英语六级阅读

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英语六级阅读理解真题卷及答案-2

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PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthisction,

arerequiredtolectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoices

epassagethrough

oiceinthebankis

markthecorrespondingletterforeachitem

notu

anyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Thepacificislandnationofpalauhasbecomehometothesixth

largestmarine

marinererve,nowthelargestinthepacific,

lsoestablishedtheworld,first

sharksanctuaryin2021.

Thetinyislandnationhastaside500,000squarekilometres-80

percent-ofitsmaritime--27--,forfullprotection,thatsthehighest

percentageofan--28--economiczonedevotedtoremaining20percent

2

ofthepalauaswillberervedforlocalfishingbyindividualsand

small-scale--29--fishingbusinesswithlimitedexports.

island--30--havebeenamongthehardesthitbythethreatsfacing

theocean,ng

thissanctuaryisaboldmovethatthepeopleofpalaurecognias31to

toleadthewayinrestoringthehealthoftheoccan

forfuturegeneration

Palauhasonlybeenan_32nationfortwentyyearsandhasastrong

metooneoftheworlds

finestmarineecosystems,withmorethan1,300speciesoffishand700

speciesofcoral.

Senatorhokkonsbauleslead33ofthepalaunationalmarine

sanctuaryact,saidthesanctuarywillhelpbuilda-34futureforthe

palauanpeoplebyhonoringtheconrvationtraditionsofourpast.

theincludethecenturies-oldcustomof,whereleaderswouldcalla

temporarystoptofishingforkeyspeciesinordertogivefish35an

opportunitytoreplenish(补充).

a)allocate

b)celebrities

c)commercial

d)communities

e)esntial

3

f)exclusive

g)independent

h)indulge

i)permit

j)cure

k)solitary

L)spectacle

m)sponsor

n)stocks

o)temitory

Datasharing:anopenmindonopendate

[A]Itisamovementbuildingsteadymomentum:acalltomake

rearchdata,softwarecodeandexperimentalmethodspublicly

tofopennessisgainingacceptancein

thesciencecommunity,andistheonlyway,sayadvocates,toaddress

acrisisinciencewherebytoofewfindingsaresuccessfullyreproduced.

furthermore,theysay,itisthebestwayforrearcherstogatherthe

rangeofobrvationsthatarenecessarytospeedupdiscoveriesorto

identifylarge-scaletrends.

[B]theopen-datashiftposaconfusingproblemforjunior

nehand,thedrivetoshareisgatheringofficial

2021,globalscientificbodieshavebeguntobackpolitics

4

ther

hand,scientistsdisagreeabouthowmuchandwhentheyshouldshare

date,andtheydebatewhethersharingitismorelikelytoaccelerate

scienceandmakeitmorerobust,ortointroducevulnerabilitiesand

journalsandmakeitmorerobust,ortointroduce

journalandfundersadopt

data-sharingrequirements,andasagrowingnumberofenthusiastscall

formoreopenness,juniorrearchersmustfindtheirplacebetween

adoptersandthowhocontinuetoholdout,evenastheystriveto

launchtheirowncareers.

[C]onekeychallengefacingyoungscientistsishowtobeopen

stdeterminetherisk

ofjeopardizingajobofferoracollaborationprosalfromthowhoare

ymustlearnHowto

capitalizeonthemovementsbenefitssuchasopportunitiesformore

citationsandawaytobuildareputationwithouttheneedfor

conventionalmetrics,suchaspublicationinhigh-impactjournals.

[D]somefieldshaveembracedopendatamorethanothers.

rearchersinpsychology,afieldrockedbyfindingsofirreproducibilityin

thepastfewyears,havebeenespeciallyvocalsup-portersofthedrive

ychologyjournalshavecreatedincentives

ychologyjournals

5

havecreatedincentivesportersofthedriveformeluciblescience-for

example,byaffixingan,badgetoarticlesthatclearlystatewheredataare

ingtosocialpsychologistbriannoexecutivedirector

ofthecenterforopenscience,theaveragedata-sharingrateforthe

journalPsychologicalscience,whichusthebadges,increadtenfold

to38%from2021to2021.

