LSAT考试全真题二SECTION3

LSAT考试全真题二SECTION3

LSAT考试全真题二SECTION3LSAT考试全真题二

SECTION3ction ⅲ

time-35 minutes

26 questions

directions: the questions in this ction are bad on the

reasoning contained in brief statements or passages for some

questions more than one of the choices could conceivably

answer the question. however you are to choo the best

answer that is the respon that most accurately and

completely answers the question. you should not make

assumptions that are answer blacken the corresponding space

on your answer sheet

painted spiders spins webs that are much stickier

than the webs spun by the other species of spiders that share

the same habitat. stickler webs are more efficient at trapping

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incts that fly into them. spiders prey on incts by trapping

them in their webs therefore. if can be concluded that the

painted spider is a more successful predator than its

competitors

which one of the following if true most riously weakens

the argument?

(a) not all of the species of incts living in the painted

spider's habitat are flying incts

(b) butterflies and moths which can shed scales are

especially unlikely to be trapped by spider webs that are not

very sticky

(c) although the painted spider's venom does not kill

incts quickly. it paralyzes them almost instantaneously

(d) stickier webs reflect more light and so are more

visible to incts than are less-sticky webs.

(e) the webs spun by the painted spider are no larger

than the webs spun by the other species of spiders in the same

habitat

e the best efforts of astronomers, no one has yet

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succeeded in exchanging messages with intelligent life on

other planets or in other solar systems. in fact, no one has

even managed to prove that any kind of extraterrestrial life

exists. thus, there is clearly no intelligent life anywhere but on

earth.

the argument's reasoning is flawed becau the

argument

(a) fails to consider that there might be extraterrestrial

forms of intelligence that are not living beings

(b) confus an abnce of evidence for a nypothesis

with the existence of evidence against the hypothesis

(c) interprets a disagreement over a scientitic theory as a

disproof of that theory

(d) makes an inference that relies on the vagueness of the

term "life"

(e) relies on a weak analogy rather than on evidence to

draw a conclusion

questions 3-4

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bart: a mathematical problem that defied solution for

hundreds of years has finally yielded to a supercomputer. the

process by which the supercomputer derived the result is so

complex. however, that no one can fully comprehend it.

conquently, the result is unacceptable.

anne: in scientific rearch if the results of a test can be

replicated in other tests, the results are acceptable even

though the way they were derived might not be fully

understood. therefore, if a mathematical result derived by a

supercomputer can be reproduced by other supercomputers

following the same procedure it is acceptable

3. bart's argument requires which one of the following

assumptions?

(a) the mathematical result in question is unacceptable

becau it was derived with the u of a supercomputer

(b) for the mathematical result in question to be

someone who can fully comprehend the process by which it

was derived.

(c) to be acceptable the mathematical result in question

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must be reproduced on another supercomputer.

(d) making the mathematical result in question less

complex would guarantee its acceptablility.

(e) the supercomputer cannot derive an acceptable

solution to the mathematical problem in question.

exchange between bart and anne most strongly

supports the view that they disagree as to

(a) whether a scientific result that has not been replicated

can properly be accepted

(b) whether the result that a supercomputer derives for a

mathematical problem must be replicated on another

supercomputer before it can be accepted

(c) the criterion to be ud for accepting a mathematical

result derived by a supercomputer

(d) the level of complexity of the process to which bart

refers in his statements

(e) the relative complexity of mathematical preblems as

compared to scientific problems

is commonly held among marketing experts that in a

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nonexpanding market a company's best strategy is to go after

a bigger share of the market and that the best way to do this is

to run comparative advertiments that emphasize

weakness in the products of rivals. in the stagnant market

for food oil, soybean-oil and palm-oil producers did wage a

two-year battle with comparative advertiments about the

deleterious effect on health of each other's products. the

campaigns, however had little effiect on respective market

shares; rather they stopped many people from buying any

edible oils at all.

the statements above most strongly support the

conclusion that comparative advertiments

(a) increa a company's market share in all cas in

which that company's products are clearly superior to the

products of rivals

(b) should not be ud in a market that is expanding or

likely to expand

(c) should under no circumstances be ud as a

retaliatory measure

(d) carry the risk of causing a contraction of the market at

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which they are aimed

(e) yield no long-term gains unless consumers can easily

verify the claims made

unexpectedly heavy rainfalls in the metropolitan

area have filled the rervoirs and streams; water rationing,

therefore, will not be necessary this summer.

which one of the following, if true most undermines the

author's prediction?

