phatic

ChapterOneLanguage

thefollowingterms

1)discreteness2)designfeatures

3)arbitrariness4)duality

5)displacement6)culturaltransmission

7)theimaginativefunctionoflanguage8)thepersonalfunctionoflanguage

9)theheuristicfunctionoflanguage10)language

leChoice

Directions:whichonewouldbethebest

answertotheque留学学英语 stionortocompletethentencebest.

1)Whichofthefollowingwordsintirelyarbitrary?

2)Thefunctionofthentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade”is________.

mative

3)InChinewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeopleprentare

likelytosaysuisuipingan(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingthe

unctiondoesit

perform?

tional.

4)Whichofthefollowingpropertiesoflanguageenableslanguageurstoovercomethe

barrierscaudbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguage

arefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

y.

ariness.

5)nctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsof

language?

—Aniceday,isn’tit?

—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

ersonal.

6)Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystems,humanlanguageis.

usfree

usbound

mmediatestimuluscontrol

atedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest.

7)Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?

mativefunction

tionalfunction

8)Indifferentlanguages,differenttermsareudtoexpresstheanimal“狗”,thisshows

thenatureof---ofhumanlanguage.

AarbitrarinessBculturaltransmissionCdisplacementDdiscreteness

9)Whichofthefollowingdisciplinesarerelatedtoappliedlinguistics?

linguistics

ophy

10)hasbeenwidelyacceptedasthefatherofmodemlinguistics.

ons

mpletion

Directions:Fillintheblankswiththemostsuitablewords.

1)Designfeatures,aframeworkpropodbytheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett,refer

tothe________propertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishesitfromanyanimal

systemofcommunication.

2)________referstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfully

tance,thedifferencebetweenthesounds/p/and/b/isnotactuallyvery

great,butwhenthesoundsarepartofalanguagelikeEnglish,theyareudinsucha

waythattheoccurrenceofoneratherthantheotherismeaningful.

3)Inanylanguagewordscanbeudinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbe

atureisusually

termedp_______orc________.

4)

functionism________function.

5)Culturaltransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageisc________

pasdonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanby

i_________.

6)Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisisthepr大树的图片 imacyof________overwriting.

7)The________functionreferstotheuoflanguagetocommunicateknowledgeabout

theworld,toreportevents,tomakestatements,togiveaccounts,toexplainrelationships,

torelaymessagesandsoon.

8)The________

mphaticcommunionintroducedbytheanthropologist

BronislawMalinowskireferstolanguageudforestablishinganatmosphereor

maintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchangingfacts.

9)LanguageisasystemofarbitrarysymbolsudforhumanCommunication.

10)e______leveland______level.

11)Languageisa________becaueverylanguageconsistsofatofruleswhich

underliepeople’sactualspeechorwriting.

12)The_functionreferstolanguageudinanattempttocontroleventsoncethey

happen.

13)Thedesignfeaturesoflanguageare(1)(2)(3)

(4)(5)(6)and(7)_______.

14)Bysaying“languageisarbitrary”,wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetween

meaningand.

15)Thefourprinciplesinthelinguisticstudyare(1)(2)(3)

and(4).

FalQuestions

Directions:fortrue

andFforfalinthebracketbeforeeachofthem.

1)()Therelationbetweenformandmeaninginhumanlanguageisnatural.

2)()Whenlanguageisudtogetinformationfromothers,itrvesaninformative

function.

3)()ThereasonforFrenchtouchevalandforEnglishtouhortorefertothesame

animalisinexplicable.

4)()Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.

5)()Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

6)()Languageisasystemofarbitrary,writtensignswhichpermitallthepeopleinagiven

culture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateor

interact.

7)()Intheory,thelengthofntencesislimited.

8)()Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisarbitrary.

9)()Linguisticsymbolsareakindofvisualsymbols,whichincludevocalsymbols.

10)()Linguisticsymbolsareproducedbyhumanspeechorgans.

11)()Everylanguagehastwolevels:grammatically—meaninglessandsound—

meaningful.

12)()Suchfeaturesoflanguageasbeingcreative,vocal,andarbitrarycandifferentiate

humanlanguagesfromanimalcommunicativesystems.

13)()rstothefactthat

languagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.

14)()ore,thecommunicationway

udbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

15)()Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityof

eign

languagelearner,thelatterismoreimportantforus.

rytranslation

1)personalfunction

2)heauristicfunction

3)ideationalfunction

4)interchangeability

5)控制功能

6)表现功能

7)文化传递性

8)分离性

9)区别性特征

10)不受时空限制的属性

11)Interactionalfunction

12)instrumentationalfunction

13)imaginativefunction

14)寒暄功能

15)元语言功能

16)Personalfunction

17)performativefunction

18)娱乐功能

19)信息功能

20)人际功能

ssayQuestions

1)Whatarethefunctionsoflanguage?Exemplifyeachfunction.

