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美国文学简史复习纲要

Preparedon22November2020

美国文学简史复习纲要

ColonialPeriod殖民时期(1600s-1790s)

AmericanPuritanism美国清教主义：lf-examination/lf-improvement

(1703-1758)：Calvinist加尔文教徒

本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790)

(1)PoorRichard’sAlmanac

(2)TheAutobiography自传

EarlyAmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期（1800s-1840s）

(1)Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,American

romanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.

华盛顿欧文(1783-1859)

namesattachedtoIrving

(1)firstAmericanwriter

(2)themesngerntfromthenewworldtotheoldworld

(3)fatherofAmericanliterature美国文学之父

(1)TheSketchBook见闻札记:RipVanWinkle,TheLegendofSleepy

Hollow

Cooper库柏(1789-1851)

(1)LeatherstockingTales皮袜子故事集:TheDeerslayer,TheLastofthe

Mohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairie

achievements

Cooper’sLeatherstockingTaleffectivelyapproximatestheAmerican

edthewestand

frontierasauablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntradition

toAmericanliterature.

SummitofRomanticism–New

EnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪

漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)

提出1836,“Nature”byEmerson爱默生、《论自然》

oversoul

ofindividualism

–symbolofspirit/God

inintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)

helpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance美国文学复兴–oneofthe

mostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature、independent

Americanculture.

Emerson（1802-1882）

(1)Nature—themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism.《论自然》的发

表是美国超验主义出现的标志。

(2)TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》regardedasthe“Declarationof

IntellectualIndependence”.

Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗（1817-1862）

(1)Walden瓦尔登湖“Simplicity…simplify!”

(2)APleaforJohnBrown(anessay)：Hehatedthehumaninjusticeas

reprentedbytheslaverysystem.

LateRomanticism浪漫主义后期

（1804-1864）

(1)TheScarletLetter红字：HesterPrynne女主人公、ArthurDimmesdale

通奸的牧师、RogerChillingworth化名的丈夫、Pearl女儿

ofview

(1)Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”

(2)Wheneverthereissin,vilcanbepasd

fromgenerationtogeneration(causality).

–typicalromanticwriter

（1819-1891）

MobyDick白鲸

RomanticPoets

沃尔特惠特曼（1819-1892）

:LeavesofGrass(9editions)草叶集

(1)SongofMylf自我之歌

(2)WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d为纪念林肯总统而写

(3)IHearAmericasinging

:“freever”自由诗体

(1)HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWestern

culture.

(2)HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.

Dickinson艾米丽迪金森（1830-1886）

(1)MyLifeClodTwicebeforeItsClo

(2)BecauICan’tStopforDeath

(3)IHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdied

:badonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows

(1)poemswithouttitles

(2)directness,brevity

(3)capitalletters–emphasis

(4)shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas

:son

:

(1)Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergent

America,itxpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,their

poetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.

(2)Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenew

nationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameter

andexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:theywere

pioneersinAmericanpoetry.

:

(1)Whitmanemstokeephiyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinson

explorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.

(2)WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis

“regional”.

(3)Dickinsonhasthe“cataloguetechnique”(direct,simplestyle)which

Whitmandoesn’thave.

EdgarAllenPoe埃德加爱伦坡（）

stories

(1)detectivestories推理小说和侦探小说之父

FoundinaBottle瓶中手稿

intheRueMorgue莫格街杀人案

(2)Revenge,deathandrebirth、gothicnovels哥特小说

FalloftheHouofUsher亚舍古屋的倒塌

(3)Literarytheory

PoeticPrinciple：最诗意的莫过于美丽女人的早逝

:TheRaven乌鸦、AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李

:“hinginPoe’swritingsis

dead.”.horror.

