写作教程

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Unit1theCorrectWord

Focus

DenotationandConnotation

tionreferstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword-thedefinitionyoufindina

dictionary.

ationreferstotheimpliedorsuggestedmeaningofaword.

Wecanlistsomewordstocompareitsdifferentmeaningofdenotationandconnotation.

WordDenotationConnotationSentence(connotation)

goldAkindofmaterial

source

Expensive,money

wealth

Goldnowisveryexpensive.

moonThenaturalbody

thatmovesaround

theearthonce28

days.

Beautylonely,

coldness,purity,

tranquility

Manyyearspastshestill

keepacharitylikethemoon.

iceWaterfrozensothat

ithasbecomesolid.

Coldness,

indifferencecruelty,

death,etc

Theiceinhisvoicewasonly

tohidethepain.

bloodRedliquidflowing

throughthebodies

ofhumanoranimal

Relationship,death,

descent,race,

temperament

Bloodisthickthanwater.

winterAasonColdness,

tired,upt

Pleawalkoutyouwinterof

life,justsmiletoyourlife.

Attitude:whenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsomeemotionallyloaded

hatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.

Wecandividethewordsattitudeintothreeparts:1commendatorypositive2neutral

3derogatorypejorative

CommendatoryNeutralPejorative

quaintstrangebizarre

persiststubbornpigheaded

complimentpraiflattering

SeniorcitizenOldpersonfossil

BachelorgirlSinglegirlspinster

Collocation:fixedcombinationofwords

Thereareveraltypesofcollocation:1.V+N(followthefashion)2.A+N(abrilliantsuccess)

3.V+AD(thinkalike)+N(theanswertoaquestion)5.V+PREP(thinkofanidea)

FalFriends

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Advi(v)(n)angel（天使）（角度）capital（首都，资金）l（国

会大厦）

Complement（补充）ment（称赞）credible（可信的，确实的）ous（轻

信的，易受骗的）getknowledge(t)nowledge(f)

Grammar

Subject-Verbagreement

1whenthesubjectiscompound

Workandplayareequallyimportant.

Hamandeggsismyfavoritebreakfast.

(1)由and或both…and连接的并列结构作主语时，如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；如果

作主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数，则动词用单数；and与

each等限定词时，随后动词用单数。

(2)由neither…nornotonly…butalso连接的并列结构作主语，随后动词形式常遵循就近原则。

(3)主语后用alongwith,togetherwith引导等词组，动词形式根据主语形式而定。

2Whenthesubjectexpressquantity

(1)有manya等限定词，其后动词形式为单数

(2)apair,heapof后动词多接单数形式

3whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clau,orinthethere-bestructure

(1)以nominalclau作主语，随后动词通常用单数

(2)relativeclau中谓语动词单复数形式通常以关系代词先行项的形式而定

(3)therebe谓语动词单复数形式取决于所后的Unit2TheAppropriateWord

Focus

Style:inEnglish,wordscanbe,roughly,formal,general,colloquial,andslangintermsofstyle.

Formalandgeneral

Formalwordsarenotascommonasgeneralwords,whichformthebasisofthevocabularyand

areudforeverydaycommunication.

formalgeneral

fracturebreak

lucidclear

terminateend

corpulentfat

facilitateMakeeasy

verifyprove

concuragree

Notice:acommonbeliefamongstudentsisthatformalityisavirtue,butthebestpolicyistou

generalwordsinmostcasandformalwordsinspecific,formalcontexts.

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Colloquialandslang

Well,now,youknow,I’dliketosay,oh,maygod,Ithink….whichcanbeudincolloquial,and

omeformalconstitutionwe’dbetternotu

it.

Notice:thecolloquialstyletakesalessprominentrole,therefore,formostwritingtasks,itmay

hslangcanmakeapassagelooandunrious;somemayevensoundodd.

Styleandaudience

Theformalstyleischaracterizedbyextensivevocabulary,frequentuofformalandabstract

words,abnceofslangandalmostnocontractionorclippedwords.