2)Expla元旦快乐手抄报 inwhatthetermdualitymeansasitisudtodescribeapropertyofhuman

language.

3)Islanguageproductiveornot?Why?

4)Whatislanguage?

5)Whatarethemajordesignfeaturesoflanguage?Pleaexplainthreeofthemwith

examples.

KeytoChapterOne

thefollowinaterms

1)Discretenessreferstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfully

tance,thedifferencebetweenthesounds/p/and/b/isnotactuallyverygreat,but

whenthesoundsarepartofalanguagelikeEnglish,theyareudinsuchawaythatthe

tthatthepronunciationofthe

formspadandbadleadstoadistinctioninmeaningcanonlybeduetothedifferencebetweenthe

sounds/p/and/b/

possibletoproducearangeofsoundsinacontinuousstreamwhichareallgenerallylikethe

sounds/p/and/b/.

2)“Designfeatures”refertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthe

e

arbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.(3

分)

3)“Arbitrariness”meansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.A

dogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduditforapig.

guageisnotabsolutelyarbitrary,becauthere

arecaswherethereareoratleastemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,ifwethinkof

echoWords,like“bang”,“crash”,”roar”,’ly,some

compoundsarenotentirelyarbitraryeither.“Snow”and“storm”arearbitraryorunmotivated

words,while“snowstorm”nsay“arbitrariness”isamatterofdegree.

4)Linguistsrefer“duality”ofstructuretothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigated,

irst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedin

termsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,wordtc.);atthecond,lower

level,itinasaquenceofgmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemlves,butwhich

ingtoHuZhuanglinetal.,languageisasystemoftwo

tsofstructures,importantfortheworkingsof

numberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberof

manticunits(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinite

numberofntences.(Forexample,wehavedictionariesofwords,butnodictionaryofntences!)

Dualital

communicationsystemenjoysthisduality,orevenapproachesthishonor.

5)“Displacement”,asoneofthedesignfeaturesofthehumanlanguage,referstothefactthat

onecantalkaboutthingsthatarenotprent,rwords,

onecanrefertorealandunrealthings,thingsofthepast,oftheprent,ge

canulanguage’todescribesomethingthathadoccurred,is

occurring,’sSystemhasa

smallshareof“displacement”,butitisanunspeakabletinyshare.

6)Languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,butthedetailsof

uethatthecapacityfor

languageinhumanbeings(ycalledit“languageacquisitiondevice”,orLAD)hasa

geneticbasis,buttheparticularlanguageapersonlearnstospeakisaculturaloneratherthana

geneticonelikethedog’anbeingisbroughtupinisolationhecannot

f-childrearedbythewolvesturnedouttospeakthewolf’sroaring

“tongue”asdifficultforhimtoacquirehumanlanguage.

7)Theimaginativefunctionreferstolanguageudtocreateimaginarysystem,whether

theareliteraryworks,philosophicalsystemsorutopianvisionsontheonehand,ordaydreams

solanguageudforsheerjoyofusinglanguage,

suchasababy’sbabbling,achanter’schanting,apoet’spleasuring.

8)Thepersonalfunctionreferstolanguageudtoexpresstheindividual’sfeelings,

emotionsandpersonality.

9)Theheuristicfunctionoflanguagereferstolanguageudinordertoacquire党支部职责 knowledge

risticfunctioningprovidesabasisforthestructureof

geallowspeopletoaskquestionsaboutthenature

oftheworldtheyliveinandtoconstructpossibleanswers.

10)Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsudforhumancommunication.

leChoice

1)–5):ACCCB6)–10):ACCBB

mpletion.

1)defining2)Descreteness3）productivityorcreativity4)metalingual5)culturally,instinct

orinheritance6)speech7)reprentational8)interactional;9)vocal;10)gramaticallymeaningful,

soundmeaningless;11)system;12)regulatory13)arbitrariness,duality,productivity,cultural

transmission,interchangeability,discreteness,displacement.14)sound;15)exhaustiveness,

economy,objectivity,consistency

FalQuestions

1–5:FFTFF6–10:FFTFT11–15:FFTFT

ryTranslation

1)personalfunction:人际功能

2)heauristicfunction：启发功能

3)ideationalfunction：概念功能

4)interchangeability：互换性

5)控制功能：regulatoryfunction

6)表现功能:reprentationalfunctin

7)文化传递性:culturaltransmisssion

8)分离性:discreteness

9)区别性特征:designfeatures

10)不受时空限制的属性:displacement

11)Interactionalfunction:互动功能

12)instrumentationalfunction：工具功能

13)imaginativefunction：想象功能

14)寒暄功能：phaticfunction

15)元语言功能:metalingualfunctionormetafunctionoflanguage

16)personalfunction:自指性功能

17)performativefunction:表达功能

18)娱乐功能:recreationalfunction

19)信息功能:informativefunction

20)人际功能:interpersonalfunction

ssayQuestions

1)Whatarethefunctionsoflanguage?Exemplifyeachfunction.

