英国概况

1

Chapter1TheLandandHistory

英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东

部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。面积约24.40万平方公里，

人口超过6400万(2013年)。英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。受高纬度因素的影响，有

类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。

公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。公

元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯

堪的纳维亚先后入侵。到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。1215年，

国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。1688年，“光荣革

命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的

国家。19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。到二战前夕，英国统治

了世界约1/4的土地。第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，

失去了霸权地位。随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。

lIntroduction

onandtheFourNations

Thefudeupoffour

nations:England,Scotland,NorthernIreland,catedtothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope,

phically,itisanislandcountry,coveringanareaofabout244,019km2,

andconsistsofGreatBritainandnortheasternpartofIreland,togetherwithmanysmallislandsofBritishIsles.

GreatBritainaccountsforover90%ofthecountry’elargestislandoffthenorthwestern

coastofmainlandEuropewithEngland,disthecondlargestislandofBritish

videdintotwoparts:NorthernIrelandandtheRepublicof

Ireland(anindependentcountry).

Englandisthelargesal

areaofEnglandis130,410km2withapopulationofaround53.9million(Mid-2013estimated),whichcoversmore

than84%,the

capitaloftheUKandEngland,aswellastheatofgovernment,islocatedinitssoutheasternpart.

MapofBritishIsles

2

Scotlandistheced

withthatofEngland,reonly5.3millionpeoplewithanareaof78,789

rgh,itslargestcity,ndisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery,such

asScottishHighlands1andLochNess2,aswellasmanyhistoricalplaces,liketheEdinburghCastles.

alareaofWalesis20,779km2,which

accountsfor1/soamountainouspartofGreatBritain,particularlyinthenorthandcentral

theastregionisthemostbuiltupregionofWales,andthemajorityofitspopulationlivethereand

italcity,Cardiff,isalsointhisregion.

NorthernIrelandliesinthenortheastoftheislandofIreland,covering14,139km2,whichconstitutes1/6ofthe

esmallestpartamongthefournationsoftheUK,aswellasthecondsparlypopulatedpartafter

italisBelfast,ecenter

forgovernment,economic,arts,highereducation,business,onally,itisthe

birthplaceofTitanic,andvotedoneoftheworld’stopdestinations.

e

TheoverallclimateintheUKistemperatemaritime,whichmeansthatitismildwithtemperaturesneither

muchlowerthan0℃inwinternormuchhigher32℃lly,theUKhaswarmsummersandcool

winters,withJulyandAugustasthewarmestmonth,r,duetothe

influenceofGulfStream3,ly,

thetemperatureinsummerisaround20℃，withthehighrarelygoingabove30℃.Theaveragetemperaturein

winterisaround0℃andldomgobelow-10℃eveninthemostnorthernpartofthecountry.

Meanwhile,sinceBritainisanislandcountryandsurroundedbythea,theclimateisconsiderably

hevariableclimatechangingdaytoday,itishardforpeopleto

onally,theuniquegeographicalpositionisalsothereason

ghitdoesnotrain

everyday,itisalwaysadvisableforpeopletobringanumbrellaorwaterproofclothingeveryday.

y

ndingoftheNation

55and54BC,Britainwastwice

r,itwasnotuntil43ADthattheRomanledbyClaudiusI

iveCelticweredriventothe

mountainregionsofScotlandandWales,whichremainedunconqueredbytheRomans.

ancivilizationwasintroduced

mple,Romanstylebathsandtempleswerebuilt,citieslikeLondonand

townswereconstructed,edeclineoftheRomanEmpire,

whentheGermanictroopsattackedRomein410A.D.,theRomanshadtowithdrawinordertoprotecttheirown

nation,whichledtotheendofRomanoccupation.

AftertheleaveoftheRomans,threegroupsofGermanictribescalledtheJutes,theAnglesandtheSaxons

nquereddifferentregionsofBritain:

1ScottishHighlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。人烟

稀少，有多座山脉，包括英国境内最高峰本内维斯山。

2LochNess：尼斯湖，位于苏格兰高原北部的大峡谷中，面积并不大，却很深。平均深度达200米，最深处有300米。该湖

终年不冻，湖北端有河流与北海相通，是英国内陆最大的淡水湖。

3Gulfstream：墨西哥暖流，简称湾流，是大西洋上重要的洋流。世界大洋中最强大的暖流，起源于墨西哥湾，是英国温和气

候的关键。如果没有来墨西哥暖流，大不列颠群岛的气温将下降4至6摄氏度。

3

theJutesttledinthesouthandsoutheastoftheisland,theAnglesintheeast,themiddleandthenorth,andthe

ore,duringthisperiodtheBritainwasdividedintotheSevenKingdomsof

Northumbria,Mercia,Anglia,Wesx,Esxm,SusxandKent.

Inthelate8thcentury,theVikingsfromtheScandinaviancountriesofnorthernEurope,whichisnowDenmark

andNorway,nqueredpartofthecountryand

rtoresisttheVikings,theSaxonkingofWesx,AlfredtheGreat,unifiedtheven

kingdomsandfoughttheminagreatbattle,buthefailedtodrivethemoutthoroughlybecautheVikingsweretoo

omiwasmadethatallowtheeasternpartofEnglandtobesubjecttoDanishlawcalledDanelaw

r,extover130years,theconflictsbetweenthe

Saxootuntil1066thatthis

situationchanged.

In1066,WilliamtheConquer,fromNormandyinthenorthernFrance,crosdtheEnglishChannelwithhis

formidablearmyanddefeatedKingHarold,thelastkingoftheAnglo-Saxons,,

thereby,conqueredBritainandcrownedhimlftheKingofEngland,whichisthebeginningofNormanConquest.

ItisconsideredoneofthemostimportanthistoricaleventsinBritainandmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalismin

England.

Duringthisperiod,federalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished,whichisbadontheownershipof

ingtothesystem,mdistributedthelandstothe

d’slandwasthendividedandgiventothe

ghadthepowertocallon

ontrary,allthelordshadtherightanddutytoattendthe

king’scouncil1andoffertheiradvices.

lineofFeudalismandtheRioftheEnglishBourgeoisie

Inthisperiodoftime,manyhistoricaleventslikewarsandsigningofimportantdocumentsgradually

tishhistoryexperiencedaperiodofthedeclineoffeudalism

andtherioftheBourgeoisclass.

AfterthedeathofWilliamtheConquer,rto

consolidatetheroyalpowerandlimitthepowerofthenobles,HenryII,thegrandsonofWilliam,carriedouta

orachievementsofHenryII’sreformwerehis

1King’scouncil:英国国王枢密院，又称元老院或国王法庭，主要由权贵、教士和重要官员所组成。分别就立法、行政和司法

事务向君主提供意见。

TheAnglo-SaxonKingdomsin650

4

introductionofjurysystemandinstitutionalizationofcommonlaw,whichgreatlyconsolidatedtheBritish

feudalismandenabledthecountrytoenjoyaperiodofcurityandprosperity.

However,inthereignofKingJohn,BritainwasdefeatedbyFranceandlostitsterritoryinnorthernFrancein

rtoavengehimlfonFrance,Johndemandedmorefeudaltaxesandarmyrvice,whichledtogreat

ore,thenoblesforcedJohntosignalongdocumentin1215,whichis

knownastheGreatCharter(orMagnaCarta).TheGreatChartercoveredawidefieldoflawandfeudalrightsbut

themostimportantclauswere:NoextrataxesshouldbeimpodonnobleswithoutthepermissionoftheGreat

Council;nofreemanshouldbearrestedorpenalizedorbanishedinanywayunlessconvictedbyajury;merchants

wouldbeallowedtomoveaboutfreely;inaddition,thenoblesshouldbeentitledtodeclarewaragainsttheKingif

theKingriouslyviolatestheprovisionsoftheGreatCharter.

TheGreatCharterwasofprogressivesignificanceandconsideredasanimportantturningpointofEnglish

chantsandcraftsmenappeared

laysafoundationfortheBritishconstitutional

monarchyandprovidesbasicprinciplesfortheprotectionofcivilrightsintheWesternWorld.

AfterKingJohndied,r,theking’sfailedcampaignsinFrance

(1230and1242),hischoiceoffriendsandadvirs,togetherwiththecostofhisschemetoconquestSicily,Italy,

andhisobediencetothePope,,atthemeetingofParliamentatOxford

in1258thebaronsstatedtheirdissatisfactionwithHenryIII,andtriedtoforcehimtoacceptatofconditions

adicalproposalscalledforregularmeetingsofParliamentthreetimesa

requestedthat12non-noblereprentativeschonfromthecounties

shouldbeinvolvedinthemeetingsaswell.

HenryIIIrefudtoagreetotheprovisionsandawarbrokeoutbetweenhimandtheleaderofthebarons,

SimondeMontfort,ary1265,deMontfortcalledtheGreatCouncil,

whichwasattendedbytheknightsandreprentativesaswellasnoblesandclergymenfromeachcountyandfrom

theearliestforerunnerofthemodernparliament,becauitisforthefirsttime

14thcentury,parliamentdevelopedintoregular

meetingscomprisingthreebodies:Lords,CommonsandMonarch.

Thenariesofwarsfrom1337to1453,calledtheHundredYearsWar,refoughtbetween

EnglandandFranceoverterritory,trade,eginningofthewar,theEnglisharmyachieved

1360BritaincontrolledoveraquarterofFrance.

However,withtheuofgunsandgunpowderinFrance,andtheresistanceoftheFrenchpeasantsunderthe

leadershipofJoanofArc1,imethewarended,they

hadlostalmostalltheterritoriesgainedduringthewar.

nehand,thewarwitnesda

considerableriintheimportanceandfrequencyofparliaments,

positionofbtherhand,themilitary

rervonally,intheearlystageofthe

war,thenoblescuredgreatprofits,butthelong-lastingwarmadethecommonpeopleinBritainsufferedan

increadtaxation,militaryrvice,andhigherinflation,whichledsignificantsocialconflictsbetweenthetwo

factorsledtothedeclineoffeudalisminBritain.

Thriesofdynastic

civilwarsbetweenthetworoyalfamilies,theHouofYorkandtheHouofLancaster,fortheEnglishthrone.

1JoanofArc:圣女贞德，法国民族英雄，在百年英法战争中带领法国农民，在对抗英国的战斗中取得转折性的胜利。后被法

国贵族出卖，死于1431年。

5

Thewarswerenamedbecauofthebadgeofthetwohous:ThewhiteroofYorkandtheredroofLancaster.

alvictorywenttotheHouofLancasterledbyHenryTudor,wholater

succeededthethroneofEnglandasHenryVII,andtherefore,started

fromtwofamilies,however,attheendofthewar,fferedgreatlossof

lifeandproperty,whichledtothedeclineoffeudalnoblesandpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthe

bourgeoisie(资产阶级).

tiontotheModernAge

BeganwiththeEnglishReformation,thisperiodofBritishhistorywitnesdtheendoffeudalismandthe

efast-growingeconomyandnationalcapabilityaswell

uently,thegreatchangesintheBritish

societyaccelerateditstransitiontotheModernAge.

TheEnglishReformationwasariesofeventsin16thcenturybywhichtheChurchofEnglandbrokeaway

fromtheauthorityoftheRomanPopeandtheCatholicChurch.

Thereweremanyfactorscontributedtotheprocess:Thegrowingrentmentamongthepeopletowardsthe

powerofPopeandthechurchbecauoftheburdenoftaxationplacedbytheCatholicChurch,thedeclineof

r,thedirectcauofthereligiousreformationisKingHenryVIII’s

divorcewithhisfirstwife,CatherineofAragon,esatthattimecouldonlybegranted

bythePope,butconsideringthepowerofSpain,thePoperefudHenryVIII’ore,HenryVIII

startedalargescaleofreformationbydeclaringtheChurchofEngland’1534,heissuedthe

ActofSupremacy,whichrecognizedthatthekingwas“theonlysupremeheadoftheChurchofEngland”.

AftertheaccessionofEdwardVIin1547,r,when

Edwarddiedin1553,MaryI,adevoutcatholic,

Protestantswereburnttodeathasheretics,otuntilElizabethI’sreigndid

thebloodyreligiousprocutioncometotheend,andtheChurchofEnglandwasinchargeoftheBritishmonarch

ghshemadeacompromibetweentheCatholicsandtheProtestants,shestilldefendedthefruitof

religiousreformationandconsolidatedtheChurchofEngland.