(a) water rationing was fmpod in the city in three of the

last five years.

(b) a small part of the city's water supply is obtained from

deep underground water systems that are not reached by

rainwater

(c) the water company's capacity to pump water to

customers has not kept up with the incread demand created

by population growth in the metropolitan area.

(d) the long-range weather forecast predicts

lower-than-average temperatures for this summer.

(e) in most years the city receives less total precipitation

in the summer than if receives in any other ason.

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: in 80 percent of car accidents the driver at fault

was within five miles of home, so people evidently drive less

safely near home than they do on long trips.

judy: but people do 80 percent of their driving within five

miles of is judy's respon related to john's

argument?

(a) it shows that the evidence that john prents by itlf

is not enough to prove his claim.

(b) it restates the evidence that john prents in different

terms.

(c) it gives additional evidence that is needed by john to

support his conclusion.

(d) it calls into question john's assumption that whenever

people drive more than five miles from home they are going

on a long trip.

(e) it suggests that john's conclusion is merely a

restatement of his argument's premi.

able people adapt themlves to the world:

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unreasonable people persist in trying to adapt the world to

themlves. therefore, all progress depends on unreasonable

people.

if all of the statements in the passage above are true

which one of the following statements must also be true?

(a) reasonable people and unreasonable people are

incompatible.

(b) if there are only reasonable people there cannot be

progress.

(c) if there are unreasonable people there will be

progress.

(d) some unreasonable people are unable to bring about

progress.

(e) unreasonable people are more persistent than

reasonable people.

r critic: the theater is in a dismal state.

audiences are and revenue is down. without the audience

and the revenue the talented and creative people who are the

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lifeblood of the theater are abandoning it. no wonder

standards are deteriorating.

producer: it's not true that the theater is in decline.

don't you realize that your comments constitute a

lf-fulfilling prophecy? by publishing the opinions, you

yourlf are discouraging new audiences from emerging and

new talent from joining the theater.

which one of the following is a questionable technique

employed by the produce in responding to the critic?

(a) focusing on the effects of the critie's evaluation rather

than on its content

(b) accusing the critic of relying solely on opinion

unsupported by factual evidence

(c) challenging the motives behind the critle's remarks

rather than the remarks themlves

(d) relying on emphasis rather than on argument

(e) invoking authority in order to intimidate the critic

10. michelangelo's sixteenth-century sistine chapel

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paintings are currently being restored. a goal of the restorers is

to uncover michelangelo's original work, and so additions

made to michelangelo's paintings by later artists are being

removed. however, the restorers have decided to make one

exception: to leave intact additions that were painted by da

volterra.

which one of the following, if true, most helps to

reconcile the restorers' decision with the goal stated in the

passage?

(a) the restorers believe that da volterra stripped away all

previous layers of paint before he painted his own additions to

the sistine chapel.

(b) becau da volterra ud a type of pigment that is

especially nsitive to light, the additions to the sistine chapel

that ad volterra painted have relatively muted colors.

(c) da volterra's additions were painted in a style that was

similar to the style ud by michelangelo.

(d) michelangelo is famous primarily for his sculptures

and only condarily for his paintings, whereas da volterra is

known exclusively for his paintings.

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(e) da volterra's work is considered by certain art

historians to be just as valuable as the work of additions to

michelangelo's work.

11. a controversial program rewards prison inmates who

behave particularly well in prison by giving them the chance to

receive free cosmetic plastic surgery performed by medical

students. the program is obviously morally questionable, both

in its assumptions about what inmates might want and in its

u of the prison population to train future surgeons. putting

the moral issues aside however the surgery clearly has a

powerful rehabilitative effect as is shown by the fact that,

among recipients of the surgery the proportion who are

convicted of new crimes committed after relea is only half

that for the prison population as a whole.

a flaw in the reasoning of the passage is that it

(a) allows moral issues to be a consideration in

prenting evidence about matters of fact

(b) dismiss moral considerations on the grounds that

only matters of fact are relevant

(c) labels the program as "controversial" instead of

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discussing the issues that give ri to controversy