–traditional,butnoteasytoread

TheAgeofRealism现实主义时期：内战（1861-1865）--一战

:FromRomanticismtoRealism

1880’urbanization:fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalism

closingofAmericanfrontier

inRealisticPeriod

Howells（1837--1920）–“DeanofAmericanRealism”

(1)Realisticprinciples：habitualmoods/motives

(2)Works:TheRiofSilasLapham

（1843-1916）

:internationaltheme

DaisyMiller

ThePortraitofaLady

TheAmbassadors大使：Strether主人公

TheWingsoftheDove

TheGoldenBowl

(1)Pointofview

,forefatherofstreamofconsciousness

Twain(enextction)

LocalColorism

1860s,1870s~1890s

HamlinGarland:CrumblingIdols

BretHarte:TheLuckofRoaringCamp

KateChopin–TheAwakening觉醒

Twain（1835-1910）–Mississippi

LanghorneClemens真名

(1)TheGildedAge镀金时代

(2)TheadvantagesofHuckleberryFinn:Jim、raft木筏

(3)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer

(4)LifeontheMississippi

(1)colloquialstyle,vernacularlanguage,dialects口语方言的运用

(2)localcolour

(3)humour

(4)socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)

thethree“giants”ofAmericanRealism

Howells–middleclass

James–upperclass

Twain–lowerclass

Howells–smiling/genteelrealism

James–psychologicalrealism

Twain–localcolourismandcolloquialism

AmericanNaturalism美国自然主义

’stheory:“naturallection”

’sidea:“socialDarwinism”

Naturalism:Zora

andheredity

tone:hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety

Itpreparesthewayforthewritingof1920s’“lostgeneration”.

:Maggie：AGirloftheStreets、TheRedBadgeofCourage

:McTeague、TheOctopus[railway]

:SisterCarrie、AnAmericanTragedy

:MartinEden

TheModernPeriod

The1920s:Roaring20s、JazzAge

nsidered“the

condrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.（第一次是超验主义）

Background：FirstWorldWar–“awartoendallwars”一战

Imagism(1908-1917)

ound

ImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinepoetry

andJapaneliterature“haiku”

pment:threestages

~1909:London,Hulme

~1914:England->America,EzraPound

~1917:AmyLowell

an“image”

AnimageisdefinedbyPoundasthatwhichprentsanintellectualand

emotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,“avortexorclusteroffudideas”

“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobject

beforethereaderasithadprenteditlftothepoet’smindatthetimeof

writing.

und(1885-1972)

(1)InaStationoftheMetro

(2)Cantos：“theintellectualdiarysince1915”

(3)HughSelwynMauberley

HeisregardedasthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.

Prufrock

TheWasteLand(epic)

FourQuarters

MurderintheCathedral(play)

:objectivecorrelative客观对应物

Stevens(1879-1955):AnecdoteoftheJar、TheEmperorofIce-Cream

CarlosWilliams（1883-1963）:TheRedWheelbarrow、SpringandAll、

Paterson

Frost(1874-1963):在总统就职典礼上朗诵自己的诗歌nation’sunofficialPoet

Laureate

–poems

NorthofBoston:TheRoadNotTaken、StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowy

Evening、PickingApples

style/featuresofhispoems

(1)MostofhispoemstookNewEnglandastting,andthesubjectswere

chonfromdailylifeofordinarypeople.

(2)Althoughhewaspopularduring1920s,hedidn’texperimentlike

conventionalforms,plain

language,traditionalmetre,andwroteinapasturedtradition.

ndburg(1878-1967):ChicagoPoems、Fog“thewordof

thepeople”

gs(1894-1963):“ajugglerwithsyntax,grammaranddiction”

–individualism,“painterpoet”

HartCrane(1899-1932):TheBridge

MarianneMoore:TheFish

Novelsinthe1920s

.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)

(1)ThisSideofParadi

(2)TheGreatGatsby:Daisy、TomBuchanan、NickCarraway

(3)TenderistheNight

(4)TalesoftheJazzAge

ofview

(1)Heexpresdwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-

called“AmericanDream”isfalinnature.

(2)Hisnovelsfollowapattern:dream–lackofattraction–failureand

despair.