Inthe17thcentury,theEnglishCivilWar(1642–1651)riesofarmedconflictsand

politicalmachinationsbetweenParliamentarians,alsoknownasthe“Roundheads”,andRoyalists,knownas

“Cavaliers”,heresultoftherising

bourgeoisie,eignofCharlesI,the

rtosupportthewaragainstSpainand

France,CharlesItriedtoraialargeamountofmoney,butencounteredgreatrefusalfromtheparliament.

HenryVIIIElizabethI

HenryVIII

ElizabethI

6

Dissatisfiedwiththeparliament,ore,supportingbythepeasants,the

parliament,whichreprentedthebourgeoisieandnewaristocrats,r,being

afraidtolotheirlandsandprivilegeinthecountry,thelandownersandoldaristocratssupportedKingCharlesin

thefight.

In1649,Cromwell,theleaderof

Parliamentarians,r,Cromwell’s

conrvationinsocial1660,Charles

II,thesonofCharlesI,uently,theshortperiodofCommonwealthinBritishhistory

endedthen.

InthewakeofCharlesII’sdeath,JamesIIascendedthereign,butsincehewasastrictCatholic,soonafterhis

succession,1688therefollowedthe

“bloodlessrevolution”knowninBritishhistoryasthe“GloriousRevolution”.TheParliamentdeclaredWilliamand

hiswifeMary,JamesII’sdaughter,ollowingyear,WilliamandMarysignedtheBill

ofRightspasdbytheParliament,whichguaranteedtheauthorityofParliamentandlimitedthepowerofthe

ore,henthe

constitutionalmonarchywastablishedandbecamethesystemofgovernmentinthecountry.

SincethenBritainhadexpe

middle19thcentury,efirstcountrytostartand

completethisgreatrevolutioninindustry.

Thereare,Britainhadahuge

heGloriousRevolution,ile,

withitxpansionintheworld,itoccupiedalargenumberofcoloniesintheworldandbecamethemostpowerful

oniesprovideditwithenormouswealth,rawmaterialsandalargemarketforitsindustrial

,theenclosuremovement1deprivedthesmalllandownersoftheirpropertyandforcedthem

dlesslaborer,therefore,becamealargenumberoffree

labors,withtherapid

developmentofeconomyandindustry,higherproductivitybecamenecessaryinordertomeetthehigherdemand

repreneursbegantoeknewwaystopromoteproductivity.

Ariesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustry,suchastheSpinningJenny,thewaterframe,the

spinningmuleandthepowerloom,nventionspromotedthe

mechanizationofthetextileindus

example,thedigofcanals,thecompleteofthefirstrailwayandinventionofsteamengineandsteamlocomotivein

iddleofthe19thcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedin

1Enclosuremovement:圈地运动。英国新兴的资产阶级和新贵族通过暴力把农民从土地上赶走，强占农民份地及公有地，剥

夺农民的土地使用权和所有权，限制或取消原有的共同耕地权和畜牧权，把强占的土地圈占起来，变成私有的大牧场、大农

场。大批的农民因此而失去赖以生存的土地，倾家荡产，流离失所。

SpinningJenny

Steamlocomotive

7

Britain.

TheIndustrialRevolutionacceleratedtheprocessofmodernizationandtheeconomicdevelopmentofBritain,

y,theindustrialproductivitywasdramatically

ly,

numerousfreelaborsmovedintocitiesandtowns,manynewcitiessuchasManchester,Leeds,Birminghamand

SheffieldsprangupandbecameBritain’y,italsobroughtwithsomechangesinclass

italistclassreplacedtheoldaristocratsandbecamethemostimportantforceinthecountry.

eandFallofBritishEmpire

TheBritishEmpirestartedfromthereignofQueenElizabethIwithcolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.

BritaindefeatedtheSpanishfleetin1588andHollandinthe17thcentury,whichcontributedtotheestablishmentof

ireacquiredalotof

onieswereturnedintoitssourcesofraw

materialsandimportantmarketsforitsproducts.

BythetimeQueenVictoriastartedtoreignthecountry,ithadoccupiedmanyoverascolonies,suchasthe

coloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,eIndustrial

veofWorldWarIin1914,the

totalareaoftheBritishcolonieshadreached33,500,000km2,thatis,over137timesmorethanitsnativeland,with

evelopedintothelargestcolonialempireinthe

world,whichoccupiednearly1/4oftheworldlandarea,andbecame“acountryonwhichthesunneverts”.

However,thetwoworldwarsintheearlier20thcenturygraduallyweakenedBritain’spowerandledtothe

nlostagreatnumberofpeople,theasupremacyintheworldandwasinto

onally,aftertheWorldWarII,awaveofnationalliberation

1921,26countiesontheislandofIrelandbecame

1931,Australia,NewZealandand

1960s,theindependencemovement

swepttheentireBritishEmpire,includingitscoloniesinAsia,an20Britain’s

uently,theBritishEmpirecompletelyfellapartinthelate1960s.

TheEmpirehadbeenreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthofNations1,whichisanintergovernmental

tapoliticalunion,butaloolyorganizedcommunityofformer

theBritishMonarchis

stillconsideredastheheadofCommonwealth,itsmembershavefullautonomytomanagetheirowninternaland

marygoaloftheCommonwealthistoencourageandpromotethecooperationandmutual

assistanceamongmemberstates.

WatchthevideoclipofTheBritishEmpireandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationoftheBritishEmpire.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

Discusswithyourpartner馄饨的由来 saboutthewaytheBritishEmpirewastablished

1BritishCommonwealth:英联邦。是一个以英国为主导的国家联合体，由54个主权国家（含属地）所组成，成员大多为前大

英帝国的殖民地或附属国。该组织元首为英国女王伊丽莎白二世，同时身兼英联邦王国内的16国的国家元首。

8

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

1)TheUnitedKingdomislocatedtothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope,paratedbythe.

2)isthelargestpartoftheUKandoccupiesmostofthesoutherntwothirdsofGreatBritain.

3)TheoverallclimateintheUKistemperate.

4)SinceBritainisanislandcountryandsurroundedbythea,theclimateisconsiderably

comparedwithothercountries.

5)TherecordedhistoryoftheUKbeginswiththein55BC.

6)DuringtheAnglo-SaxonInvasionperiod,RomanwasintroducedtoBritain.

7)DuringtheNormanConquest,inEnglandwascompletelyestablished,whichisbadonthe

ownershipofland.

8)wasariesofdynasticcivilwarsbetweenthetworoyalfamilies,theHouofYorkandthe

HouofLancaster,fortheEnglishthrone.

9)TheEnglishCivilWarwasariesofarmedconflictsandpoliticalmachinationsbetweenand

.

10)OntheEveofWorldWarIin1914,Britainhasdevelopedintothelargestcolonialempireintheworld,which

occupiednearly1/4oftheworldlandarea,andbecame“”.

onsonthisunit:

1)HowmanypartsistheUnitedKingdommadeupof?Whatarethey?

2)WhataretheimpactsofRomanInvasion?

3)WhatarethecontributionsofElizabethIintheReligiousReformation?

4)WhatarethereasonstotheBritishIndustrialRevolution?

5)WhatarethefactorsthatledtotheendofBritishEmpire?

orexplanation:

1)GreatBritain

2)NormanConquest

3)HundredYearsWar

4)TheEnglishReformation

5)GloriousRevolution

isandcomments:

1)ThesignificanceoftheGreatCharter

2)TheinfluencesofIndustrialRevolutionintheUK

9

Chapter2GovernmentandPolitics

自1688年光荣革命以后，英国便建立了君主立宪制的政治制度。英国的君王是国家元首和理论上的最

高权力者，但事实上，英国政府的实权掌握在议会手中。议会是英国政治的中心舞台，是英国的最高立法

机关。议会为两院制，由上院和下院组成，其中下议院，也叫作平民院，掌握主要和最终立法权。政府从

议会产生，并对其负责，首相是政府的最高领导，由议会下议院中占多数派的政党领导担任。英国的宪法

不是一个独立的文件，而是三种法律的构成：成文法（StatutoryLaw）、习惯法（CommonLaw）、惯例

（Conventions）。同时，英国还是一个两党制的国家，议会下议院多数党成为执政党，除多数党之外的第二

大党自动成为反对党，反对党有可能在下议院中通过不信任投票取代执政党地位。英国的政府体系和政党

制度影响了许多国家尤其是英联邦成员国的政府体系。

TheUtically,theMonarch

istheheadofstatewithsupremepowers,

entsthecontinuityandunityofthecountry.

TheBritishgovernmentalsystemconsistsofthreebranches:Legislature,Executive,ment

isthelegislatureintheUK,whichconsistsoftheKingortheQueenandtwohous,theHouofLordsandthe

ofCommons,alsocalledtheLowerHou,isthecenterofParliamentarypower.

eandtheCabinetarethecenterofBritish

ofLordsfunctionsastheSupremeCourtinthe

hethreebranches,theParliamentisthecenteroftheUK’sgovernmentalsystem.

TheBritishConstitutde

upofthreemainparts:StatutoryLaw,CommonLaw,andConventions.

efpoliticalpartyincludestheConrvative,theLabor,andtheLiberal

Democrats.

stitution

r,thereisnoauthoritativedocument.

TheconstitutionoftheUnitedKingdomisthesumoflawsandprinciplesthatmakesupthebodypolitic(政治团体)

,theBritishConstitutioniscompodofmanyparatelegaldocumentsandusual

,ithasbeendescribedas“uncodified”(Uncodifiedmeansthatthe

UKdoesnothaveasingle,writtenconstitution.)asaspecialfeaturecomparedwithothercountry’

compristhreemainparts:TheStatutoryLaw1,theCommonLaw2,andConventions3.

1StatutoryLaw：成文法。有规定法律条款可依的宪法性法律文件。

2CommonLaw：判例法。英国法院特别是高等法院在司法实践中对某些案例的判决和解释。

3Conventions：习惯法。大多数是在立宪政治发展过程中形成的经法院承认的宪法性法律规则。

Westminster：TheParliamentoftheU羊怎么画简笔画 nitedKingdom

10

TheStatutoryLrstothe

lawspasdbytheParliamentasActs,suchastheGreatCharter(1215)andtheBillofRights(1689).The

rstothepreviouscourtcasof

civilrightsoffreedomandsoon,tionsare

therulesandpractices,whichdonotexistlegallyorwritteninthelaw,butcontainsomeoldpracticescrucialtothe

nationalsystemofBritain.

mentisthesupremelaw-makingbody.

Theactspasdbytheer,the

amendmentstotheConstitutionarealsomadebytheBritishParliamentwithamajorityofsupportinbothHous

ofParliamenttobefollowedbytheRoyalAsnt.

TheBritishConstitutionconcernsboththerelationshipbetweentheindividualandthestate,andthe

functioningofthelegislature,ingtoit,thegovernmentalsystemisdividedinto

threebranches:Thelegislature,theexecutiveandthejudiciary.

ernmentalSystem

TheBritishgovernme,the

ciple,theyarecheckedandbalancedbyone

another:ThelegislativepowerisinchargeofParliament;theexecutivepowerisinthehandofthegovernment;the

r,inpractice,thelegislatureandtheexecutiveintheUK

areintegratedintoaunity,becauthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetmembersoftheexecutivecomefromthe

ore,theconstitutionoftheUKisoftendescribedashaving“aweak

parationofpowers”.

islature

Parliament,thelegislativebodyintheUK,esupreme

ingtotheconstitution,itconsistsof

threeparts:TheMonarch,theHouofLords,andtheHouofCommons.

TheQueenortheKingistheofficialheadofParliament,andplaysaconstitutionalroleinopeningand

dissolvingParliament,approvingBillsbeforetheybecomelaw,andappointthePrimeMinisterafterelection.

However,inreality,theirroleintheParliamentaswellasinthenationisbroadlyceremonialandsymbolicwithout

ortanceoftheMonarch

entsthecontinuityandadaptabilityofthegovernmentalsystemaswellasthe

unityofthecountry.

TheHouofLords,orUpperHou,dependentfrom,and

complementstheworkof,dssharesthetaskofmakingandshapinglaws

dshasthreemainroles:makinglaws,in-depth

considerationofpublicpolicy,andscrutinizingtheworkofthegovernmentthroughregularquestiontimeand

HouofLordscannotpreventlegislationspropodbytheHouofCommons

frombecominglaworintroducefinancialbills,ore,thepowersoftheHou

aresimilartothooftheHouofCommons,eintheParliamentisto

complementtheHouofCommonsratherthancompetewithit.