(d) asrts that the rehabilitation of criminals is not a

moral issue

(e) relles on evidence drawn from a sample that there is

reason to belleve is unreprentative

12. the retina scanner a machine that scans the web of

tiny blood vesls in the retina, stores information about the

pattern formed by the blood vesls. this information allows it

to recognize any pattern it has previously scanned. no two

eyes have identical patterns of blood vesls in the retina. a

retina scanner can therefore be ud successfully to determine

for any person whether it has ever scanned a retina of that

person before.

the reasoning in the argument depends upon assuming

that

(a) dias of the human eye do not alter the pattern of

blood vesls in the retina in ways that would make the

pattern unrecognizable to the retina scanner

(b) no person has a different pattern of blood vesls in

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the retina of the left eye than in the retina of the right eye

(c) there are enough retina scanners to store information

about every peroson's reuns

(d) the number of blood vesls in the human retrna is

invariant although the patterns they form differ from person

to person

(e) there is no person who retinas have been anned

by two or more different retina scanners

13. there are just two ways a moon could have been

formed from the planet around which it travels: either part of

the planet's outer shell spun off into orbit around the planet or

el a large object, such as a come or meteoroid struck the

planet so violently that it dislodged a mass of material form

inside the planet earth's moon consists primarily of materlals

different from tho of the earth's outer shell.

if the statements above are true which one of the

following if also true would most help to justify drawing the

conclusion that earth's moon was not formed from a piece of

the earth?

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(a) the moons of some planets in earth's solar system

were not formed primarily from the planets' outer shells.

(b) earth's moon consists primarily of elements that differ

from tho inside the earth.

(c) earth's gravity cannot have trapped a meteoroid and

pulled it into orbit as the moon.

(d) the craters on the surface of earth's moon show that it

has been struck by many thousands of large meteoroids.

(e) comets and large meteoroids normally move at very

high speeds.

14. cafieine can kill or inhibit the growth of the larvae of

veral species of incts. one recent experiment showed that

tobacco hornworm larvae die when they ingest a preparation

that consists in part of finely powdered tea leaves which

contain caffeine. this result is evidence for the hypothesis that

the prence of non-negligible quantities of caffeine in various

parts of many diver species of plants is not accidental but

evolved as a defen for tho plants.

the argument assumes that

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(a) caffeine-producing plants are an important raw

material in the many facture of commercial incticides

(b) caffeine is stored in leaves and other parts of

cafieine-producing plants in concentrations roughly equal to

the caffeine concentration of the preparation fed to the

tobacco hornworm larvae

(c) caffeine-producing plants grow wherver inct larvae

po a major threat to indigenous plants or once pod a

major threat to the ancestors of tho plants

(d) the tobacco plant is among the plant species that

produce caffeine for their own defen

(e) caffeine-producing plants or their ancestors have at

some time been subject to being ted upon by creatures

nsitive to caffeine

15. the only plants in the garden were tulips but they

were tall tulips so the only plants in the garden were tall plants

which one of the following exhibits faulty reasoning most

similar to the faulty reasoning in the argument above?

(a) the only dogs in the show were poodles and they

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were all black poodles. so all the dogs in the show were black.

(b) all the buildings on the block were tall. the only

buildings on the block were office buildings and residential

towers. so all the office buildings on the block were tall

buildings

(c) all the primates in the zoo were gorillas. the only

gorillas in the zoo were small gorillas. thus the only primates in

the zoo were small primates

(d) the only fruit in the kitchen was pears but the pears

were not none of the fruit in the kitchen was ripe

(e) all the grand pianos here are large. all the grand

pianos here are heavy thus everything large is heavy

16. scientific rearch will be properly channeled

whenever tho who decide which rearch to fund give due

weight to the scientific merits of all propod resaearch. but

when government agencies control the funding decisions,

political considerations play a major role in determining which

rearch will be funded, and whenever political considerations

play such a role the inevitable result is that scientific rearch

is not properly channeled.

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which one of the following can be properly inferred from

the statements above?

(a) there is no proper role for political considerations to

play in determining who will decide which scientifie rearch

to fund.

(b) it is inevitable that considerations of scientific merit

will be neglected in decisions regarding the funding of

scientific rearch.

(c) giving political considerations a major role in

determining which scientific rearch to fund is incompatible

with giving proper weight to the scientific merits of propod

rearch.