[E]funders,too,areincreasinglyadoptinganopen-data

lstronglyergement,andsomerequire,adate-management

ationalsciencefoundationis

amongthe,somephilanthropic(慈善的)funders,includingthebill

Gatesfoundationinattle,washington,andthewellcometrustin

london,alopendatafromtheirgrantrecipients.

[F]butmanyyoungrearchers,especiallythowhohavenot

ertainaboutwhethertoshareor

testudentsandpostdoes,whooftenareworking

ontheirlabheadsgrantmayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisoror

anothernioroppossharing.

[G]somefearthatthepotentialimpactofsharingistoohigh,

odyhasascarystory

aboutsomeonegettingscooped(被抢先),”saysnewYorkuniversity

earsmaybeafactorinalingering

hesitationtosharedataevenwhenpublishinginjournalsthatmandate

6

it.

[H]rearchersatsmalllabsoratinstitutionsfocudonteaching

institutionandteachingload,idonthavepostdocsandgradstudents,

saysterrymcglynn,atropicalbiologistatcaliforniastate

university,kesarehighertosharedatabecau

itsabiggerfractionofhatshappeninginmylab.

[I]rearchersalsopointtothetimesinkthatisinvolvedin

edataandassociatedmaterials

appearinarepository(存储库),answeringquestionsandhandling

complaintscantakemanyhours.

[J]cas,

saysdatascientistkarthikRam,itmaybedifficultforjuniorrearchers

toembraceopennesswhenniorcolleaguesmanyofwhomhead

lectionandpromotionteeshtridiculewhattheymayviewas

rdthisrecently-thatembracingtheideaof

opendatadcodemakestraditionalacademicsuncomfortable,saysram.

theconcememstobethatopenadvocatesdontspendtheirtime

beingasproductiveaspossible.

[K]anopen-sciencestancecanalsoaddcomplexitytoa

tliff,whostudiessocialattitudesattheuniversityof

florida,gainesville,saysthatitcanemasiftherearetwocampsina

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anewareatonavigate-areyoucoolwiththefactthatillwanttomake

thedataopen?-whentalkingwithsomebodyaboutaninteresting

rearchidea,shesays.

[L]despitecomplicationsandconcerns,theupsidesofsharingcan

mple,wheninformationisuploadedtoarepository,

adigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)isassigned.

ScientistscanuaDOTtopublisheachstepoftherearchlife

cycle,ing,theycanpotentiallygetthree

tiontothepaper

houghsomesaythatcitationsforsoftwareordatahave

littlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveotherbenefits.

[M]manyadvocatesthinkthattransparentdataprocedureswitha

discouragingplagiarism(剽窃).saysivogrigorov,aproject

coordinatoratthenaionalinstituteofaquaticresot

Rearchcreta-incharlottenlund,ysthat

casimfamiliar

withdidntinvolveopendataorcode,hesays.

[N]Opensciencealsooffersjuniorrearchersthechancetolevel

unce,a

8

postdocstudyingevolutionarybiologyattheuniversityofcambrige,UK,

isavocalchampionofopenscience,partlybecauhisfossilothersdata.

hesaysthatmoreopennessinsciencecouldhelptodiscouragewhat

someperceiveasacommompracticeofshuttingoutearly-career

scientistsrequestsfordata.

[O]communicationalsohelpsforthowhoworryabout

jeopardizingacollaboration,hesays,Concemsaboutopenshouldbe

eryoustartaprojectwith

someone,youhavetoestablishaclearunderstandingofexpectationsfor

whoownsthedata,atwhatpointtheygopublicandwhocandowhat

withthem,hesays.

[p]intheend,sharingdata,softwareandmaterialswithcolleagues

canhelpanearly-careerrearchertogainrecognition--acrucial

ngyouarearchingforreputationsays

titusbrown,agenomics(基因组学)rearcherattheuniversityof

Califomia,davis,.togetgrantsandjobsyouhavetoberelevantand

ngyoudothatadvances

yourprence-especiallyinalargerphere,outsidethecommunitiesyou

know-isanetwin.

omerdavidhoggdoesntthinkscoopingisasriousa

problemasgenerallythought.

archersarehesitanttomaketheirdatapublicforfear

9

thatothersmightpublishsomethingsimilarbeforethem

ychologyjoumalshaveofferedincentivestoencourage

authorstosharetheirdata.

sagrowingdemandinthesciencecommunitythat

gdataofferarly-career

rearchersthechancetobuildacertainlevelofreputation

aringenablesscientiststopublisheachstepoftheir

rearchwork,thusleadingtomorecitations

istsholddifferentopinionsabouttheextentandtimingof

datasharing

ialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemade

knowntoanddiscusdbyallparticipantsatthebeginningofajoint

rearchproject

gdataandhandlingdata-relatedissuescanbe

time-consuming

rearehersmayhavenosaywhenitcomestosharing

data.