Theinformalstyleischaracterizedbyvocabulariesrangingfromformaltocolloquialbutmostly

general,andoccasionalandclippedwords.

Differentstyleareudtoaddressdifferentaudiencesandondifferentoccasions.

Chinglish:itreferstotheunidiomaticuofEnglishbyChinespeaker

Avoidliteraltranslation

chinglishdiomatic

Bigfilmblockbuster

EarlylovePuppylove

ConvenientnoodlesInstantnoodles

FistproductKnockoutproduct

OnexgoodsDisposablegoods

Grasptheconnotation

请帮我们(宣传)一下这个新产品。

Pleahelpustopropagatethisnewproduct.

Propagateshouldbereplacedbypromote

他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了

Heislf-concernedandindividualistic。Individualisticshouldbereplacedbylfishness

Grammar

Pronouns

ive

Subjective:Isheyouheitwhowhomthey

Objective:meheryouhiswhomwhothemits

3theBetterWord

Focus

Conciness(Brevityisthesoulofwit.)

Tip:1eliminateorexpressionrewritethatrepeatthesamepoint

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2cutoutunnecessaryintensifiers

3avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs

4changephraintosinglewords

5changeunnecessary“that,whoandwhich”clauintophras.

Notice:twayistoproofreadyourwritingcarefully

andtrytofindwords,phrasorevenntencethatarenotesntial.

Preciness：Theconcretenessofexpression

Generalwordsconveyinexactintangibleandoftenabstractconceptswhereasspecificwords

providepreci,nsoryorconcretedetails.

Forexample:itwasfinelastweekend,

adawonderfultime.

Improved:Itwasawonderfulandrelaxedweekend,wedriveourprivateandspaciouscartothe

countryside,omanypeoplewhoweariedplain

andsimplec’re

sreallyamemorable

andwonderfultime.

Effectiveness

SentenceBaUnit4

Focus

Thentenceba,whichislikethetrunkofatree,consistsofatleastonesubjectandone

verb.

Subject:tochooagoodsubjectisthefirstcrucialstepinntencewriting,telluswhoor

whatisresponsibleforanaction,feelings,andstateorprocess.

Positionofthesubject:Thesubjectisusually,throughnotalways,putatthebeginningofa

ntence.

Thesubjectofadeclarativentence-antencethatmakesastatement–usuallyprecedesthe

nesituation,itfollowstheverb,(Inthecenterofthepaintingstandsaladyin

white.)

Voice:e

subjectacts,theverbisintheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthe

passivevoice.

1Choosingtheactivevoice

Theactivevoicestresstheactivityofthesubjectandhelpstomakeantencedirect,conci,

andvigorous.

2Choosingthepassivevoice

Thoughtheactivevoiceismorecommonlyudinwriting,thepassivevoicemaybemore

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suitableforthefollowing:

1whentheagentisfollowedbyalongmodifier,weuthepassivevoicetoavoidsuspensionof

theverb

2thepassivealsoudtokeepthefocusoftwontences

Grammar

Ten

1Thesimpleprent:a表示现在的状态，b表经常或习惯性动作，c表主语具备的性格和功能

d普遍真理和自然规律e表示将来和过去时间

2Sequenceoftens:simpleprent,simplepast,prentprogressive,pastprogressive,prent

perfective,pastperfective,prentperfectiveprogressive,pastperfectiveprogressive

Mood:theindicativemood,theimperativemood,thesubjunctivemood

Thesubjunctivemood:Ingrammar,thesubjunctivemood(abbreviatedsjv

orsbjv)isaverbmoodtypicallyudinsubordinateclaustoexpress

variousstatesofunrealitysuchaswish,emotion,possibility,judgment,

opinion,necessity,metimes

referredtoastheconjunctivemood,asitoftenfollowsaconjunction

Unit5ExpandedSentenceBa

Focus

Attributes:wordsorphrasudtonarrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes.