ThemembersoftheHouarenotelectedbutaremostlyproducedviainheritingthetitleofnobilityorbeing

,itismadeupofhereditarypeers,lifepeers,aswellas

tly,thereareabout760memberswhoareeligibletotakepart

them

11

continuetobeactiveintheirfieldsandhavesuccessfulcareersinbusiness,culture,science,sports,academia,law,

education,ingexperiencesandknowledgetotheirroleofexaminingmattersof

r,duetothereducedpowers,therateofattendanceisquitelow

unlesswhenimportantissuesorlargeproblemsarediscusd.

TheHouofCommons,alsocalledtheLowerHou,consistsof650MembersofParliament(MPs)whoare

electedfrom650constituencies1throughgeneralelectiontoreprentthelocalresidents’interestsandconcerns.

ThetermoftheMPsisfiveyears,tythatholds

themajorityoftheatsintheHouformsthegovernment,anditsleaderbecomesthePrimeMinister

TheHouofCommonsisthecoreofParliament,enjoyingmanypriorityandprivilegesthantheHouof

gheitherhoumayintroducebillstotheParliament,the

HouofCommonhasthesupremacyinlegislativematterswhichisassuredbytheParliamentActsandveral

mple,byacustomthatprevailedevenbeforetheParliamentActs,only

er,thoughtheQueenorKinghas

therighttomakefinaldecisiononwhetherabillbecomeslaw,t

Monarchtorejectaore,

theHouofCommonhastheprimacyovertheHouofLordsandtheMonarchintheprocessofmakinglaws.

Thecondfunrwiththe

HouofLords,theHouofCommonsperformsthisfunctionbyquestioninggovernmentministers,debatingand

ersfromeachgovernmentdepartmentsattendtheHouof

Commonsonaratiobasis(轮流)meMinisteranswers

sintheCommonslookatthecreationandamendmentoflawsaswellas

reoftentakentoewhetheramajorityof

inetheworksofthegovernmentin

detail,theHouestablishesdifferentspecialcommitteestoofferadvicesandproducesreportsontheir

rmore,itcanforceagovernmenttoresignbypassingaMotionofNoConfidence.2

cutive

HerMajesty’sGovernment(HMG),commonlyreferredtoastheBritishGovernment,isthecentral

ernmentismadeupofthePrimeMinister,theCabinetministersandassistantsto

theministers.

ThePrimeMinister,theleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouofCommons,

thePrimeMinister’destheCabinetministersandother

ministers,whoaretheheadsofthemostimportantdepartmentsaswellasafewministerswithoutdepartments.

1Constituency:选区，一般而言，选区边界是按照人口与法规而订定的。现时英国共有650个选区，其中英格兰有533个、

威尔士有40个、苏格兰有59个，而北爱尔兰有18个。

2MotionofNoConfidence：不信任案。议会制国家的议会对政府表示不信任的议案。议会监督政府的一种具体形式。议会如

果通过不信任案，政府必须总辞职，或者依法提请国家元首解散议会，重新改选，由新的议会决定政府的去留。

HouofCommons

HouofLords

12

Therefore,thePrimeMinisterisnotonlytheleaderofParliamentbutalsotheleaderoftheCabinetandtheheadof

er,sincetheMonarch’spowerislimited,thePrimeMinisteristhemostpowerfulleaderin

theUK.

UndertheleadershipofthePrimeMinister,theCabinetistheultimatedecision-makingbodyoftheexecutive.

bersmeetinprivateonceortwiceaweekinthePrime

Minister’sofficialresidence,No.10DowningStreet1,holdingconfidentialdiscussionswithnodisclosureofany

cretsaboutthecountry’inetmembersassumeresponsibilityforallCabinet

decisionsandworksontheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityandindividualresponsibility.

Apartfromtheministers,enon-political

governmentmembersanddomostoftheworkofrunningthedepartmentontheminister’are

involvedwiththeadministrationofgovernmentalpoliciesanddecisions,theyarenotallowedtobecandidatesfor

ffofcivilrvantsineachdepartmentisrelativelystable,which

meansitdoesnotchangewhenthegovernmentchanges.

ary

Accordingtothenatureoflawcas,Britishcourtcanbedividedintotwosystems:theCivilCourtandthe

ilcas,includingmattersrelatedtothefamily,property,contractsandtorts,arehandledby

asaretakenbytheCountryCourt,theHighCourt,theHighCourtofJusticeandthe

alcasaretakenbytheMagistrate’s

Court,theCriminaecriminal

trails,areinopencourt,andin

mostcas,moreriouscasarethetrailstried

beforethejury,whichdecidesguiltyorinnocent.

TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtinallmattersunderEnglishandWelshlaw,NorthernIrelandlawand

deupof12LordofAppealinOrdinary,ornormallycalledtheLawLords,

whoareprofdChancellorinthe

HouofLordsudtobetheheadofJudiciary,buttheConstitutionalReformAct2005transferredthisroletothe

LordSpeakerandLordChiefJusticerespectively.

calParty

Thepoliticalpartntsystem

dependsupontheexistenceoforganizedpoliticalparties,eachofwhichprentsitspoliciestotheelectoratefor

1No.10DowningStreet：唐宁街10号，英国首相官邸和办公室，位于伦敦的威斯敏斯特（Westminster）。其功能和地位上相

当于美国的白宫。

2Layjustice：助理法官，是英国刑事案件的司法审理中一种特殊的法官类型，其主要职能是与陪审团相似。

No.10DowningStreet

13

tiesarenotregisteredorformallyrecognizedinlaw,butinpracticemostcandidatesinelections,

andalmostallwinningcandidates,belongtooneofthemainparties.

TherearethreemainpoliticalpartiesintheUK,whichaltogetheraccountsforover90%ofthewinning

etheConrvativeParty,theLaborParty,

1945,theConrvativePartyanditsprincipalopponent,theLaborParty,havedominatedBritishpoliticallife:

EightgeneralelectionshavebeenwonbytheConrvativePartyandsixbytheLaborParty;thegreatmajorityof

membersoftheHouofCommonshavebelongedtooneofthetwoparties.

rvativeParty

TheConrvativeParty,colloquiallyreferredtoastheToryPartyortheTories,isacenter-rightpoliticalparty.

Itwasfoundedin1834,andwasoneoftwodominantpartiesinthe19thcentury,

changeditsnametotheConrvativeandUnionistPartyin1912aftermergingwiththeLiberalUnionistParty,

althoughthatnameisrding

principlesincludethepromotionofprivatepropertyandenterpri,themaintenanceofastrongmilitary,andthe

ore,itspoliciesarecharacterizedbypragmatism1

andabeliefinindividualism2.

IthasbeenthelargestpartyintheHouofCommonswith307outof650atssince2010,andthecurrent

partyleaderisDavidCameron,whoisalsothePrimeMinisteroftheUKnow.

orParty

nitiallyformedasameansforthetrade

unionmovementtoestablishhe

formation,theLaborPartyquicklyovertooktheLiberalPartyingeneralelectionsduringtheearly1920s,andwon

tobecharacterizedbysocialist3ornationalization,which

meanscommonownershipofproduction,catesgovernmentinterventionandthe

nationalizationofenterprisineconomy,increasingrightsforworkers,r,fromthelate

1980sonwards,theore,recently

theideologyofsocialistisnolongerpossibletodescribeit.

TheLaborPartywaslastinthenationalgovernmentbetween1997and2010underTonyBlairandGordon

Brown,tly,itisthecondlargestpartyintheBritishHouofCommons,with

258outof650atsandformstheOfficialOpposition4undertheleadershipofcurrentleader,EdMiliband.

eralDemocrats

TheLiberalDemocratsisa“middle”tywasformedin1988by

retwomainstrandsofdistinctideology

withintheparty,ncipaldifferencebetweenthetwoisthatthe

economicliberalstendtosupportgreaterchoiceandcompetition,aimtoincreasocialmobilitythroughincreasing

economicfreedom,sthesocial

liberalsaimtoincreaequalityofoutcomethroughstatemeans,andadvocatehigherspendingonthe

hole,thepartycanbecharacterizedbycentrist.

TheLi2010general

1Pragmatism：实用主义，实用主义者只在乎行动是否能给个人或集团带来某种实际的利益和报酬，而不问这种行动是否合乎

客观实际，合乎原则。

2Individualism：个人主义，强调个人的自由和个人的重要性。在政治上认为：自由、平等、人权是个人的政治诉求；民主法

治是对个人的尊重；市场经济是对个人经济追求的承认与规范。

3Socialist：社会主义。是一种经济社会学思想，主张或提倡整个社会作为整体，由社会拥有和控制产品、资本、土地、资产

等，其管理和分配基于公众利益。

4OfficialOpposition：又叫做影子内阁（ShadowCabinet）。通常由下议院中最大的反对党领袖，物色下院中有影响的本党议员，

按内阁形式组建而成。这种制度由英国保守党首创，后为一些英联邦国家所采用。

14

election,undertheleadershipofNickClegg,theLiberalDemocratswon57atswith23%ofthevotebehindthe

ConrvativePartyandtheLaborParty.

on

ThegeneralelectionintheUKisorganizedinthe650constituencies,orelectoralareas,

thepurpoofelection,tal

whoiligibletovotecanstand

asacandidateaslongastheymakeadepositof500pounds,whichislostiftheyfailtoreceive5%ofthevote.

Thisistoavoidpeoplerunningjustforajoke.

Theelectionappliesthesimplemajoritysystem,whichmeansthecandidatewhoreceivesthelargestnumber

ore,inordertowintheelection,eachpartyhasalocal

organizationineachconstituency,whomaintaskistochoothecandidatetoreprentitspartyandhelphimor

er,partyleadersalsoplayaveryimportantroleinthegeneralelection,becauwhenpeople

votetheirlocalMPs,ore,beforethegeneral

election,partyleaderswilllaunchelectoralcampaignstoprenttheirpoliciestopublicandpersuadepeopleto

votecandidatesfromtheirparty,whichmayincludeadvertimentsinnewspapers,radioandTV,television

debating,interviewsandsoon.

Assoonastheresultsofageneralelectionareknown,itisusuallyclearwhichpartywillformthegovernment.

ThepartythatwinsoverhalfoftheconstituenciesholdsamajorityofatsintheHouofCommons,andforms

tyleaderconquentlybecomesthePrimeMinister.

WatchthevideoclipofTheHouofCommonsandfinishthetasksthatf不足与改进 ollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationoftheHouofCommons.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthefunctionoftheHouofCommons.

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

1)TheUnitedKingdomisaandaconstitutionalMonarchy.

2)TheBritishgovernmentalsystemconsistsofthreebranches:,,and

TelevisionDebating

15

.

3)oftheUnitedKingdomisthesumoflawsandprinciplesthatmakeupthebodypoliticof

theUnitedKingdom.

4)Themembersofarenotelectedbutaremostlyproducedviainheritingthetitleofnobilityor

beinggrantedbythetitleofnobilitybytheQueenortheKing.

5)TheGovernmentisledby,whoisleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouofCommons.

6)istheultimatedecision-makingbodyoftheexecutiveheadedbythePrimeMinister.

7)Accordingtothenatureoflawcas,Britishcourtcanbedividedintotwosystems:and

.

8)isthehighestcourtinallmattersunderEnglishandWelshlaw,NorthernIrelandlawand

Scottishcivillawsincethe2009.

9)TheConrvativeParty,colloquiallyreferredtoastheToryPartyortheTories,isapolitical

party.

10)Forthepurpoofelection,thewholecountryisdividedintoofsimilarpopulation.

onsonthisunit:

1)WhatisthecharacteristicofBritishconstitution?

2)WhatistheprincipleofBritishConstitution?

3)HowdoyouunderstandtheroleofBritishMonarchintheparliament?

4)WhatistheBritishgovernmentmadeupof?