AccordingtoWangGang(1988:11),thefunctionsoflanguagecanbemainlyembodiedin

threeaspects.i)Languageisatoolofhumancommunication;ii)Languageisatoolwhereby

peoplelearnabouttheworld;iii)Languageisatoolbywhichpeoplecreateart.

Asamatteroffact,differentlinguistshavedifferenttermsforthevariousfunctionsof

ayusthefollowingtermstorefertotheinitial

functionsofchildren’slanguage:

(1)Instrumental

Theinstrumentalfunctiomust的过去式 noflanguagereferstothefactthatlanguageallowsspeakerstoget

cancauthingstobe

diatecontrasthereiswiththe

animalworldinwhichsoundsarehardlyudinthisway,and,whentheyare,theyareudinan

trumentalfunctioncanbeprimitivetooinhumaninteraction.

Performativeutterancessuchasthewordswhichnameashipatalaunchingceremonyclearly

haveinstrumentalfunctionsiftherightcircumstancexist；theyareacts,hisship

LibertyBell.

(2)Regulatory

Theregulatoryfunctionreferstolanguageudinanattempttocontroleventsoncethey

dotrytocontrol

themlvesthroughlanguage,Isaythat?/Steady!/AndLetmethinkaboutthat

geprovidesdevicesfor

regulatingspecifickindsofencountersandcontainswordsforapprovingordisapproving人事简历 andfor

wsustoestablishcomplexpatternsof

organizationinordertotrytoregulatebehavior,fromgameplayingtopoliticalorganization,from

eregulatoryfunctionoflanguage

thatallowspeoplesomemeasureofcontrolovereventsthatoccurintheirlives.

(3)Reprentational

Thereprentationalfunctionreferstotheuoflanguagetocommunicateknowledgeabout

theworld,toreportevents,tomakestatements,togiveaccounts,toexplainrelationships,torelay

nctionoflanguageisreprentedbyallkindsofrecord-keeping,

suchashistoricalrecords,geographicalsurveys,businessaccounts,scientificreports,government

acts,esntialdomainoflanguageu,fortheavailabilityofthis

materialguaranteestheknowledge-baofsubquentgenerations,whichisaprerequisiteof

socialdevelopment.

(4)Interactional

Theint

mphaticcommunionintroducedbytheanthropologist

BronislawMalinowskireferstolanguageudforestablishinganatmosphereormaintaining

ingsuchashowareyou?isrelatively

emptyofcontent,andanswerslikefineorverywell,thankyouareequallyempty,becauthe

speakerisnotinterestedinthehearer’shealth,butrathertodemonstratehispolitenessandgeneral

attitudetowardtheotherpersonwhenhegivesaconversationalgreeting.

(5)Personal

Thepersonalfunctionreferstolanguageudtoexpresstheindividual’sfeelings,emotions

n’sindividualityisusuallycharacterizedbyhisorheruofpersonal

dividualhasa“voice”ee

tospeakornottospeak,tosay,asmuchoraslittleashepleas,andtochoohowtosaywhat

oflanguagecantellthelistenerorreaderagreatdealaboutthespeakeror

writer—inparticular,abouthisregionalorigin,socialbackground,levelofeducation,occupation,

age,x,andpersonality.

Languagealsoprovidestheindividualwithameanstoexpressfeelings,whetheroutrightin

theformofexclamations,endorments,orcur,ormuchmoresubtlythroughacarefulchoiceof

cialsituationsdisplaylanguageudtofosteranofidentity:theshoutingof

acrowdatafootballmatch,theshoutingofnamesorslogansatpublicmeetings,thereactionsof

theaudiencetotelevisiongameshows,

example,thecrowdsattendingPresidentRegan’spre-electionmeetingsin1984repeatedly

shouted“Fourmoreyears!”whichunitedamongthowhosharedthesamepoliticalviews.

(6)Heuristic

Theheuristicfunctionreferstolanguageudinordertoacquireknowledgeand

risticfunctioningprovidesabasisforthestructureof

rastheinquiryintolanguageitlf,anecessary

resultisthecreationofametalanguage,ageudtorefertolanguage,containingterms

suchassound,syllable,word,structure,ntence,meaningandsoon.

(7)Imaginative

Theimaginativefunctionreferstolanguageudtocreateimaginarysystem,whetherthe

areliteraryworks,philosophicalsystemsorutopianvisionsontheonehand,ordaydreamsand

ginativefunctionalsoallowspeopletoconsidernotjust

therealworldbutallpossibleworlds—teratureisthemost

obviouxampletorvethisfunctionasanaccountofRobinsonCrusoeinthedertedisland.