Whatcanbeudasattribute?

ADeterminers:referstowordsthatareudtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounora

nominalphra.

Itincludedarticles,posssiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals.

Badjectivesarethemostcommonattributes.

Forexample:hairyanimals,aredro

Cnouns:mostofthemindicatethefeatureofthenounmodified.

Forexample:Herboyfriendisafashiondesigner.

D-ingforms:todescribethefunction,feature,ortoindicatetheprentstateofthenoun.

Wealllikehersmilingface.

E–edforms

Heonlydrinksimportedwine.

Finfinitives:nowitmustbeplacedafterthenoun.

Doyouhaveafriendtotalkto.

Gprepositionalphras:itisplacedafterthenounitmodifiers.

Ican’tstandthatsillyadfordogfood,canyou?

RelativeClaus

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Whyurelativeclau:tomakethenounithermoreexactormorevivid;wecandirectreaders’

attentiontothemainclau

MysonlikedthetoycarverymuchwhichIboughtforhisbirthday.

ThetoycarwaslikedbymysonverymuchwhichIboughtformyson.

Writingcorrectrelativeclaus

RULE1wheretheantecedentreferstoathing

ForexampleA+thatwhich+clau

RULE2wheretheantecedentreferstoaperson

ForexampleA+thatwho+clau

RULE3wheretheantecedentisudasposssiveintheclau

ForexampleA+who+clau

RULE4wheretheantecedentreferstoatime

ForexampleA+when+clau

RULE5wheretheantecedentreferstoaplace

ForexampleA+where(inat+which)+clau

RULE6wheretheantecedentreferstoacau

ForexampleA+why+clau

RULE7wheretheantecedentreferstoamanner

ForexampleA+inwhich+clau

RULE8wheretheantecedentreferstothemainclauasawhole

Foeexampleprecedingntence+which+clau

Rule9wheretherelativeclauhasnorelativeword

Iftherelativeisudasobject,itcanbeomitted.

Rule10wheretherelativebeginswithapreposition

Forexampleantecedent+prep+which+clau

Rule11wheretheantecedentandtherelativeclauareparatedbyacomma

Forexample:anon-restrictiveclau(Theboy,whohaveplayedtruanttowatchthefootball

match,willhavetocopythetext.)

Grammar

IncompleteSentence

APhrafragment:inexperiencedwritersmaywriteaphraasifitwereantencebecau

theyborrowthephradirectlyfromthespokenlanguage.

I’intheafternoon..(I’llmeetyouinthelibraryatfourinthe

afternoon.)

Bfragmentwithoutasubject

kedatthestreetbelow.(Shestoodbythewindowandlooked

atthestreetbelow.)

Cfragmentwithoutaauxiliaryverb:fragmentsoftencontainverb-likeparticlesorinfinitives

whichcauthewritertothinkaverbhasbeeninclude.

Dfragmentofdependentclaus:whenadependentclauarefairllong,awritermight

mispuctuateitasantence.

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WordOrder

Determiners:名词前的限定词顺序为前位-中位-后位，同时一个名词中心词前不能同时用两

个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。

Adjectives

形容词修饰名词的顺序为：限定词-数词-描绘词-（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）出处-

材料性质类别-名词。

Unit6ExpandedSentenceBa

Focus

Participle

Gettingtoknowparticiple:therearetwokindsofparticiple,oneendingwith–ing,andtheother

endingwith–edwhichformstoudependsontherelationshipbetweentheverbandthenoun

described.

1Thetremblingoldmanstoodbythebrokenwindow.

2Frightenedbyastrangenoidownstairshewentdownslowly,holdinghisguninhishand

Complexparticiplephra

Aprentparticipleindifferentmodesandaspects

BParticiplewithconjunction

Time:weuwhilewhentoemphasizethattheparticipleactionandthepredicateactiontake

uwordslikebefore,aftertoshowthequenceofthetwo

action

Whilechasingthecat,thedoghurtitsfeet.