5)WhatarethecommonpracticesofcriminaltrialsintheUK?

orexplanation关于惊蛰的诗 :

1)CommonLaw

2)Parliament

3)TheCabinet

4)TheSupremeCourt

5)ConrvativeParty

isandcomments:

1)Theexistenceofthemonarchy

2)Britishelectoralcampaigns

16

Chapter3TheEconomyoftheUK

英国作为世界上曾经拥有最多殖民地的国家，及第一个完成工业革命的国家，一度是世界上最大的生

产国，经济上拥有绝对的主导支配地位。大英帝国的建立更为英国的经济提供了充足的原材料，劳动力及

世界市场，促进了英国经济霸权地位的确立。虽然在第二次世界大战以后，英国经济经历了一连串衰退，

经济发展速度下降，其主导地位也已被许多欧美国家取代，但英国政府在20世纪七八十年代的一系列经济

及社会改革政策，在一定程度上恢复了英国的经济。

目前英国仍然是一个重要的贸易实体、经济强国以及金融中心，也是全球最富裕、经济最发达和生活

水平最高的国家之一。英国的农业高度集中，高度机械化，并且效益非常的高：1%的劳动人口能够满足大

约60%的食品需要。英国拥有大量的煤、天然气和石油储备；主要能源生产大约占总GDP的10%，在工业

国家中是非常高的。第二产业，作为英国经济曾经的支柱产业，其对GDP的贡献正在不断下降，尽管英国

仍是欧洲最大的军火、电脑、电视和手机的制造地，但在经济中的重要性已经被第三产业所取代。服务业

成为英国经济的支柱产业，特别是银行业、金融业、航运业、保险业以及商业服务业占GDP的比重最大，

而且处于世界领导地位，首都伦敦更是世界数一数二的金融和商业中心。

TheUK,aleadingtradingpowerandfinancialcenter,isthethirdlargesteconomyinEuropeafterGermany

andFrance,andthesixthlargesteconomyintheworld,withagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofUS$1.93trillion.

AsthefirstcountrytocompletetheFirstIndustryRevolutionandthelargestcolonycountry,theUKudto

havethelargesteconomyintheworld,anddominatedtheEuropeanandworldeconomyduringthe19thcentury.

However,fromthelate19thcenturyonwards,especiallyaftertheWorldWarIandWorldWarII,itexperienceda

relativeeconortorescueits

economyandsolvetheproblems,theBritishgovernmenthasissuedariesofeconomicandsocialpoliciesto

ore,theeconomyhasbeguntorecoverand

continuestoincreaatasteadydevelopmentrate.

Recently,theBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainctors:PrimaryIndustry,SecondaryIndustry

yIndustry,alsocalledAgricultureIndustry,isquiteintensive,highlymechanized,and

efficientbyEuropeanstandards,producingabout60%offoodneedswithlessthan2%ofthetotallaborforcein

s,theUKhaslargecoal,naturalgas,andoilresources,butitsoilandnaturalgasrervesare

aryIndustryorManufacturingIndustryudtobe

ortancehasdeclined,butstillaccounts

forabout10%ile,TertiaryIndustry,orServiceIndustry,particularlybanking,

insurance,andbusinessrvices,becomeskeydriverofBritishGDPgrowth.

HistoryofBritishEconomy

BritishCurrency:Pound

17

TheUKisthefirstindustrializedcountryintheworldandhasbeenaneconomicgiantforthepasttwo

iddleof19thcentury,withtheestablishmentoftheBritishEmpire,itconomybecame

dominantintheworld,producingonethirdoftheworld’smanufacturinggoods,halfofthecoalandiron,halfof

r,by1900,ond

IndustrialRevolutionintheUnitedStatesmeanttheUShadbeguntochallengeBritain’sroleastheleaderofthe

allyaftertheWorldWarII,theextensivewareffectsofthetwoworldwarsandtheendof

Brithenithaxperienceda

periodofrelativedecline.

However,,althoughitconomyhasbeenimproved,its

competitorshaveimprovedmorerapidly;tisheconomy

wasstillincreasing,butataslowerpace.

Generallyspeaking,thedevelopmentofBritisheconomyaftertheWWIIcanbedividedintothreeperiods:

First,itexperiencedstabledevelopmentbetweenthe1950sandthe1960s,anditconomywasgrowingslowlybut

,inthe1970s,Britisheconomysteppedintoasluggish

nomiccrisisledtotheslowdownofproductionandhighrateof

,inthe1980s,meMinister,MargaretThatcher,issued

ariesofsocialandeconomicreformstoeasomeeconomicproblems,however,failednotresolvetheproblem

ofhighunemploymentrate.

1.1950and1960s

FollowingtheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUnitedKingdomexperiencedalongperiodwithoutamajor

recession经济衰退andenjoyedarapidgrowthinprosperity繁荣inthe1950sand1960s,withunemployment

stayinglowandnotexceeding超过500,ernment,formedbythe

LaborParty,carriedoutdrastic激烈的economicandsocialreforms,whichlaidthefoundationforBritishsocial

thisperiod,awelfarestatewastablished,andmanyprivateindustrieswere

ndof1947,itconomyquickly

r,inflationandtradedeficitwerepersistentproblemsthatledtoaslow

developmentrateofeconomyanddeclininginternationalcompetitivenessaswellastherisingofunemployment

rate.

2.1970s

Followingthe1973oilcrisisandthe1973–1974stockmarketcrash,theBritisheconomyfellintorecession.

Duringthe1970s,theUKrecordedweakergrowththanmanyotherEuropeannationvenaftertherecession

ended,theeconomywasstillblightedbyrisingunemploymentanddouble-digitinflation,whichexceeded20%

morethanonceafter1973andwasrarelybelow10%tishgovernmentwasforcedtorequest

onally,itimplementedpublicspendingcuts

ore,theBritisheconomyimprovedforashort

r,ativeeconomic

sitetThatcher’sConrvative

hebeginningofanewperiodofneo-liberal

economics.

3.1980s

1InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)：是根据1944年7月在布雷顿森林会议签订的《国际货币基金协定》，于1945年12月27

日在华盛顿成立的。与世界银行同时成立、并列为世界两大金融机构之一，其职责是监察货币汇率和各国贸易情况，提供技

术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常。霸气照片 其总部设在华盛顿。

18

MargaretThatcherandhergovernmentintroducedthebiggestchangesinBritish

the1980smoststate-ownedenterpris

wereprivatized,taxescut,et

Thatcher’sreformsachievedagreatsuccess:Inflationcameundercontrol,efficiency

oftheeconomyimproved,

roto5%atitspeakin1988,oneofthehighestratesofanyEuropeannations.

However,Thatcher’smodernizationoftheBritisheconomywasfarfromtrouble

ativeaspectofherreformwasasubstantialincreainunemployment.

Theeconomicpolicyresultedintheclosureofoutdatedfactoriesandcoalpitswhich

ore,duringthe1980s,therateof

unemploymentremainedhigh,uently,

theMargaretThatchergovernmentlostthesupportin1990.

sforitsEconomicDeclineAfterWWII

y,theUKsufferedgreateconomic

orldWarII,ithadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar,lling

manyofitsaccumulatedoverasasts,andborrowinglargeamountsofmoneyfromtheUSandCanada.

Secondly,tishEmpirecollapdimmediatelyaftertheendoftheWorldWarII.

TheindependenceofitscoloniesmadeBritainlobigmarketsforBritishgoods,andtheindependentcolonies

stoppedprovidingrawmaterialstotheUK,y,

Britainspentahigheromaintaina

substantialandexpensivemilitaryprenceinmanyoveraslocationsduetoitspositionasoneofNATO’s1major

ly,itsindustrysurvivedalmostunaffectedduringthe

war,unlikeitscompetitorssuchastheUSandGermany,whoindustryhadbeendamagedcompletelyandhad

r,h

economycontinuedwithitsolderfactoriesandpre-warproducts,whichresultinaverylowproductivityandoutput.

Meanwhile,itscompetitorsstartedtoinvestinthemostmodernequipmentandmeansofproduction,andb一个人孤独的句子 eganto

y,Britisheconomysufferedalong-standingandcontinuingproblemoffailingto

ivelylowrateofinvestmentwasadistinctcharacteristicoftheBritisheconomyin

relationtootherdevelopedcountries,suchastheUSandGermanyatthattime.

tBritishEconomy

Fromthe1980stotheprent,

endof20thcentury,rentBritish

economycanbebrokendownintothreemainareas:PrimaryIndustry,SecondaryIndustryandTertiaryIndustry.

GreatchangeshavebeenfoundintheeconomicstructureaftertheWWII,withthepropositionofPrimaryand

SecondaryIndustrydeclinedandtheimportanceofTertiaryIndustryincreaddramatically.

yIndustry

AgricultureintheUKisquiteintensive,highlymechanized,andefficientbyEuropeanstandards,with1.4%

ofthelaborforcemanagingaround70%thecountry’r,itsoutputcannotaffordenoughfood

producesabout60%ort

1NATO：NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization，北大西洋公约组织，简称北约，是美国与西欧、北美主要发达国家为实现防卫协

作而建立的一个国际军事集团组织。

2UNSecurityCouncil：联合国安全理事会，成立于1946年，由5个常任理事国，包括英国、法国、俄罗斯、美国和中国，

以及11个非常任理事国构成，每一理事国有一个投票权。根据《联合国宪章》，安全理事会负有维护国际和平与安全的首要

责任。

MargaretThatcher

19

2010,itexported14billionworthoffood,feedanddrink,

andimported

totalincomefromfarmingwas5.69billionin2011,reprentingonlyabout0.7%

averageincomeofeachfull-timepersonwas30,sthebestperformanceinUKagriculture

rmore,Agricultureemploys466,000people,reprenting1.52%oftheworkforce,decread

morethan32%since1996.

Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheproductionisdevotedtolivestock,r,Agriculturein

theUKisregionalvariedbecas

ofthequalityoffarmland,itcanbedividedinto“FavoredArea”and“LessFavoredArea”.“FavoredArea”means

landswithlargerflatterfieldswhereisfavorableforcropproduction,while“LessFavoredArea”meanslandthat

producesaloweragriculturalyield,typicallyuplandmoorsandhillfarms,whichexplainsthetendencytofocuson

livestockanddairyfarmingintheareas.“LessFavoredArea”ismainlyinthenorthernandwesternareasof

England,s,80%ofthefarmlandisdesignated“LessFavoredArea”,andinScotland

thefigureis84%.“FavoredArea”mainlydistributesineasternandsouthernareasinEngland,whichaccountsfor

morethan80%sofgrossvalueaddedin2009,83%oftheUK’sagriculturalincome

originatedfromEngland,9%fromScotland,4%fromNorthernIrelandand3%fromWales.

MajorcorpsintheUKarewheat,barley,oats,stheworld’sleadingproducer

andexporterofcattle,sheep,edingoflivestockisformeat,wool,andeggs,aswellasfor

lsoretainsasignificant,thoughreduced,fishingindustryintheNorthSea,theEnglish

Channelanargefishingfleet

idesover50%ofthecountry’sdemandforfish.

Themainproductsarecod,haddock,herringandsole.

TheEnergyIndustryisthetotalityofalloftheindustriesinvolvedintheproductionandsaleofenergy,

includingfuelextraction,manufacturing,societyconsumeslargeamountsoffuel,

DevonCounty–“FavoredArea”inEngland

Shell

20

andtheEnergyIndustryisacrucialpartoftheinfrastructureandmaintenanceofsocietyinalmostallcountries.

TheUKhaslargeamountsofcoal,oil,andnaturalgasrerves,yenergy

productionaccountsfor10%ofGDP,1,BritishPetroleum,

andBritishGasarethreeofthebiggesttencompaniesintheUK.

TheUKhasalonghistoryofcoalmining,whichprobablydatestoRomantimesandtakesplaceinmany

n’scoalfieldsareassociatedwithNorthumberlandandDurham,Yorkshire,

Lancashire,theEastandWestMidlandsandKentinEngland,NorthandSouthWales,idedthe

r,duringthe1980sand1990stheindustrywasscaledback

countsforonlyaboutaquarterofenergysupplies,therestbeingdividedbetweenoil,gas,and

eresultofgovernmentalpoliciesofenvironmentalprotectionaswellasthediscoveryand

1970s,largerervesofoilandgaswerediscoveredundertheNorthSea.

Theace1990s,theBritish

governmentissuedariesofpoliciestoprotectitsmineralrerves,conquently,energyproductionhasbeenin

declineandtheUKhasbeenanetimporterofoilsince2005.

aryIndustry

ManufacturingisanimportantctorofthemodernBritisheconomy,whichaccountedfor20.5%ofGDPin

theUKandfor18.2%ly,ithas

ghthemanufacturingctor’sshareof

bothemploymentandGDPhassteadilyfallensincethe1960s,itsoutputintermsofbothproductionandvaluehas

steadilyincreadsince1945,anditisstillimportantforoverastrade,accountingforover80%ofexports.

Britain’scompaniesareactiveinallmajorfieldsofManufacturingIndustry,butareparticularstronginsome

ctors.

