education

高等学府 institution of higher education

综合性大学 comprehensive university

文科院校 colleges of (liberal) arts

理工科大学 college / university of science and engineering

师范学院 teachers' college; normal college

高分低能 high scores and low abilities

高考(university/college) entrance examination

高校扩招 the college expansion plan

教育界 education circle

教育投入 input in education

九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education

课外活动 extracurricular activities

必修课 required/compulsory cour

选修课 elective/optional cour

基础课 basic cours

专业课 specialized cours

课程表 school schedule

教学大纲 teaching program; syllabus

学习年限 period of schooling

学历 record of formal schooling

学分 credit

启发式教学 heuristic teaching

人才交流 talent exchange

人才战 competition for talented people

商务英语证书 Business English Certificate (BEC)

适龄儿重入学率 enrollment rate for children of school age

升学率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate

硕博连读 a continuous academic project that involves postgraduate and doctoral study

素质教育 quality-oriented education

填鸭式教学 cramming method of teaching

希望工程Project Hope

走读生 extern; non-resident student

住宿生boarder

研究生 graduate student; post-graduate (student)

应届毕业生 graduating student; current year's graduate

校园数字化 campus digitalization

校园文化 campus culture

学汉语热 enthusiasm in learning Chine

学历教育 education with record of formal schooling

学龄儿重school-ager

学前教育 preschool education

学生减负 alleviate the burden on students

应试教育 exam-oriented education

职业道德 work ethics; professional ethics

记者招待会press conference

国家教委 State Education Commission

国家统计局 State Statistical Bureau

考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

职业培训job training

职业文盲 functional illiterate

智力引进 recruit/introduce (foreign) talents

智商 intelligence quotient (IQ)

助学行动 activity to assist the impoverished students

网络世界cyber world

网络文化cyber culture

网络犯罪cyber crime

网上购物 online shopping

高产优质 high yield and high quality

高科技园 high-tech park

工业园区 industrial park

火炬计划 Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology)

信息港info port

信息革命 information revolution

电子货币e-currency

人工智能 artificial intelligence (AI)

生物技术 bio-technology

克隆 cloning

基因工程 genetic engineering

转基因食品 genetically modified food (GM food)

试管婴儿 test-tube baby

基因哭变 genetic mutation

网络出版e-publishing

三维电影 three-dimensional movie

光谷 optical valley

虚拟银行virtual bank

信息化 informationization

信息高速公路 information superhighway

新兴学科 new branch of science; emerging discipline

纳米 nanometer

个人数字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)

生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture

技术密集产品 technology-intensive product

数码科技 digital technology

同步卫星 geostationary satellite

神舟五号载人飞船 manned spacecraft Shenzhou V

风云二号气象卫星 Fengyun II meteorological satellite

登月舱 lunar module

多任务小卫星 small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)

多媒体短信服务 Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS)

电子商务 e-business; e-commerce

电子管理e-management

办公自动化 Office Automation (OA)

信息高地 information highland

信息检索 information retrieval

电话会议 teleconference

无土栽培 soilless cultivation

超级杂交水稻super-hybrid rice

科技发展 scientific and technological advancement

重点项目key project

国家重点工程 national key projects

南水北调 South-to-North water diversion

西电东送 West-East electricity transmission project

西气东输 West-East natural gas transmission project

网络造谣 fabricating online rumors

恶意侵害他人名誉 maliciously harming the reputation of others

停止月服务 closure/shutdown of rvice

公司歇业 closure of business

道路封闭road closure

人为操作差错 man-made operational mistakes

生态系统 ecosystem

森林生态系统forest ecosystem

海洋生态系统marine ecosystem

垄断价格 to monopolize the price

垄断市场 to monopolize/forestall/captive/corner the market

限购私用汽车 to curb the purcha of vehicles for private u

汽车限购 vehicle purcha restrictions

汽车购买配额 vehicle purcha quotas

车牌摇号 a lottery for licen plates

牌照单双号限行 odd-even licen plate system

黑名单制度 a blacklist system

执业医师 practicing physician; licend doctors

二代身份证 2nd-generation ID cards

防伪技术 anti-forgery technology

非法交易 illegal transaction

冒名顶替 identification fraud

洗钱 money laundering

挂失 to report the loss

补办 to re-apply/post-register

户籍 houhold registration

居住证 residence permit

山洪暴发flash floods

水位 water level

低洼地区 low-lying areas

淹没农田 to inundate crops

大桥蜂塌 bridge collap

最严重受灾地区 worst-hit/worst-stricken area

直接经济损失direct economic loss

应急系统 emergency respon system

闯红灯 running red light

遮挡、污损号牌 blocking or defacing licen plates

扣分处罚point penalty

酒驾 drunk driving

终身禁驾 lifetime ban from driving

段落翻译

一、 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等

动物与云雾、雷电等自然天 象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程

同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、 开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

Chine Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.

The ancients in Chi na considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals

including the fish, snake, hor and ox wit h cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural

celestial phenomena. The Chine dragon was formed in accorda nce with the multicultural

fusion process of the Chine nation. To the Chine, the dragon signifies innovatio n and

cohesion.

二、 秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明

亮多彩的表演服装，他们的 表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听

到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂 拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些

城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保 持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in is usually performed in northern

provinces. The dancer s usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is

powerful and rapid. During some festivals s uch as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people

hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the w eather is , they will come to street

and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-nor thern of China

organized the team of Yangko by themlves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangk

o the whole year.

三、 长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有

去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像 到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实

际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直 到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天

我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在 明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you

come to China withou t climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the

Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without v isiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest

not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it beg an as independent walls for different

states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until t he Qin Dynasty.

However, the wall we e today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan P

ass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

四、 Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chine people’s favorite traditional dishes.