Concession:weuwordslikethough,although,evenif,concession.

Shedoesn’tplantogototheparty,eventhoughinvited.

Condition:weuifwhenorunlessbeforeaparticipletoindicatethatthisisjustacondition,

insteadofafact.

Whenhearted,thismaterialwillgiveoffaverybadsmell.

Gettingtoknowparticiple’sfunction

Acreatingconcintence

Bproducingmoredetailedntence

1Theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand,shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingle

word.

2Shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingleword,theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand.

(Better)

Cestablishingclearerlogic

I’llhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays,hurtinaaccident.

Hurtinaaccident,I’llhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays.

Absolutes

Gettingtoknowabsolutes

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Usingabsolutewithpurpo

Aaddingdescriptivedetailstomakentencemuchmorevivid.

Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,hiyeclod.

Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,acigaretteburninginhishand.(better)

Bindicatingcau-effectrelationships

Heglaredathisboss,smiledisappeared.

Thegirlwanjoyingherfavoritesong,laughedloudly.

Grammar

Comma-splitntence:uacomatoconnecttwoparateideas,ortwoindependentntence

Wecanusomeconjunctiontocombinethentence.

Fudntence

Weshouldknowthebastructureofntence,likeSVC,SV,SVO,SVOC….

Unit7JoiningSentenceTogether

FOCUS

Coordination:isacommonsyntacticpatternformedbygroupingtogethertwoormore

categoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,but,or.

Coordinatestructures

Abasiccoordinateformula

Coordination=itemA+andbut+itemB(aredandyellowcurtain)

Bcoordinationadifferentgrammaticallevels

1hardbutrewarding(wordlevel)

2afive-thousand-Yuansalaryandatwo-monthpaidholiday(phralevel)

3whoisoldenoughtoprovideknowledgeablelessonsaboutlifeandwhoisyoungenoughtotreat

studentsasfriends.(claulevel)

4Leadersworkwithmind,andlaborersworkwithhand..(ntencelevel)

Ccoordinationwithdifferenttypesofcoordinators

coordinators:and,but,or

coordinators:both…and…,either…or…,neither…nor…

coordination

Coordinationinries=itemA+itemB+itemC…,+Coordinator+lastitem

Dusingconjunctiveadverbs(ntenceconnectors)

1indicatecontrast:however,instead,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,otherwi,incontrast…

2indicatecauandeffect:therefore,thus,hence,conquently,asaresult,forthisreason

3inndicateasimilarideafollows:besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,similarly

4indicateemphasisandillustration:indeed,infact,inparticular,forexample,forinstance

5indicatetime:then,meanwhile,atthesametime,afterward,later

Coordinationatthentencelevel

coordinatorrelationship

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andThetwoitemsaresimilar

butThetwoitemsaredifferent

orTwoitemsarealternative

norNeitherofthetwoitemstakeplace

soCautheeffect

yetWhatthentencelessclothanwithbut

Functionofcoordinatentences:toclaritytherelationshipbetweenclausandassignqual

weighttotheideas

Advancedusagesofcoordinatentence

Arepetitionorabnceofcoordinators

Bmicolons:aitquittancethepaceofthentence;bslowlythentencedown,sothereader

willpundateovertheideas.

Cinterruptedcoordination:thephrainrtedaddsmoreinformationtotheoriginal

gthentencepasternsmorevaried.

JoiningSentenceTogetherUnit8

Focus

SubordinationTheclauthatcanbeudindependentlyiscalledindependent

clau;theclauthatcannotbeudaloneiscalleddependentclau,andthewordudto

connectthemandindicatedrelationshipiscalledsubordinator.

nation

Similarity:theybothcombinetwoclauintoonentence

Difference:Thetwoclausincoordinatentencecanbeudindecently,becautheir

meaningsarecomplete;whileinsubordinateonlyonentenceiscompletemeaningsandcanbe

udindigently.

Coordination:Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,buthechotomajorinaccounting.