Engineeringandalliedindustriescomprithesinglelargestctor,contributingaround30%ofoutputin

thisctor,transportequipmentwasthelargestcontributor,withmanyglobalcar

manufacturersbeingprentintheUK,UKudtohavemanyinternationalrenownedcarmanufacturersincluding

MINI,Rolls-Royce,Jaguar,LandRover,Bentley,r,mostofthemarenowownedby

overascompaniessuchasBMW(MINI,Rolls-Royce)ofGermany,Tata(Jaguar,LandRover)ofIndia,and

Volkswagen(Bentley)atedwiththisctoraretheaerospaceanddefenequipment

anufacturesabroadrangeofequipment,includingcivilanddefenaerospace,landand

pisoneoftheworld’slargestbuildersofwarships;andGKN2andRollsRoyce

manufactureaerospaceenginesandpowergenerationsystems.

nhasafourthlargestelectronics

industryintheworldwithabroadbaofdomesticfirms,eitscar

industry,ceutical(GlaxoSmithKline3,theworld’scondlargest

pharmaceuticalfirms),chemical(includingplastics,petrochemicalindustry)andfoodanddrink(ScottishWhisky

beingamajorexport)arealsootherimportantcontributorstotheUK’smanufacturingba.

ryIndustry

TertiaryIndustryreferstotheindustrywhichdoesnotproducematerialproducts,thatis,itproducesrvices

insteadofendproducts,lTertiaryIndustryctorsmayincludefinancialrvices,

entertainment,massmedia,tourism,consulting,ecomethemostimportanteconomicctorin

1Shell：壳牌集团，世界第一大石油公司，总部位于荷兰海牙和英国伦敦，由荷兰皇家石油与英国的壳牌两家公司合并组成。

2GKN:GKN集团((Guest,Keen&NettlefoldsLtd))创建于1759年，主要业务有大型民航客机和运输机结构件，汽车传动系统，

特种车辆，农用机械，粉末冶金，汽车零部件和环保用汽车催化转化器的生产制造等。

3GlaxoSmithKline:英国葛兰素史克公司，简称GSK，全球最大药剂集团。是头孢菌素的主要发明厂家之一，还拥有全球最

广泛的抗哮喘系列产品，以及胃肠道、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、皮肤、麻醉和中枢神经系统等多个学科的治疗药品。

21

manycountries,especiallyindevelopedcountries.

Inrecentyears,withtheshrinkoftheimportanceoftheSecondaryIndustryintheUK,theimportanceof

ributedaround

77.8%ofGDPin2013withover80%oftheUK’viceIndustryis

dominatedbyfinancialrvices,especiallyinbanking,insuranceandbusinessrvices,whichtogetheraccountsby

farforthelargestproportionoftheUK’sGDP.

Londonisamajorcenterforinternationalbusinessandcommerceandisoneofthethree“commandcenters”

reover500banksinLondon,whichisthe

largestconcentrationofforeignbankbranchesintheworld,withHSBCandBarclaysBankrelocatingtheirhead

sotheleadinginternationalcenterforstockexchange,insurance,Eurobonds,andforeign

eworld’slargestfinancialcenterwiththeLondonStockExchange,theLondon

InternationalFinancialFuturesandOptionsExchange,andtheLloyd’s1ofLondoninsurancemarketallbadin

theCityofLondon.

TheBankofEnglandisthecentralbank,whichwastablishedin1694,andwasbroughtintopublic

widerangeoffinancialandeconomicresponsibilitiesbothasanagentofgovernment

sgovernmenton

theformulationofmontion,the

BankofEnglandisthenote-issuingauthority,theregistrarforgovernmentstocksandbankertomanyoveras

stheBankofEngland,nonesare

Lloyds2,Barclays3,anksalsoexertsignificant

influencesontheformulationofthefinancialandmonetarypoliciesinBritain.

TourismisalsoanesntialctorintheUK’er27milliontouristsarrivingeach

year,theUisthemostvisited

cityintheworldwith18.7millionvisitorsin2013accordingtotheOfficeofNationalStatisticsInternational

1Lloyd’s：英国劳埃德保险公司是当今世界保险业中信誉最高、名气最大、资金最雄厚、利润最多的一家大保险公司，它成立

于1680年，总部设在伦敦中心。但劳埃德保险集团和劳埃德银行无关。

2Lloyds：劳埃德银行，英国四大私营银行之一，1765年建立是英国历史最悠久的银行之一，曾是英国银行业中最早进行国

际业务的银行之一，目前拥有的客户数量最多。

3Barclays：巴克莱银行，全球第七大银行，在英国是位于汇丰银行之后的第二大银行。于1690年成立，是英国最古老的银

行，是全世界第一家拥有ATM机的银行，并发行了全英第一张信用卡和第一张借记卡。

4Midland：密德兰银行，1836年建立于伯明翰，英国四大私营银行之一，经营广泛的银行业务。

5NationalWestminsterBankgroup：国民威斯敏斯特银行，英国四大私营银行之一，也是世界上最著名的银行之一，除经营一

般银行业务如存放款、投资、保险等业务以外，1972年起与劳埃德银行、密德兰银行联合开展信用卡业务。

FinancialCenterinLondon

22

PasngerSurvey,aheadof2ndplacedBangkok(10.4millionvisitors)and3rdplacedParis(9.7million).

WatchthevideoclipofOlympicGamestoBoostUKEconomyandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofinfluenceofOlympicGamesonUKEconomy.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthegiftsthatOlympicGamesbringtotheworld.

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

(1)Asthefirstcountrythatcompletedandthelargestcolonycountry,theUKudto

havethelargesteconomyintheworld.

(2)TheBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainctors:,and

.

(3)TertiaryIndustry,orServiceIndustry,particularly,,and,

becomekeydriversofBritishGDPgrowthnow.

(4)AftertheWorldWarII,theextensivewareffortsofthetwoworldwarsandtheendof

ledtoariesofproblemsoftheBritisheconomyinvaryingways.

(5)In1980s,thePrimeMinister,MargaretThatcher,issuedariesofsocialandeconomicreforms,which

eadsomeeconomicproblems,however,didnotresolvetheproblemof.

(6)Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheagricultureproductionintheUKisdevotedto,one-thirdto

.

(7)TheUKhaslargeamountsof,,andrerves,andisa

majorenergyproducer.

(8)andcomprithesinglelargestctor,contributingaround30%ofoutput

inmanufacturing.

(9)isthedominantctoroftheUKeconomy,andcontributesaround77.8%ofGDPin2014.

(10)isamajorcenterforinternationalbusinessandcommerceandisoneofthethree

“commandcenters”oftheglobaleconomyalongwithand.

23

onsonthisunit:

1)WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritishAgricultureIndustry?

2)HowmanyperiodscantheBritisheconomyafterWWIIbedividedinto?Whatarethey?

3)HowdoyouunderstandtherelativedeclineofBritisheconomyafterWWII?

4)WhatarethemainagricultureproductsintheUK?

5)HowisthecarindustryintheUK?

orexplanation:

1)MargaretThatcher’sreform

2)LessFavoredArea

3)EnergyIndustry

4)TertiaryIndustry

5)BankofEngland

isandcomments:

1)Thereasonstothedecline时间的比喻句 ofBritisheconomyduringthepostwarperiod

2)ThedifferentroutesofeconomicgrowthincontemporaryChinaandtheUK

24

Chapter4SocialandCulturalLife

英国有着悠长的历史，并在其漫长的发展过程中逐渐发展成为一个丰富多彩，多元化的社会。英国的

历史虽然不及中国悠久，但是其对世界社会文化的影响却同样深远。英国的传统节日，如圣诞节、节礼日、

复活节等，都成为很多国家的法定假期。另外，英国也是很多现代运动的发源地，其中最著名的就是足球、

羽毛球、网球、橄榄球以及高尔夫球，英国人的运动公平精神在这些运动中有所体现。

英国人给人的印象通常是严谨，保守，不苟言笑，并且礼貌、谦虚，但是事实上英国人也有着独特的

幽默感，喜欢自嘲和吐槽，形成了自己特别的英式幽默。而这一点也经常为人们所津津乐道。

英国社会结构在历史上深受社会阶级的观念影响。即使是到了21世纪初的今天，这个观念对英国社会

的影响仍然存在。但是英国社会在第二次世界大战之后发生了明显的变化，近年来随着新的移民政策的开

放，大量移民的进入，也为英国的社会和文化带来了新鲜的元素。

现在，英国的穿戴饮食已与各国无异，在英国能够品尝到来自世界各地的风味美食。但是炸鱼薯条、

约克郡布丁、英式早餐以及英式下午茶等传统食物仍是英国人日常饮食的主要构成部分。

iety

TheUK,astheoldestEnglish-speakingcountryintheworld,

consideredasoneofthemostmulticulturalsocietywithuniquesocialstructure,customsandcharacteristics.

AlthoughtheEnglishmakeupthemajorityofthenation,itwouldbeimproper,sometimesoffensive,tocallall

Britishpeople“Englishpeople”.TheyprefertodistinguishtheirownnationalitiesbyEnglish,Scottish,Irishand

Welsh,becautheyarethedescendantsofdifferentancestors,posssingdifferentlanguage,cultureandcustoms.

Generally,theBritishpeopleshareveraltypicalcharacteristics,whichisregardedasanesntialpartofthe

hsocietyisoften

consideredasasocietyinwhich“class”ismoreimportantthaninothercountries.

s

TherearefournationsintheUK:theEnglish,theScottish,theIrish,ntBritishpeople

derivefrommanydifferentgroupsandtribesthatinvadedBritainatvarioustimesfromtheEuropeanmainland.

Between1,100B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbytheCeltswholivedinthecentralandnorthwestern

enttleddowninBritainandlivedinlandoftoday’sEnglandforhundredsofyears

heRomaninvasion,Britainwasinvadedby

someGermanicgroupsfromcontinentalEuropean:Angels,Saxons,terbecametheancestorsof

thistime,manyoftheCeltswere

driventothemountainousareasinScotland,ore,theCeltsthenbecame

theancestorsoftheprent-dayScottish,WelshandIrish,whiletheAnglo-Saxonsbecametheancestorsofthe

ys,theEnglishmakeupabout80%ofthetotalpopulationofUKandmainlyscatteredin

TraditionalBritishFood:FishandChips

25

England.

teristics

Conrvationandrndtobe

stenceandcontinuityoftheMonarchand

SocialClass,theuofoldmeasurementunits,suchasmileandpound,andtheresistanceofjoiningthe

Euroer,mostBritishpeopledo

notexpresstheirideasandfeelingsopenlyorinitiateaconversation,hebest

emple,ontheunderground,bus,or

train,gbooksornewspapersrvesasagoodwaytoavoid

havetostartaconversation,weatherisnormallythebesttopictochooratherthan

ore,comparedwithotherEuropeanpeople,liketheFrenchandSpanish,theymay

sometimesbeconsideredemotionlessandrerved.

AlthoughBritishpeoplearenormallyfoundriousandrervedinmanycas,humorisanesntialpartof

eabletolaughatalmostanything,includingthemlves,andthereforeformeda

r,itmaybedifficultforpeoplefromothercountriestofully

understandBritishHumorsinceitisnormallyrelatedtohistoricandculturalbackgrounds,currentissuesand

languagetechniques.

TypicalBritishHumorusuallycontainstwofeatures:-mockery,whichmeans

laughingatonelf,istolaughatone’sownfaults,failuresandembarrassmentsandevenone’

example,Britishpeopleneverhesitatetojokeabouttheirbadweatherconditions,terriblefood,andevenpolitical

mes,theyevenmakejokesoftheQueen,sdefinedasa

characterspeakingonasubject,eprentationofalack

itsusagesareoftendifficulttotranslate,ithasbeenafeatureofBritishHumorfor

atureofBritishHumorcanbeeasilyfoundinmanyliteratureworks,TVcomedy,magazine

articles,ortabloidnewspaperreportingintheUK.

BritishHumoriver

er,theydonotlaughatdisabledpeople,physicalorpsychological,atragedyor

anhonorablefailure.

SinceBritishpeopleenjoyplayingsportsintheirleisuretime,theUKisthebirthplaceofmanymodernsports,

suchasfootball,rugby,tennis,tingoftherulesofthegamesdemonstratesthe

manshipistheabilitytopracticeasportinobediencetoits

rules,aswellasshowinggenerositytoone’ighlyvaluedqualityinthe

hegoodexamplesisthatmanysporting

termsandlanguagesareudinBritishpeople’r,likethenofhumor,

sportsmanshipisanEnglishidealthateveryBritishcanhaveorliveupwith.