According to an ancient Chin e legend, dumplings were first made by the medical

saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involve d in making dumplings: 1) make

dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings

and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and

unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that

claims, “Nothin g could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and

other holidays, or when treating rel atives and friends, Chine people like to follow the

auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chine peopl e who show high reverence for

family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the n ew is an

esntial part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）

擀皮、2） 备馅、 3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不

厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。 中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉

利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更 是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

五、 Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chine medicine (TCM).

In accordance with the “ main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpo of

acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulat e qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin

and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the interna l organs. It features in

traditional Chine medicine that “internal dias are to be treated with external ther apy”.

The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the

patient’s bod y, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate

the channels and relieve pai n. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed

down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays,

acupuncture, along with Chine food, kung fu (otherwi known as Chi ne martial arts),

and traditional Chine medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new n

ational treasures.”

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和

气血，来达到阴阳归 于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针

刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的 温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛

的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界， 与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉

为中国的“新四大国粹”。

六、 Chine Kung Fu Chine kung fu, or Chine martial arts, carries traditional

Chine culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chine sport which applies the art of attack

and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a ries of skill and tricks. The core idea

of Chine king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “ the mean and harmony” and

“cultivating qi” (otherwi known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also in cludes

thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chine kung fu has a long history, with multi-various

cts and ma ny different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and

internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the

univer. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly

involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxi ng (Taijiquan), form and will

boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry,

such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks,

kooks , prongs and so on.

中国功夫即中国武术， 是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目， 承载着丰

富的中国民族传统文化。 其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。

中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多， 讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和

宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太 极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械

功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

七、 Chine characters were initially meant to be simple pictures ud to help people

remember things. After a lon g period of development, it finally became a unique character

system that embodies phonetic sound, image, i dea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing

system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and

tortoi shells, and the are regarded as the original forms of Chine charac ters.

Afterwards, Chine characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions,

official sc ript, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chine characters are usually

round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chine beliefs of an orbicular sky

and a rectangular Earth. The five basic str okes of Chine characters are “---“ (the horizontal

stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling strok e), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and

“乙” (the turning stroke).

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的

独特文字。现存中国 古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又

经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书 等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地

方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、 折。

八、 Chine Chopsticks The Chine way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.

The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks

were named zhu in ancient Chine. They look deceptively simple to u, but posss

multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping,

poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordin ary

people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often ud by people as

a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby

soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the

meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsti cks are highly praid by Westerners as a

hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古

时称为箸，它看似简 单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民

间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不

同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉 筷子是古老的东方文明。

九、 Chine Seal A al can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chine official and

private al of various dynas ties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu,

lea and others. The als ud by the emper ors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao,

etc. According to historical records, als were widely ud durin g the Warring States Period

(475BC-221BC). The making of a al is to engrave fonts, such as al characters and official

script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the al, basically

shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chine al is not only

ud in daily life, but it is al so ud to reprent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is

gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，

而帝王所用的印章古 时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章

的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳 的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，

除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有 的艺术形式之一。

十、 Chine Era The Chine era is the symbol that the Chine calendar us for

recording and naming years. Th e ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin,

ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: ou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu,

hai. After obrving the lunar month, the ancients found that t he moon always wazes and

wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order

of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched

in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chine

era chronology wa s first invented in ancient times and is still in u now. according to the

chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stem s,” 2011 is the year of “the venth of the ten Heavenly

Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches” .

天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、

庚、辛、壬、癸；十 二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观

测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺 12 次大体上 是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是 60 天。古人以十天

干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60 年为一 个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。

按干支纪年法，2011 年便是辛卯年。

十一、 hine Beijing Opera Praid as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine

national quintesnce of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas,

especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19t h Century, Beijing Opera evolved

and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of

performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera

portra ys and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles

in Beijing Opera are s heng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and

chou( clown, male or female).

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是

南方的“徽班”。到了 19 世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，

集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、 打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演

手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女 性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女

性皆有）四大行当。

十二、 Chine Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a

philosopher and thinker wh o lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao

Te Ching who authorship has been attribu ted to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist

classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all

desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and

the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The

w ay that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not

unvarying names. It wa s from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but

the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids

himlf forever of desire can e the cret esnces; H e that has never rid himlf of desire

can e only the outcomes.

道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著

的《道德经》为主要 经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。

名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有 名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”

便是老子的至理名言。

十三、 Chine Idioms Chine idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed

phras and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and

common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larg er than a word, but has the same

grammatical function as a word. Most Chine idioms consist of four charact ers. For example,

ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve onelf), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo),

and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs,

ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part

of the Chine language that a re conci and have great vitality.

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗

成。成语是比词大而 语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，

例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。 成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、

典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富 有生命力的一部分。

十四、 China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, riculture, silk reeling and thickening

are all great inventions of t he ancient Chine. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties

(1600BC-256BC), the Chine people’s silk-wea ving techniques had reached an extremely

high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding

diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and th e

Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.

From then on, C hina’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design

and color, and abundant culture c onnotations. Hitherto, Chine silk has been accepted as a

symbol of Chine culture and the emissary of orie ntal civilization.

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的

生产技术就已发展到 相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起

来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从 此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、 精美的花色和丰富的文

化内涵闻名于世， 成为中国文化的象征。 东方文明的使者。

十五、 The Chine classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chine

architecture. It is a kind of environ ment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains

and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural l andscape. The construction standard of a

Chine classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look in genious and natural.”

When you go sighteing in a Chine classical garden, you should be able to appreciat e its

artistic concept which “makes u of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains

and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chine classical

garden is hailed as one of the o rigins of the world’s garden due to its long history and

abundant connotations.

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑

艺术的珍宝。其建造 原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之

景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界 三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为

世界造园史上的渊源之一。