Theimaginativefunctionenableslifetobelivedvicariouslyandhelpssatisfynumerousdeep

artisticurges.

2)Explainwhatthetermdualitymeansasitisudtodescribeapropertyofhuman

language.

Languagei

propertyiscalledduality,or“doublearticulation”.Intermsofspeechproduction,wehavethe

physicallevelatwhichwecanproduceindividualsounds,liken,b,vidualsound,

producethosoundsina

particularcombination,asinbin,wehaveanotherlevelproducingameaning,whichisdifferent

,atonelevel,wehavedistinctsounds,andat

anotherlevel,alityoflevelsis,infact,:oneofthemost

economicalfeaturesofhumanlanguage,sincewithalimitedtofdistinctsoundswearecapable

ofproducingaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations(relativelyfinitewordsandinfinite

numberofntences)alcommunicationsystemhasduality,

orevercomesneartoposssingit.

3)Islanguageproductiveornot?Why?

(1)Languageisproductiveorcreative.(233)Thismeansthaturscanunderstandand

aywendmessagesthathavenever

beenntbefore,themwesayandhearforthefirst

time;mple,thentence”Ared-eyed

elephantisdancingonthehotelbed”mustbenewtoyouanditdoesnotdescribeacommon

heless,nobodyhasanydifficultyinunderstandingit.

(2)imalcommunicationsystemsappearto

behighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberoshould的用法 fdifferentsignalsthattheirurscanndand

mple,gibboncallsarenotproductive,fortheydrawalltheircallsfromalimited

repertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,cingisudonly

toindicatefoodsources,whichistheonlymessagethatcanbentthroughthedancing.

(3)atesfromitsduality,becauof

whichthespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitetofntences,

ductivityoflanguagealsomeansits

erecursivenatureoflanguagethatprovidesa

theoreticalbasisforthispossibility.

4)Whatislanguage?

(1)r,mostlinguists

wouldacceptatentativedefinitionlikethis:languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsud

forhumancommunication.(2)Languagemustbeasystem,sinceelementsinitarearranged

accordingtocertainrules;uagewerenotsystematic,it

couldnotbelearnedorudconsistently.(3)Languageisarbitraryinthenthatthereisno

tthat

differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforit(钢笔inChineforinstance)speaksstronglyfor

thearbitrarynatureoflanguage.(4)Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsare

associatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.(5)Wesaylanguageisvocalbecauthe

primarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedaretheirwriting

denceshowsthatwritingsystemscamemuchlaterthanthespokenformsandthat

theyareonlyattemptstocapturesoundsandmeaningonpaper(6)Theterm“human”inthe

ic;thatis,itisverydifferentfromthe

communicationsystemsotherformsoflifeposss.

5)Whatarethemajordesignfeaturesoflanguage?Pleaexplainthreeofthem

withexamples.

(1)Displacementisoneofthedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothe

factthathumanlanguagecanbeudtotalkaboutthingsthatareprentornotprent,realor

notreal,andaboutmattersinthepast,prentorfuture,rwords,

languagecanbeudtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofitsurs.

Thisphenomenonisthoughtofas“displacement”,whichcanprovideitsurswithanopportunity

tocommunicateaboutawiderangeofsubjects,freefromanybarrierscaudbyparationin

,thefeatureofdisplacementcanenableustotalkaboutthingsandplaces

efertomythicalcreatures,demons,fairies,

angels,SantaClaus,atureisuniqueto

imalcallsareoften

tance,duringthematingason,in

theprentofdangerorpain,edangerorpainismissing,their

callsstop.

(2)mple,the

differencebetweenthesoundsbandpisactuallynotverygreat,butwhenthesoundsarepartof

alanguagelikeEnglish,theyareudinsuchawaythattheoccurrenceofoneratherthanthe

tthatthepronunciationoftheformspackandbackleadstoa

distinctioninmeaningcanonlybeduetothedifferencebetweenthesoundspandbinEnglish.

undinthelanguageistreatedas

ssible;infact,toproducearangeofsoundsinacontinuousstreamwhichareall

r,thatcontinuousstreamwillonlybeinterpretedas

beingeitherapsound,orabsound(or,possibly,asanon-sound)avery

discreteviewofthesoundsofourlanguageandwhereverapronunciationfallswithinthe

physicallypossiblerangeofsounds,itwillbeinterpretedasalinguisticallyspecificand

meaningfullydistinctsound

(3)distinct

soundsatthelowerlevel(soundlevel),whichinasaquenceofgmentswhichhaveno

igherlevel,wehavedistinctmeanings(meaningfullevel).

emeaningfulunits

(suchasmorphemes,words,etc.)atthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoan

anizationoflanguageintolevels,oneofsounds,theother

ofmeaning,iquefeatureoflanguage

alcommunication

systemposssthefeatureofduality.