Class

ThroughoutthehistoryoftheUK,ghtheclasssystemhas

beengraduallyeliminated,sagreatdifferenceinBritishpeople,

portanttoacknowledgethedifferencesbetweentheclassbeforeunderstanding

Britishpeople,hsocietycanberoughlydividedintofourmaingroupsofclass-the

UpperClass,theMiddleClass,theLowerorWorkingClass,andtheUnderClass.

untoftheUpperClassisverysmallanditmainly

consistedofthepeerage,gentry,nposssionofahereditarypeerage(butnota

lifepeerage)-forexampleaDuke,aMarquis,anEarl,aViscountoraBaron-aretypicallymembersoftheupper

26

dleClassismadeupoftheLowerMiddleClass,theMiddleMiddleClassandtheUpperMiddle

tishLowerMiddleClassprimarilyconsistsofwhite-collarworkerswhoaretypicallyemployedin

white-collarbutrelativelyunskilledrviceindustryjobssuchasretailsales,railticketagents,airlinestewardess,

travelagents,hotelclerks,shippingclerks,factoryownersandlowlevelcivilrvicejobsinlocalandregional

yhavebeen

oupofpeoplemainlyisaccountants,architects,solicitors,

teachers,socialworkers,mangers,specialITworkers,erMiddleClassbroadly

consistsofpeoplewhowerebornintofamiliesthathavetraditionallypossdhighincomes,althoughthisgroup

erMiddleClassaretraditionallyeducatedat

per-Middle-Classfamiliesmayhavepreviousancestrythatoftendirectlyrelatestothe

erClassisagroupconsistingofthelong-termunemployed,elderlypensioners,economic

immigrantsandthodependentonbenefits,typicallylivinginpublichousingorcouncilestates,thoughthehave

sincebeenreplacedbyhousingassociationproperties.

Althoughthedivisionofsocialclassisnotasdistinctasbefore,one’ssocialclasscanbeindicatedbythe

waytheyspeak,theirclothes,entclassofpeoplegoto

differentschools,differentrestaurants,ndariesamongthemareveryclear.A

person’ssocialclassdependsonanumberofdifferentfactors,includingeducation,employment,incomelevels,

r,employmentwouldbethemainguidetheywoulduto

classifythesociety.

ge

TheofficiallanguageintheUKisEnglish,whichisspokenbythemajorityofthepopulation,althoughsome

otherlanguagessuchasGaelicandWelsharestillspokenbysomeScots,WelshesandpeopleinNorthernIreland.

elopmentofEnglishlanguageexperienced

threemajorstages:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.

lish

OldEnglishisanearlyformoftheEnglishlanguagethatwasspokenandwrittenbytheAnglo-Saxonsand

theiresternGermaniclanguage

eintroductionofChristianity,LatinandGreekalsohavea

r,duringthisperiod,itspronunciation,

spelling,vocabulary,tfamousworkfromtheOld

EnglishperiodistheepicpoemBeowulf3.

English

thisperiod,French

replacedEnglishastheofficiallanguageandlanguagespokenbyupperclass,while

r,aftertheBlackDeathinthe14th

century,withtheestrangementbetweenNormannoblesofEnglandandFrenchnoblesand

thegrowthofthelaboringandmerchantclassineconomicandsocialimportance,the

importanceofEnglishbegantoincreaagainandbecamethedominantlanguagespoken

thisstageofEnglishdevelopment,manyFrenchwordswerebrought

1Publicschool:私立学校，是区别于公立学校的一种独立学校。相较于公立学校，它们的学费更高，教学条件更好，教材与

教授的课程也与公立学校不同。

2OldNor:古挪威语，14世纪前斯堪的纳维亚人所讲的北日耳曼语。

3Beowulf:《贝奥武夫》，讲述了斯堪的纳维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹。是迄今为止发现的英国盎格鲁—撒克逊时期最古

老、最长的一部较完整的文学作品，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗，完成于公元八世纪左右。

GeofreyChaucer

27

restillmanyFrenchwordsinEnglishvocabularyuntil

icalworkduringthisperiodisTheCanterburyTaleswrittenbyGeofreyChaucerin14thcentury.

English

enon,Englishlanguagebecamestandardizedin

grammar,spelling,lectofLondonwasacceptedasstandardpronunciation,whileSamuel

Johnson’er,Englishwasgreatlyimprovedwithalarge

vocabularyforvariouspurposbyborrowingfromotheroriginsduringandaftertheRenaissanceandIndustrial

tion,withtheexpansionoftheBritishEmpire,Englishwasspreadtomanyother

countriesandareasintheworld,whichinturnledtotheworldwidepopularityofEnglish,aswellasthe

assimilationofwordsfrommanyothercountriessuchasChina,Japan,India,Africa,andAmerica.

TheEnglishadoptedasabroadcastingstandardintheBritishmedianowadaysiscalledStandardEnglish,or

Queen’donthespeechoftheUpperClassofsoutheasternEnglandandtheLondondialect.

StandardEnglishhasbecomeauniversalLinguaFranca1,ldlanguageudbypeoplefromalloverthe

worldtocommunicatewitheachother.

ons

BritainisghBritainis

historicallyaChristiansociety,peopleareusuallyverytoleranttowardsthefaithsofothersandthowhohaveno

religiousbeliefs.

halfoftheBritishpeopleareChristianswhobelievein

retwofamousstatechurchestablishedbylaw:

otestantsbelongtotheChurchofEnglandorthe

tishMonarchistheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEngland,andiscrownedby

theArchbishopofCanterburyinWestminsterAbbey.

TheoriginofChristianityintheUKdatesbacktotheAnglo-SaxonInvasionperiod,whenRomanChristianity

rderofPopeGregoryI,inewasnttoBritaintoconverttheheathen

vedinCanterburyin597with40missionaries,andbecamethefirstArchbishopof

ndof7thcentury,RomanChristianitybecamethedominantreligioninBritainandtheChurch

r,aftertheReligiousReformationinthe16thcentury,the

hentheProtestantismhasspread

overthecountry,ghRoman

CatholicChurchwasmuchpercutedandweakinBritainforalongtimeaftertheReligiousReformation,there

arestillmanyRomanCatholicsintheUK,andnumberofRomanCatholicmstobegrowingrecently.

Inthe2011Census,ChristianitywasthelargestreligiousgroupinEnglandandWaleswith33.2millionpeople

identifyingwiththereligion,accountedfor59%smadeupthecond

largestreligiousgroupwith2.7millionpeople,amountedto3%to5%ghreligiousfaithin

BritainispredominantlyChristian,manyoftheworld’relargeHindu,Jewish,

andIslamiccommunities,andalsosmallercommunitiesofBuddhists,Jains,andZoroastrians,aswellasfollowers

erwhatdenominationpeoplebelievein,theylivetogetherinpeace,

respectingeachother,undertakingtheirsocialresponsibilities,ore,

religionplaysacrucialroleinthesociallifeoftheUK.

alsandHolidays

1LinguaFranca:世界通用语。不同语言集团的人作为交际工具共同使用的交际语。

28

ATraditionalChristmasDinner

ManyholidayscelebratedthroughoutthenationintheUKreflectthereligious,historical,socialandcultural

lidaysareimportanteventsintheChristiancalendarandarebadonChristiantraditionsuch

asChristmasandEaster,whilesomeholidaysarecelebratedtocommemoratehistoricalevents,socialcustomsor

politicalreasonslikeBoxingDay,theQueen’sOfficialBirthdayandGuyFawkesNight.

mas

ChristmasisthebiggestandmostimportantfestivalcelebratedonDecember25theachyearinmemoryofthe

masisatrulymagicalason,bringingfamiliesandfriendstogethertosharethemuch

lovedcustomsandtraditions,whichhavebeenaroundforcenturies.

Peopleexchangegiftsorcardswithfriendsandrelatives,decorating

homeswithcoloredlightsandChristmastrees,andpreparing

opleareon

holidayintheUKandstayathomewiththeirfamilyonChristmas

day,day,

peoplehaveChristmasdinnertogetherwiththeirfamilymembersat

tionallyEnglishor

BritishChristmasdinnerincludesroastturkeyorgoo,Brusls

sprouts,roastpotatoes,cranberrysauce,sausageswrappedinbacon

rBritishtraditionofcelebrating

ChristmasistheQueen’sSpeechontelevisionandradiointhemorning

ofChristmasDay.

Day

BoxingDayisonDecember26th,ristmasDay,BoxingDayisapublicholiday,

tobeanoldEnglishtraditionthat

onthenextdayofChristmas,thervantsofthewealthywereallowedtovisittheirfamiliesandhaveadayoff.

Theycouldgetgiftsinbogoes

by,itdevelopedintntyears,

however,dsandthousandsofpeoplenowspendBoxingDayinshops

andbigdepartmentstores,wanderingaroundthesalesrackstogettheproductstheywant,becaualmostevery

shopsandstoresgoonthebiggestsalesovertheyear.

EasteristhecondbiggestfestivalcelebratedintheUK,

sonforthisvariationisbadonthe

alwaysfallsonthefirstSundayfollowingthefull

moonafterMarch21th,thespringequinox.

EasteristocommerSunday

Christiansgathertogethertoattendchurchrvices,suchastheSunriService1,Eastervigil2,EasterEucharist3

ditionalEastergiftisEasterEggs,whichisareligioussymbol,reprentingthetombfromwhich

steggsgivenatEasterwerebirdggspaintedinbrightcolors,

butnowadayschocolateportedthat

around80millionchocolateeggsareconsumedeachyearintheUK.

1SunriService：复活节日出崇拜。基督徒在复活节的清晨聚集在旷野或山顶观看日出，在破晓时鸣炮与响钟，并有乐队与

圣咏团以赞歌来庆祝象徵耶稣升起的太阳。

2Eastervigil：复活节守夜礼，在复活节逐日前夕开始，以祈祷迎接耶稣的复活，包括烛光礼、圣道礼、圣洗礼、圣祭礼。

3EasterEucharist：复活节圣餐礼。在领圣餐的仪式上，主礼人对小块面饼和小杯葡萄酒（代表耶稣的肉和血）进行祝祷，然

后分给正式教徒领食。教徒通过这种象征性的领食缅怀耶稣基督及其言行。

29

en’sOfficialBirthday

TheQueen’sOfficialBirthday,orKing’sOfficialBirthday,isthelecteddayonwhichthebirthdayofthe

enttheofficialbirthdayofQueenElizabethIIiscelebratedon

theconebiggestroyal

enandothermembersoftheRoyalFamilyattendtheceremonyaroundBuckingham

PalaceinLondon,andtdoes

nothavethenationalday,theQueen’sOfficialBirthdayistreatedastheNationalDayoftheUnitedKingdom.

kes’Night

GuyFawkes’Night,alsocalledBonfireNight,isanationalfestivalonNovember5theachyeartocelebratea

mber1605,aGunpowderPlottookplaceinwhichsomeCatholicsplottedtoblowupthe

EnglishParliamentandKingJamesI,onthedaytforthekingtoopenParliament,becautheKingandthe

governmentmadesomelawsagainsttheRomanCatholic,r,

brationofhissurvival,KingJamesorderedthatthe

eNightisstillcelebratedall

overtheUKbylightinghugebonfires,lettingoffmagnificentfireworks,andburninglife-sizedstrawmen.

SportsplayanimportantpartinthelifeofBritishpeople,andareoneofthemostpopularleisureactivitiesin

theworld’sfamoussportsbeganinBritain,includingcricket,football,tennis,golfandrugby.

Itsnationalsportiscricket,whilefootballisundoubtedlythemostpopularsportthroughoutthecountry.

Cricketoricketismostly

playedincommonwealthcountriessuchasIndian,Australian,Canada,NewZealandandBengalasthefourthmost

CricketWorldCupwasfirstheldin1975inEnglandandisheldeveryfour

years.

sttoflawsofthegameoffootballdate

re92professionalfootballclubsinthe

EnglishFootballLeague,

England’sfootballteamsareworldfamous,themostfamousbeingManchesterUnited,

ostpopularsportintheUK,footballisoneofthebest

ketoplayfootballinparksandplaygroundsfor

llfieldcaneasilybefoundinalmosteverycityandtown.

TennisisalsooneofthemostpopularsportsintheUK,sinceithasproducedmany

worldtoptennisplayersandhoststheworld’sbiggesttennistournament,Wimbledom

Championship,bledomChampionshipis

TroopingtheColor

ThesymbolofWimbledon

Championships

30

themosttraditionaltennischampionship:theplayerswhoplayinWimbledomwearwhiteclothesduringthegame;

noadvertimentscanbefoundonthetenniscourt,strawberryandcreamisthetraditionalsnackfortheaudience.