Subordination:AlthoughTonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechotomajorinaccounting.

Typesofsubordination

Anominalclau:anominalclauisadependentclaufunctioningasanoun.

Whyyourfathercomeshereisamysterytome.

Brelativeclaus:Ilikethedogthatwhichischasingacat

Cadverbialclaus

Functionsofsubordination

Amoreinformation

Bemphasis:tosumup,subordinationcanaddmoreinformationtoantence,andmore

importantly,itcangivespecialemphasistopartofthentence.

Effectiveuofsubordination

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Apositionofthesubordinateclau

Bsimplifiedsubordination

Unit9SentenceVariety

Waystoachieventencevariety

1Byvaryingthelength

Ashortntence:emphatic,suitablefortheprentationofimportantfactsandideas.

Blongntence:capableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision;suitableforthe

explanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.

2Byvaryingthepattern:byntencepatterns,wemeanntenceofdifferent

functionsandstructures

AAvoidstringsofbriefandsimplentence

BAvoidtoomanycompoundntence.

Sentencefunction:ogativeimperativeexclamatory

Grammaticalstructure;simple,compound,complex,compound-complex

3Byvaryingtheemphasis

Thefirststrategyforemphasis

NaturalemphasispositioninEnglishntence

1Theendofantenceisthemostemphasisposition;thebeginningthecond;themiddlethe

last.

2Whenweshifttheorder,wecreateacertainemphaticeffect,otherelementssuchasattributes

andadverbialsareusuallyplacedclotowhattheymodify.

Thecondstrategy;byusingemphaticpatterns,likewhat…is…,itis…that…,therebe…

whothat…,doverb,passivevoice

4Byvaryingthebeginner

Asubject:besidesnounsandpronouns,numerals,infinitives,ingparticipleandclaucanalso

gdifferentkindsofsubjectstobeginntences,wecanalsoachieve

ntencevariety.

Badverbial:besidesbeginningntencewithsubject,wemayalsoputadverb,-lyatthe

beginningand“to”beginners,prepositionalphrabeginner,adjadvphracanallbeudas

nalsoimproventencevariety.

Unit10Punctuation

Commonpunctuationmarks:thecomma(,),theperiod(.),the

micolon(;),thecolon(:),thequestionmarks(?),thedash(-),quotation

marks(“”),theexclamationmark(!),parenthes(()),theslash(),italics

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underling(_)

Period:1uaperiodtoshowtheendofntence.2uaperiodaftercertainabbreviations.

Comma:1Joinshortandclolyrelatedparallelntence

2inacompoundntencebeforetheconjunctionorconnective

3afteranadverbialsclauorphrabeforethesubjectofthentence

4nonerestrictiveclausandphraaretoffbycommas

5commastoffparentheticalelements

6uacommawithquotationmarkstoshowwhatsomeonehassaiddirectly

7inthedate,intheorder

Semicolons

1uamicolonbetweenindependentclaunotjoinedbycoordinatingconjunction

Hismotherwon’tlethim;sheisafraidhemightgethurt.

2themicolonisudtoparateariesofitemswhichcontain

Forexample,professorZhao,DeanoftheNormalCollege;Mr.,Han,editorin-chiefofthelocal

eveningpaper.

3有些其联系作用的副词，如however,thus,otherwi,hence,nevertheless,besides,

conquently等等，不应该用作连词来联系并列句，他们之间应该用分号而不用逗号，此后

用逗号。

Theinventionbroughthimfame;moreover,itbroughthimmoney.

Colon

1usacolontointroduceanexplanation,asummary,anappositive,oralistofthings.

2itisudafteracompletestatementwhenintroducingalist.

常用错误，在英语中例如一类的词后常用逗号代替冒号。

Quotation

1theperiodandthecommaalwayscomeinsidethequotationmarks.

2themicolonandthecolonalwayscomeoutsidethequotationmarks.

3uittoenclothetitlesofessays,articles,shortstores,shortpoems,chapters…