(d) when scientific rearch is not properly channeled

governments tend to step in and take control of the process of

choosing which rearch to fund

(e) if a government does not control investment in basic

scientific rearch political consideration will inevitably be

neglected in deciding which rearch to fund

17. a new sllencing device for domestic appliances

operates by producing sound waves that cancel out the sound

waves produced by the appliance. the device unlike

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conventional silencers actively eliminates the noi the

appliance makes and for that reason vacuum cleaners

designed to incorporate the new device will operate with

much lower electricity consumption than conventional

vacuum cleaners

which one of the following if true most helps to explain

why the new silencing device will make lower electricity

consumption possible

(a) designers of vacuum cleaner motors typically nave to

compromi the motors' efficiency in order to reduce noi

production

(b) the device runson electricity drawn from the

appliance's main power supply

(c) conventional vacuum clcaners often u spinning

brushes to loon dirt in addition to using suction to remove

dirt

(d) governmental standards for such domestic appliances

as vacuum cleaners allow higher electricity consumption when

vacuum cleaners are quieter

(e) the need to incorporate silencers in conventional

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vacuum cleaners makes them neavier and less mobile than

they might otherwi be

18. becau dinosaurs were reptiles, scientists once

assumed that, like all reptilles alive today, dinosaurs were

cold-blooded. the recent discovery of dinosaur fossils in the

northern arctic however has led a number of rearchers to

conclude that at least some dinosaurs might have been

warm-blooded. the rearchers point out that only

warm-blooded animals could have withstood the frigid

temperatures that are characteristic of arctic winters, whereas

cold-blooded animals would have frozen to death in the

extreme cold

which one of the following if true weakens the

rearchers' argument?

(a) today's reptiles are generally confined to regions of

temperate or even tropical climates

(b) the fossils show the arcuc dinosaurs to have been

substantially smaller than other known species of dinosaurs.

(c) the arctic dinosaur fossils were found alongside fossils

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of plants known for their abiliry to witnstand extremely cold

temperatures.

(d) the number of fossils found together inchcates herds

of dinosaurs so large that they would need to migrate to find a

continual food supply

(e) experts on prehistoric climatic conditions believe that

winter temperatures in the prehistoric northern arctic were not

significantly different from what they are today.

question 19-20

maria: calling any state totalitarian is misleading it

implies total state control of all aspects of life. the real world

contains no political entity exercising literally total control

over even one such aspect. this is becau any system of

control is inefficient, and, therefore, its degree of control is

partial.

james: a one-party state that has tried to exerci control

over most aspects of a society and that has broadly speaking

managed to do so is totalitarian. such a system's practical

inefficiencies do not limit the aptness of the term, which does

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not describe a state's actual degree of control as much as it

describes the nature of a state's ambitions.

19. which one of the following most accurately express

marla's man conclusion?

(a) no state can be called totalitarian without inviting a

mistaken belief

(b) to be totalitarian a state must totally control society

(c) the degree of control exercid by a state is

necessarily partial

(d) no existing state currently has even one aspect of

society under total control

(e) systems of control are inevitably inefficient

20. james responds to maria's argument by

(a) pointing out a logical inconsistency between two

statements she makes in support of her argument

(b) offering an alternative explanation for political

conditions she mentions

(c) rejecting some of the evidence she prents without

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challenging what she infers from it

(d) disputing the conditions under which a key term of

her argument can be appropriately applied

(e) demonstrating that her own premis lead to a

conclusion different from hers

21. the similarity between ichthyosaurs and fish is an

example of convergence, a process by which different class

of organisms adapt to the same environment by

independently developing one or more similar external body

features. i chthyosaurs were marine reptiles and thus do not

belong to the same class of organisms as fish. however,

ichthyosaurs adapted to their marine environment by

converging on external body features similar to tho of fish.

most strikingly, ichthydsaurs, like fish, had fins.

if the statements above are true, which one of the

following is an inference that can be properly drawn on the

basis of them?

(a) the members of a single class of organisms that

inhabit the same environment must be identical in all their

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external body features

(b) the members of a single class of organisms must

exhibit one or more similar external body features that

differentiate that class from all other class of organisms.

(c) it is only as a result of adaptation to similar

environments that one class of organisms develops external

body features similar to tho of another class of organisms.

(d) an organism does not necessarily belong to a class

simply becau the organism has one or more external body

features similar to tho of members of that class

(e) whenever two class of organisms share the same

environment members of one class will differ from members

of the other class in veral external body features.

