独立主格结构
独立主格结构(absolute construction)是英语中难度比较大的一个语法问题,很多同学一碰到独立主格结构就懵了[捂脸],今天Becky老师来为小可爱们答疑解惑了。
先看下面两个句子:
1. The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
2. Her glass broken, she couldn't e the words on the blackboard.
标红的部分就是独立主格结构,简单来说,
独立主格结构=名词/代词➕非谓语动词
这里,又出现了另外一个概念,就是非谓语,我给不清楚的同学们再讲一下,这个问题搞不清楚,英语作文里面就会出现很多语法错误。
在英语中,动词一般做谓语,谓语也都由动词来承担,所以我们常说谓语动词,对吧?所以不是谓语的动词就要改成非谓语的动词。
通常,一个英语句子(这里指简单句、分句或者小句)里,只能有一个谓语,也就是只能有一个动词做谓语。如果在一个句子里,有两个及两个以上动词,那么只能有一个动词是谓语,其余动词都应该改为to do,doing 和done的非谓语形式。
有同学不禁要问了,为什么呀?为什么一个英语句子里只能有一个谓语呀?
不为什么,因为这就是英语语法的规定!
那么非谓语啥意思,顾名思义,就是这个词它虽然是动词,但在句子中不做谓语成分,但仍然有动词的意思,这种动词就叫非谓语,
比如:to buy,bought,和buying都有动词“买”的意思,但是这三种形式的“buy”在句子中并不做谓语成分。
举个例子[玫瑰]:
原文:他去超市买水果。
分析:这句话有两个动词“去”和“买”,汉语里可以有连动的用法,但在把这句话翻译成英语的时候我们要把主要的动词翻译为谓语,次要的动词翻译为非谓语。
译文:He went to the supermarket to buy some fruit.
这句译文的谓语动词就是went,非谓语动词就是to buy。To do形式的非谓语表示目的,刚好对应“他去超市买水果”这个意思的表达。
通常,非谓语动词的逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式,这种结构就称为“独立主格结构”。非谓语动词若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词形式;若是被动关系,用过去的分词形式。
其实,所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立,而是与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,且独立主格结构,只是一种附属成分,并不是一个句子,这种结构往往有状语的作用。
继续看一开始讲的例句:
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
针对这个句子,请大家思考以下几个问题:
哪一部分是主句?主句的主语是谁?
哪一部分是独立主格结构?其中arriving的逻辑主语是谁?也就是:arriving这个动作的发出者是谁?
本例句里的we began the meeting是主句(为什么这句是主句,因为这句话里的有主语we和谓语动词began),主句的主语是we;
本例句里的The chief-editor arriving就是独立主格结构,其中的非谓语形式arriving的逻辑主语是The chief-editor(因为arrive这个动作的发出者是The chief editor)。
可见,两者主语不一致,所以非谓语动词形式须另带主语,也就是在arriving前面应该加上非谓语自己的逻辑主语,也就是the chief-editor,又因为the chief-editor和arrive是主动关系,所以用非谓语的v-ing形式。
综上,The chief-editor arriving,这种结构就是独立主格结构。
再来看第二个例子:[玫瑰]
Her glass broken, she couldn't e the words on the blackboard.
独立主格结构:Her glass broken
主句:she couldn't e the words on the blackboard.
一看这句话的逗号后边的句子she couldn't e the words on the blackboard,有主语,有谓语,所以就是主句。主句的主语是she,而逗号前面的非谓语broken 的逻辑主语是 her glass, 二者不一致,所以her glass broken 就是独立主格结构,又因为galss是被打碎,所以用过去分词broken。
独立主格结构的构成
独立主格的构成稍显复杂,主要有以下几种:
1、名词/代词+现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)
e.g. Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
2、名词/代词+过去分词(表示被动和已完成)
e.g. The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
3、名词/代词+不定式(表示将要发生的动作)
e.g. His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner(=His friends are going to come tonight so he is busy preparing the dinner.)
4、名词/代词+形容词或副词(常用来说明名词的性质,特征或所处的状态)
e.g. So many people abnt, the meeting had to be called off.(=Becau so many people were abnt, the meeting had to be called off.)
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
5、名词/代词+介词短语
e.g. He went into the classroom,book in hand. (=He went into the classroom and a book is in his hand. )
6、with/without+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/不定时
e.g. With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
He sat at a desk with his attention fixed on a book.
I can’t go out with all the clothes to wash.
7、It being +名词
e.g. It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
8、there +being/having been
e.g. There being no further business, I declare the meeting clod.
以上分类其实略有重合的地方,但分类详细会有助于大家的理解和记忆。如果大家能把以上分类以及例句弄明白并背会的话,足以应付考试的时候出现的独立主格结构的单选题了。
但并不是说考试的时候,我们能把这个题做对就万事大吉了,我们的最终目的是灵活掌握这个语法项目,并且能应用到我们的语言实践中来。
如果能学以致用,在作文中灵活得体地使用独立主格结构的话,就能使文章增色不少。明天的文章中咱们会讲独立主格结构的修辞特点,感兴趣的同学请继续关注哦!
你学会了吗?
小试牛刀
1、Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner ated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. who C. which D. that
2、He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
3、He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C.which D. that
4、He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. that C. which D. them
5、There I met veral people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
6、There I met veral people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
7、 There I met veral people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
8、There _________ nothing more to do,Mr. Goodman left for home.
A. was B. being C. to be D. had being
你答对了吗?
Keys:
1. A 2.C 3. B 4.D 5.B 6. C 7. B 8.B
明天的文章中会有答案详讲,请感兴趣的同学们继续关注哦。如果您觉得有所收获,麻动动小手点个赞或者转发一下吧。
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