Nowthereareabout5millionpeopleplaytennisintheUK,andmillionsofpeoplecomingfromothercountriesto

watchtheWimbledomChampionshipinJuneandJuly.

Apartfromthesports,manyothersportssuchastabletennis,badminton,andrugbyarepopularintheUK.

TheyplayanimportantandesntialroleinBritishpeople’slife.

Britishpeopleenjoyvariousindoorandoutdooractivitiesintheirdailylife,butreadingnewspapers,watching

ingtoasurveybytheEU’s

statisticaloffice,peopleinBritainspendabout45%oftheirfreetimewatchingtelevision,makingitBritain’smost

sthatthemediaiscentertoBritishleisurelifeandplaysanesntialpartinthe

Britishpeople’tishmedia,tosomedegree,influencesthepublicopinion,reflectspeople’ssocial

status,andpromotethesocialandculturalthedevelopmentintheUK.

sionandRadio

96percentofthepopulationof

rageviewingtimeperpersonisover25hoursaweek.

TheUnitedKingdomhasadiverrangeoftelevisionandbroadcastingproviders,themostprominentbeing

thestate-ownedpublicrvicebroadcaster,theBBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation).TheBBC’slargest

competitorsareITVplc,whichoperates11ofthe15regionaltelevisionbroadcastersthatmakeuptheITV

Network,andNewsCorporation,whichholdsalargestakeinsatellitebroadcasterBSkyB(BritishSky

Broadcasting)andalsooperateanumberofleadingnationalnewspapers.

TherearefivemainchannelsintheUK:BBC1,BBC2,ITV1,channels

channelsofferamixtureofdrama,light

entertainment,films,sport,educational,children’sandreligiousprograms,newsandcurrentaffairs,and

documentaries.

RadiointheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbytheBBC,whichoperatesradiostationsbothintheUnited

ically

theBBCalsooperatestennationalnetworks,whichtogethertransmitalltypesofmusic,news,currentaffairs,

drama,education,sportandarangeoffeatureprograms,aswellasover40localradiostationsandnationalradio

rvicesinScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.

Britishpeopleliketolistentoradiowhileeatingdinners,doinghouwork,fmost

popularleisureactivity,thetimepeopleinBritainspendonlisteningtoradiois15hoursand50minuteachweek

tpopularradiostationbynumberoflistenersisBBCRadio2,clolyfollowedbyBBCRadio.

pers

DailyNewspapersll322copiesper1000peopleintheUK,theeighthhighestrateintheworld,which

meansreadingreabout130daily

andSundaynewspapers,andover2,ssinBritainisfreefrom

governmentalandpoliticalcontrol,andisfreetocommentonmattersofpublicinterestaslongasitissubjectto

law.

31

TraditionallyBritishnewspapershavebeendividedinto“quality”,rious-mindednewspapers(usually

referredtoas“broadsheets”becauoftheirlargesize)andthemorepopulist,“tabloid”litypress

usuallyreportsin-deptharticlesofpoliticalandsocialissue,andcarrieshigh-qualityreviewsandfeaturearticles.

Theirreadersaremostlywell-educated,es,TheDailyTelegraphand

TheGuardianaretogethercalledthe“BigThree”esisthemost

ionallyitisamoderatenewspaperand

lyTelegraph,acenter-rightbroadsheetpaper,isthehighest-llingof

the“quality”rdianis

amoreliberal“quality”broadsheet.

The“tabloids”,smallerformatnewspaperwithcompactpagesize,usuallycarriesgossips,scandals,and

storiesabtoriesandreportsareshort

andeasytoread,andtherefore,2008TheSunhad

thehighestcirculationofanydailynewspaperintheUnitedKingdomat3.1million,approximatelyaquarterofthe

terpaper,theNewsoftheWorld,hadthehighestcirculationintheSundaynewspapermarketuntilits

ewspapersarenormallyreadbypeoplefromLowerandWorkingClass.

WatchthevideoclipofBuyingPropertyintheUKandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofBuyingPropertyintheUK.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthedifferenceofbuyingpropertyinChinaandintheUK.

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

(1)aretheancestorsoftheprent-dayScottish,WelshandIrish,whilearethe

ancestorsoftheEnglishpeople.

(2)TheexistenceandcontinuityofandSocialClass,theuof,suchasmileand

pound,andtheresistanceofjoiningthearesomeexamplesthatillustratetheconrvationof

TheTimesTheSun

32

Britishpeople.

(3)isthetopclassintheBritishSociety,anditmainlyconsistedofthe,

,and.

(4)inatesfromthelanguagespokenbythe

.

(5)DuringtheMiddleEnglishperiod,manywordswerebroughtintotheEnglishvocabularyand

becamepartofit.

(6)halfoftheBritishpeoplearewho

believeinGodandBible.

(7)ManyholidayscelebratedthroughoutthenationintheUKreflectthe,,

andbackground.

(8)AtprenttheofficialbirthdayofQueenElizabethIIiscelebratedonthecondSaturdayinJuneeachyearby

amilitaryparadeknownas.

(9)Itsnationalsportis,whileisundoubtedlythemostpopularsportthroughout

thecountry.

(10)RadiointheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbythe,whichoperatesradiostationsbothinthe

UnitedKingdomandabroad.

onsonthisunit:

1)WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritishHumor?

2)HowcanyoudistinguishaBritishpeople’sclassstatus?

3)HowmanyperiodscanthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagebedividedintoandwhatarethey?

4)WhatarethetraditionsofEaster?

5)WhatarethetwotypesofBritishnewspaper?

orexplanation:

1)Sportsmanship

2)TheMiddleClass

3)StandardEnglish

4)BoxingDay

5)WimbledomChampionship

isandcomments:

1)ThedevelopmentofEnglishlanguage

2)Britishnewspaperculture

33

Chapter5HigherEducation

英国是一个有悠久教育传统的国家。它的教育体系经过几百年的沿革，已相当完善和复杂，且具有非

常大的灵活性。总体来说分为五个阶段：早期教育、小学、中学、延续教育和高等教育。延续教育分为两

种体系：学业路线和职业路线。在延续教育结束后，学生如果想要进入大学学习需要通过A-level考试，并

取得优秀成绩。

大学教育一般从18岁开始，本科需要3到4年，硕士通常为1年到2年，博士为3年到5年。英国各

个大学有不同教学方法，但大多都采用辅导课、上大课和专题报告相结合的教学方式。学生要花相当多的

时间阅读、查资料、研究项目和写论文。英国大学所授学位均享有极高声誉，又各具特色。其中最古老也

是最著名的是牛津大学和剑桥大学。英国许多高等学院提供远程教学课程，为那些未在适龄阶段接受延续

教育的成年人提供接受高等教育的第二次机会。

hEducationSystem

TheBritisheducationalsystemcanbedividedintofivestagesofeducation:PreschoolEducation,Primary

Education,SecondaryEducation,ioniscompulsoryandfreefor

allchildrenbetweentheagesof5(4inNorthernIreland)and16,includingPrimaryEducationandSecondary

ingtothelaw,r,itisnot

necessarcas,childrencan

receiveeducationathome,educationconsistsoftwoparallelsystems:state

esystem,educationistotallyfreeofcharge,fundedfromtaxesandmostare

sareexpectedtopayfortheirchild’sstationaries,schooluniformaswellas

fortheirschooltrips,whilethecostofothermorespecializedequipment,likebooks,examinationfeesarecovered

atesystem,parentspayfortheirchildrentoattendpublicschools,alsoknownasprivate

schools,whichaent,thereare

about2,500publicschoolsintheUK,amongwhichthemostfamousandprestigiousonesareEtonand

Winchester.1About94%ofchildreninthecountryreceivefreeeducationfrompublicfunds,whiletherestreceive

PrimaryandSecondaryEducationthroughtheprivatesystemorhomeschooling.

PrthechildrenintheUK

attendmixedxorco-educationalschools,andusuallylocatedclotothechild’rstheyprovide

ildrentransfertothecondaryschoolattheageof11andfinish

retwotypesofcondaryschools:comprehensiveschoolsand

88%condaryschoolstudentsintheUKgotocomprehensiveschools,wherechildren

ofallabilitiescanreceivecomprehensiveeducationthatincludesacademicsubjects,likeliteratureandscience,as

1EtonandWinchester：伊顿公学和温彻斯特公学。伊顿公学位于伦敦以西，温彻斯特公学位于伦敦西南部，两所学校都是英

国著名的私立贵族学校。许多皇室成员、政治大臣、社会名流、业界大亨的子女都就读于这两所学校。

34

rSchoolsarelective,sincetheentranceisbadonatestof

ostudentswhogethighmarksinthe“ElevenPlus”examinationorshowacademic

s,theirsubjectsaremoreacademicallyoriented,focusingonimprovingstudent’s

rschoolsareallsingle-xedschools.

WhenstudentsfinishtheirSecondaryEducationat16,theyarerequiredtotakeanationalexaminationcalled

theGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE),whichteststhestandardstheyachieveafter11yearsof

ingtotheresults,theydecidewhateducationtheywouldliketofollow,preparingto

tswhohopetoattenduniversitieswillcontinueathigh

schoolfortwomoreyearsoffurtherstudy,whichiscalledtheSixForm,andthentakeafurthertofstandardized

examsinGeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced,knownasA-levels,yearsof

studyintheSixFormisverystressfulandimportant,astheresultsofA-levelsdeterminewhethertheyareeligible

owhocouldgetthreeorfourA-levelsinsubjectscouldgettheiradmittanceto

30%ofthe18to19yearoldstudentnterfull-timehighereducationeachyearintheUK.

Otherstudentswhodonotwanttoreceivehighereducationmaychoototakevocationaltraining,whichfocus

moreonstudent’spracticalskills,andtheywilltakecorrespondingexamsintheGeneralNationalVocational

Qualifications(GNVQs)1,thevocationalequivalentoftheA-levels.

Thefifthstage,HigherEducation,startsfromageof18andprovidesunderground,postgraduate,anddoctoral

tcompulsory,whichmeansthatallthestudentshavetopaytheirtuition,feesandlivingcosts.

Butthelocalauthorityandgovernmentprovidesfinancialassistanceandloanstostudentsfrompoorfamily,which

inoughtocoverallthecostsduringhighereducation.

uctiontoBritishHigherEducation

Britishhighereducationnormallyincludesacademiceducationaswellasvocationaleducationandtraining.

Higheracademiceducationistraditionallyconcentratedmoreonthestudents’academicachievements,whilethe

highervocationaledues,universities,

andinstitutionofahigher

educationprogramgenerallyresultsintheawardingofcertificates,diplomas,

educationincludesteaching,rearch,appliedwork,andsocialrvicesactivitiesofuniversities.

IntheUKuniversities,thechancellorisusuallyaceremonialfigureheadandnon-residentheadofthe

university,ncellorisusuallytheRoyal

e-chancelloristheactualchiefexecutiveofa

university,whoisinchargeoftheacademicandadministrativeaffairs.

yofBritishHigherEducation

liesthighereducationinstitutioncanbetracedbackto

ablishmentofOxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityinthe12thand13th

time,theuniversitieswererunbychurch.

Thesheirmajorfunctionswasto

ghprogresshadbeenmade,thelevelandscaleofhigher

educationstillsufferedvererestr

until19thcenturywhentheIndustrialRevolutioncompletedintheUKdidhighereducationembracedabooming

enon,1830s,University

ofLondonandDurhamUniversitywasfounded,followedbythefoundingofmanycityuniversities,suchas

1GeneralNationalVocationalQualification(GNVQs)：国家通用职业资格证书。GNVQs是一种广泛的职业教育课程，与学业路

线中的GCSE和A-Level相平行，但在学业深度和难度上并不亚与这类课程。

35

UniversityofManchester,UniversityofBirmingham,thedecadesbeforeand

afterWWII,withthefoundingofUniversityofNottingham,UniversityofExeter,UniversityofLeisteretc.,the

experiencedalargeexpansioninnumbersof

r,ot

untilthe1992thatpolytechnicsandcollegesweregiventherighttobecomeuniversities,whichalsocontributedto

ent,thereareover100universitiesaswellasmany

iversitiesaregovernmentfundedexceptthe

UniversityofBuckingham1,whichisprivatefunded.

ionofBritishHigherEducation

AlltheuniversitiesintheUnitedKingdom,exceptfortheOpenUniversity,shareanundergraduateadmission

ationsmustbemadeby15thOctoberforadmissionstoOxford,Cambridgeand

medicine,dentistryandveterinarysciencecours,andby15thJanuaryforadmissionstootherUKuniversities.