22. further evidence bearing on jamison's activities must

have come to light. on the basis of previously available

evidence alone, it would have been impossible to prove that

jamison was a party to the fraud, and jamison's active

involvement in the fraud has now been definitively

established.

the pattern of reasoning exhibited in the argument

above most cloly parallels that exhibited in which one of the

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following?

(a) smith must not have purchad his hou within the

last year. he is listed as the owner of that hou on the old list

of property owners and anyone on the old list could not have

purchad his or her property within the last year.

(b) turner must not have taken her usual train to nantes

today. had she done so she could not have been in nates until

this afternoon but she was en having cofiee in nantes at 11

o'clock this morning.

(c) nofris must have lied when she said that she had not a

authorized the investigation. there is no doubt that she did

authorize it and authorizing an investigation is not something

anyone is likely to have forgotten

(d) waugh must have knon that last night's class was

canceled waugh was in she library yesterday and it would have

been impossible for anyone in the library not to have en the

cancellation notices.

(e) laforte must deeply rented being pasd over for

promotion. he maintains otherwi, but only someone who

felt badly treated would have made the kind of remark laforte

made at yesterday's meeting

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23. reporting on a civil war a journalist encountered

evidence that refugees were starving becau the govern,ent

would not permit food shipments to a rebel-held area.

government censors deleted all mention of the government's

role in the starvation from the journalist's report which had

not implicated either nature or the rebels in the starvation. the

journalist concluded that it was ethically permissible to file the

censored report becau the journalist's news agency would

precede it with the notice "cleared by government censors"

which one of the following ethical criteria if valid would

rve to support the yournalist's conclusion whilc placing the

least constraint on the flow of reported information?

(a) it is ethical in general to report known facts but

unethical to do so while omitting other known facts if the

omitted facts would substanually alter an impression of a

person or instiution that would be congruent with the

reported facts.

(b) in a situation of conflict, it is ethical to report known

facts and unethical to fail to report known facts that would

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tend to exonerate party to the conflict

(c) in a situation of censorship, it is unethical make any

report if the government reprented by the censor deletes

from the report material unfavorable to that government

(d) it is ethical in general to report known facts but

unethical to make a report in a situation of censorship if

relevant facts have been deleted by the censor unless the

recipient of the report is warned that censorship existed

(e) although it is ethical in general to report known facts

it is unethical to make a report from which a censor has

deleted relevant facts unless the recipient of the report is

warned that there was censorship and the reported facts do

not by themlves give a misleading impression.

24. a birth is more like to be difficult when the mother is

over the age of 40 than when she is younger. regardless of the

mother's age, a person who birth was difficult is more likely

to be ambidextrous than is a person who birth was not

difficult. since other caus of ambidexterity are not related to

the mother's age, there must be more ambidextrous people

who were born to women over 40 than there are ambidextrous

people who were born to younger women.

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the argument is most vulnerable to which one of the

following criticisms?

(a) it assumes what it ts out to establish

(b) it overlooks the possibility that fewer children are

born to women over 40 than to women under 40

(c) it fails to specify what percentage of people in the

population as a whole are ambldextrous.

(d) it does not state how old a child must be before its

handedness can be determined

(e) it neglects to explain how difficulties during birth can

result in a child's ambioexterity

questions 25-26

the government has no right to tax earnings from labor.

taxation of this kind requires the laborer to devote a certain

percentage of hours worked to earning money for the

government. thus, such taxation forces the laborer to work, in

part, for another's purpo. since involuntary rvitude can be

defined as forced work for another's purpo, just

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as-involuntary rvitude is pernicious, so is taxing earnings

from labor.

25. the argument us which one of the following

argumentative techniques?

(a) deriving a general principle about the rights of

individuals from a judgment concerning the obligations of

governments

(b) inferring what will be time ca merely from a

description of what once was the ca

(c) inferring that since two institutions are similar in one

respect they are similar in another respect

(d) siting the authority of an economic theory in order to

justify a moral principle

(e) presupposing the inevitability of a hierarchical class

system in order to oppo a given economic practice

26. which one of the following is a error of reasoning

committed by the argument?

(a) it ignores a difference in how the idea of forced work

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for another's purpo applies to the two cas.

(b) it does not take into account the fact that labor is

taxed at different rates depending on income.

(c) it mistakenly assumes that all work is taxed

(d) it ignores the fact that the government also taxes

income from investment

(e) it treats definitions as if they were matters of

subjective opinion rather than objective facts about language.

LSAT考试全真题二SECTION3 相关内容:

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