Sectionc

Directions:ssageis

followedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatementsforeachofthem

therearefourchoicesmarkeda,b,c)andD)Youshoulddecideonthe

bestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswersheet2witha

10

singlelinethroughthecentre.

Passageone

Questions46to50arebadonthefollowingpassage.

Inthebeginningofthemovie,robot,arobothastodecidewhomto

thoughspoonerscreamssavehersaveher!therobotrescueshim

becauitcalculatesthathehasa45percentchanceofsurvival

otsdecisionanditscalculated

approachraianimportantquestion:

wouldhumansmakethesamechoice?andwhichchoicewouldwe

wantourroboticcounterpartstomake?

Isaacasimovevadedthewholenotionofmoralityindevisinghis

threelawsofrobotics,cannotharmhumansor

allowhumanstocometoharm;mustobeyhumans,except

wheretheorderwouldconflictwithlawi;mustactin

lf-prervation,aws

areprogrammedintoasimovsrobots-theydonthavetothink,judge,or

simplydontdoit.

Therobotwhorescuesspoonerslifein/robotfollowsasimovs

zerothlaw:robotscannotharmhumanity(asoppodtoindividual

humansorallowhumanitytocometoharm--anexpansionofthefirst

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he

firstlaw,arobotcouldnotharmadangerousgunman,butunderthe

zerothlaw,arobotcouldkillthegunmantosaveothers.

Whetheritspossibletoprogramarobotwithsafeguardssuchas

asimovslawsisdebatableawordsuchasharmisvague(whatabout

emotionalharmisreplacingahumanemployharm),andabstract

otsinasimovsfictionexpo

complicationsandloopholesinthethreelaws,andevenwhenthelaws

work,robotsstillhavetoassssituation.

hastoidentifythe

players,conditions,andpossibeoutcomesforvariousscenarios,Its

doubtfulthatacomputerprogramcandothat-aleast,notwithoutsome

icistatthebristolroboticslaboratory

programmedarobottosavehur

oxies(5)eh-boheadedfordanger,the

ntwoh-bots

becamepercentofthetime,unabletodecidewhichtosaveandletting

erimenthighlightstheimportanceofmorality

withoutit,howcanarobot

decidewhomtosaveorwhatsbestforhumanity,especiallyifit

cantcalculatesurvivalodds?

estiondoestheexampleinthemovierai?

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a)whetherrobotscanreachbetterdecisions

b)whetherrobotsfollowasimovszero

d)howrobotsshouldbeprogrammed.

estheauthorthinkofasimovsthreelawsofrobotics?

a)theyareapparentlydivorcedfromreality.

b)theydidnotfollowthecodingsystemofrobotics.

c)theylaidasolidfoundationforrobotics.

d)theydidnottakemoralissuesintoconsideration.

estheauthorsayaboutasimovsrobots?

atheyknowwhatisgoodorbadforhumanbeings

b)theyareprogrammednottohurthumanbegings

c)theyperformdutiesintheirownersbestinterest.

d)theystopworkingwhenamoralissueisinvolved.

estheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthe

wordharminasimovslaws?

a)abstractconceptsarehardtoprogram.

b)itishardforrobotstomakedecisions

c)robotsmaydoharmincertainsituations

d)asimovslawsutoomanyvagueterms

stheroboticistatthebristolroboticslaboratoryfound

inhixperiment.

a)robotscanbemadeasintelligentashumanbegingssomeday

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b)robotscanhavemoralissuencodedintotheirprogram

c)robotscanhavetroublemakingdecisionsincomplexscenarion.

d)robotscanbeprogrammedtoperceivepotentialperils.