Admissionisbadonstudent’sA-levelresults,schoolreferences,mes,forsome

subjects,particularlyifhighlycompetitiveorthatleadtoaprofessionalqualification,studentsarerequiredtobe

lltherequirements,A-levelresultsisthe

mostimportantone.A-levelexamscoveracollectionofover70courssuchasmathematics,physics,computer

science,ticipantsshouldtake3or4coursaccordingtotheirabilityandthecourthey

malentry

tice,mostoffersofplaces,especially

popularcoursinfamousuniversities,mple,forprestigious

universitieslikeCambridgeandOxfordusuallydemand“allA”or“AAB”nterpartof

ghbothofthemaretakenasawaytopickup

candidatesforfurtherstudy,tshave

s,theycanchoowhethertotakeallthesubjectsallofa

er,thesamesubjectscanbetakenformorethanonce.

ngMethod

Onthewhole,“flexibility”ishUniversitiestherearenofixed

xtsareinthelibraryandineveryaspectsofsocialliferelatedtoyourspecialty.

Theprofessororlecturerwillchoohisorherteachingcontentsinaccordancewiththelatesttrendsand

thestartofthecour,alistofreferencebookswillbegiven,coveringthecontents

tsot

listedinthelistmayalsobeneeded;therefore,studentswillhavetofindeveryufulbooksandlearningmaterials

er,romtraditional

classandlectures,minars,informalgroupworks,prentationsandmanualpracticesalsoabound,aimingto

improvestudents’abilitytoponewpoints,puttheoriesintopracticeaswellastoanalysisandsolvepractical

tion,theasssmentmethodsarevaried,includingexaminations,individualorgroup

prentations,essayorreportwriting,ionalexamisnottheonlywaytoevaluate

students’masteryofthecour.

1UniversityofBuckingham：白金汉大学。英国唯一一所私立大学该大学不依靠政府拨款办学，因此能够开设创新性的课程，

根据工商企业需求的变化迅速调整教学内容。

2UCAS:TheUniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService，英国高等院校联合招生服务办公室。它是一个公共服务机构，统一为英国所

有大学提供招生服务，和其他国家不同，申请英国大学的本科学位课程，都要通过UCAS进行申请。

36

AnotherfeatureofBritishhighereducationisitmphasisonstudents’tsarethe

romthetimeofteaching,thereisplentyoffreetimefortheir

sitiesalsoprovideastimulatingandencouragingenvironment,which

includesatutorialsystem,accesstothelatestrearchingresultsaswellasadvancedfacilities,tofacilitate

students’mple,insomecours,studentsmayberequiredtowriteanessayonthetopic

rtowritetheessaystudentswillhavetoreadagreatmanyrelatedbooks,

journals,academicarticlesandreports,carefullyanalyzetheinformationandknowledgetheycollected,andfinally

ore,afterthecompletionoftheessay,notonly

students’readingandwritingabilityisimproved,buttheirabilitiesoffindingandlectingufulinformation,their

acknowledgtingprocessisactually

aprocessoflf-study.

ySupervisionMechanism

InBritain,thecentralgrethat

thequalityismaintained,Britain

universityderdsarehighnotjustin

teachingbutinotherfacilitiesaswell:Libraries,computers,

institutionofhighereducationisstringentlyinspectedbythegovernmenttoguaranteehigh-levelrvicefor

ear,QAA(QualityAssuranceAgency)accordsimpartial

estimationtoeverycourreferringtouniformstandardsoastogivethepublicapanoramicimpressionofhow

eachschoolperformsinidenticalspecialty.

sities

Britishuniversitieshavelongattractedandwelcomedstudentsofdifferentnationalitiesandbackgrounds,and

todaybuiltonhundredsofyearjoy

remanyrenownedandworld-leading

universitiesthathavealonghistoryforhundredsofyears,suchastheUniversityofOxfordandtheUniversityof

Cambridge,aswellasanumberofrelativelynewuniversities,whichalsoprovidesfirst-classqualityeducationand

,therearemanyoptionsofuniversitieswithvariedcharacteristicsthat

bothdomesticandinternationalstudentscanchoofromaccordingtotheirownsituationsandpreferences.

sityofOxford

AstheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld,sno

cleardateoffoundation,butevidencehasprovedthatteachingexistedatOxfordcanbetracedbackto1096and

developedrapidlyfrom1167,wh

disputesbetweenstudentsandOxfordtownsfolkin1209,someacademicsflednortheasttoCambridge,wherethey

SeminarDiscussion

37

“ancientuniversities”arefrequentlyjointlyreferred

toas“Oxbridge”.

Theuniversityconsistsof38constituentcollegesandafullrangeofacademicdepartmentswhichare

collegesarelf-governing,

udtobeasinglexuniversity,

henmanyofitscollegesbeganto

1974,enon,allcollegeshave

2008,withStHilda’sCollege,thelastofOxford’ssingle

xcollege,admittingbothmaleandfemalestudents,allthecollegesofOxfordhasbecomemixedcolleges.

TheUniversityofOxfordislocatedontheupperreachesoftheThamesand87kilometersawayfrom

niversityoccupiesalmosthalfofthecityofOxford,thecityiscalledthecityof

cityuniversity,itdoesnothaveamaincampus;instead,allthebuildingsandfacilitiesare

scatteredthroughoutthemetropolitancenter.

Withmorethan22,000students,11,000staffand230,000alumniaroundtheworld,peopleareoneofthe

ftedmenandwomenhavestudiedor

-sixBritishPrimeMinistershavebeeneducatedatOxford

University,includingMargaretThatcher,tion,thereareover50NoblePrize

laureatesaswellasmorethan30internationalleadersstudiedintheUniversity.

versityofCambridge

TheUniversityofCambridge,foundedin1209,isthecondoldestuniversityintheUKandthe

outofanassociationformedbyscholarsleavingtheUniversityofOxfordafter

ent,Cambridgeisformedfromavarietyofinstitutions,including31constituent

legesarelf-governingand

independentinstitutions,eachwithitsownpropertyandincome,

llegeappointsitsownteachingstaffandfellows,

legesalsodecidetheadmissioninaccordancewith

universityregulations.

Amongthe31collegesofCambridge,threeofthem,MurrayEdwards,NewnhamandLucyCavendish,admit

womenonly,r,Clare

HallandDarwin,whichadmitonlypostgraduates,allothercollegesadmitbothundergraduateandpostgraduate

Hall,LucyCavendish,StEdmund’sandWolfsonaretheonlycollegesadmitstudentswithage

21yearsorolder)

TheUniversityofCambridgeissituatedinthecityofCambridge,whichliesinEastAnglia,ontheRiverCam,

versityoccupiesac演讲稿高中 entrallocationwithinthecityofCambridge,with

thestudentstakingupnearly20%ofthetown’theoldercollegesaresituatednearbythecity

TheUniversityofOxford

TheUniversityofCambridge

38

centerandriverCam,alongwhichitistraditionaltopunt(乘方头平底船)toappreciatethebuildingsand

surroundings.

Itsreputationforoutstandingacademicachievementisknownworldwideandreflectstheintellectual

achievementsofitsstudents,aswellastheworld-classoriginalrearchcarriedoutbythestaffoftheuniversity

ecourofitshistory,asizeablenumberofCambridgeUniversityacademicsandalumni

havebecomenotableintheirfields,bothacademicandinthewiderworldlikepolitics,w,

affiliatesoftheUniversityofCambridgehavewonmorethan85Nobelprizes,morethananyotheruniversity

undergraduatesoftheuniversityhavewonatotalof61Nobelprizes,13more

thantheundergraduatesofanyotheruniversity.

ckUniversity

RedBrickUniversityisaninformaltermudtorefertosixcivicuniversitiesfoundedinthelate19thand

eVictoriaUniversity,theUniversityof

Liverpool,theUniversityofManchester,theUniversityofBirmingham,theUniversityofLeeds,theUniversityof

Sheffield,hesixexistingredbrickinstitutions,ortheirpredecessorinstitutes,

gaineduniversitystatusbeforeWorldWarIandwereinitiallyestablishedascivicscienceorengineeringcolleges.

Theterm“redbrick”wasfirstcoinedbyaprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpooltodescribethecivic

erencewasinspiredbythefactthattheVictoriaBuildingattheUniversityofLiverpoolisbuilt

fromadistinctiveredpresdbrick,basistheUniversityofLiverpool

isconsideredtobetheoriginal“redbrick”institution,althoughthetermlaterbecameageneraltermforallthecivic

universitiesoftheday.

lassUniversity

ThetermPlateGlassUniversityreferstoanyoftheveraluniversitiesfoundedinthe1960sintheeraofthe

RobbinsReportonhighereducation,whichwascommissionedbytheBritishgovernmentandpublishedin1963,

recommendingimmediateexpansionofuniversities,andthatallCollegesofAdvancedTechnologyshouldbegiven

ndingofplateglassuniversitiesweresomehowtheconquencesoftheRobbins

niversitiesincludesAstonUniversity(1966),UniversityofEastAnglia(1963),UniversityofEsx

(1964/5),UniversityofKent(1965),LancasterUniversity(1964),UniversityofSusx(1961),Universityof

Warwick(1965),andUniversityofYork(1963).

Theterm“plateglass”wascoinedinthebook,ThePlateglassUniversities,

book,hefirstudthetermtorefertothenewuniversities,sincemostofthemhavebuildingwithmodern

architecturaldentrastedwiththe

redbrickuniversitiesandtheolderancientuniversities.

nUniversity

Tversityisfundedbya

combinationofstudentfees,contractincomeandallocationsforteachingandrearchbythehighereducation

,students’previous

academicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomostundergraduatecours.

Withmorethan250,000studentnrolled,includingaround32,000agedunder25andmorethan50,000

overasstudents,itisthelargestacademicinstitutionintheUnitedKingdombystudentnumber,andqualifiesas

oneoftheworld’slargestuniversities.

TheOpenUniversityprovidesuniversityeducationtothowishingtopursuehighereducationonapart-time

and/ordistancelearningbasis,includingpeoplewithhealthdisabilities,whoareofficiallyaprioritygroupforthe

university.

39

WatchthevideoclipofIntroductiontoGCSE,A-LEVELandIBintheUKandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofthestandardsmentionedinthevideoclip.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersabouttheexaminationsystemsinChinaandtheUK

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

1)TherearetwotypesofschoolintheBritishPrimaryandSecondaryEducation:Theschools

andtheschools.

2)Studentswhodonotwanttoreceivehighereducationmaychoototakevocationaltraining,whichfocus

moreonstudent’spracticalskills,andtheywilltakeexamsin,thevocationalequivalentofthe

A-levels.

3)Admissiontouniversitiesisbadonstudent’sschoolreferences,highschoolrecords,,and

sometimestheirperformanceintheuniversity’sinterview.

4)Theestablishmentofandinthe12thand13thcenturysymbolizedthebeginning

ofBritishhighereducation.

5)Onthewhole,“”maybeudtodescribeBritishteachingmo高二数学教案 de;anditemphason

.

6)InBritain,playsacriticalroleinthesupervisionofeducationalquality.

7)Thetwo“ancientuniversities”,CambridgeandOxford,arefrequentlyjointlyreferredtoas“”.

8)Except26BritishPrimeMinistershavebeeneducatedatOxfordUniversity,thereareover50

aswellasmorethan30internationalleadersstudiedintheUniversity.

9)Thetermreferstoanyoftheveraluniversitiesfoundedinthe1960sintheeraofthe

RobbinsReportonhighereducation.

10)Instudents’previousacademicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomost

undergraduatecours.

onsonthisunit:

ystagescantheBritishEducationsystembedividedinto?

ethedifferencesbetweencomprehensiveschoolsandgrammarschoolsintheUK?

rethetwomostimportantandfamousuniversitiesintheUK?

40

ouunderstand“flexibility”asoneofcharacteristicsofteachingmethodsappliedintheBritish

HigherEducation?

etheadmissionofuniversitiesbetweenChinaandtheUK.

orexplanation:

1)publicschools

2)GCSE

3)A-level

4)Oxbridge

5)RedBrickUniversity

isandcomments:

1)BenefitsandpotentialproblemsforChinestudentstostudyintheUK

2)Whatshouldbeplacedfirstineducation,andwhy?