GreatGatsby

Narrativepointofview–Nick

Heisrelatedtoeveryoneinthenovelandiscalmanddetected

edomniscient

pointofview

(1899-1961):thespokesmanoftheLostGenerationbyGertrudeStein

（1874-1946）

:protagonist:thetypicalHemingwayhero

(1)TheSunAlsoRis:JackBarnes、

(2)AFarewelltoArms:FredericHenry、Catherine

(3)ForWhomtheBellTolls

(4)TheOldManandtheSea:Santiago

–“graceunderpressure”

(1)warandinfluenceofwaronpeople,withscenesconnectedwith

hunting,bullfightingwhichdemandstaminaandcourage,andwith

thequestion“howtolivewithpain”,“howhumanbeinglive

gracefullyunderpressure”.

(2)“codehero”

TheHemingwayheroisanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculine

tastes,nsitiveandintelligent,amanofaction,andoneoffew

anindividualistkeepingemotionsundercontrol,stoic

eopleareusually

spiritualstrong,peopleofcertainskills,andmostofthemencounter

deathmanytimes.

(1)Icebergprinciple:understatement,impliedthings电报式对话

–“theworstimportantwriterinAmericanliterature”美国第一位诺贝尔文学

奖获得者。Asociologicalwriter.

：MainStreet

:apersonalwriter.

(1876-1941):Winesburg,Ohio[grotesques]小镇下层民众的精神世界。

(1873-1947)：womenprotagonists、prairiestateoftheNebraska、immigrants

(1)TheSongoftheLark

(2)MyAntonia:JimBurden

SouthernLiterature/Renaissance

(1897-1962):

TheSoundandtheFury:theCompsons、

Benjy/Caddy/Quentin/Jason、Dily

AsILayDying

LightinAugust:JoeChristmas、JoannaBurden、LenaGrove、

Hightower

Absalom,Absalom

ARoforEmily

:nostalgia

(1)historyandrace

Heexplainstheprentbyexaminingthepast,bytellingthestories

wasinterestedintherelationshipbetweenblacksandwhites,

especiallyconcernedabouttheproblemsofthepeoplewhowereof

themixedraceofblackandwhite,unacceptabletobothraces.

featuresofhisworks

(1)“anti-hero”:weak,fable,vulnerable(truepeopleinmodernsociety)

(2)Jefferson,Yoknapatawphacounty,theAmericanDeepSouth

welty:DeathofaTravelingSalesman

NewCriticism新批评主义：注重对文本本身的分析

Section2The1930sRadical1930s

:GreatDepression(1929“BlackThursday”)

of1930s

concernandsocialinvolvement

ofnaturalistictraditionofDreirandNorris

DosPsssos(1896-1970)Biographies/CameraEye

Steinbeck(1902-1968)

(1)OfMiceandMen：twomigrantworkers

(2)TheGrapesofWrath:crisisnovel危机小说、bible、Oklahoma------

California、theJoads,Roofsharon:asinjusticeisbuildingupand

up,somethingisgoingtoexploreintoviolence.

AmericanDrama

O’Neill(1888-1953)

Ape:Yank、lf-identity/nofbelonging

Day’sJourneyintoNight:theTyrones、

position:

Hewasthefirstplaywrighttoexploreriousthemesintheatre.

Withhim,

him,Americandramacameofage(mature).Hecameonlyafter

ShakespeareandBernardShawintheworldofdrama.

(1915-2005)

MySons

炼狱

OfaSalesman:WillyLoman

TenneseWilliams

(1)TheGlassMenagerie

(2)AStreetcarNamedDesire

EdwardAlbee

’sAfraidofVirginiaWoolf

the1960s

Section1Poetry

ofPoetry(time,reprentatives,majorfeatures)

school:自白派诗人

SylviaPlath(1932-1963)

TheColossusandOtherPoems、Ariel、TheBellJar、“Daddy”、

“LadyLazarus”

BeatGeneration:

AllenGinsberg(1926-1997)

Howl嚎叫、垮掉一代的写照

Section2Fiction

(1899-1977):Lolita:HumbertHumbert

:OntheRoad:DeanMoriarty、SalParadi“spontaneouspro”

.（1919-2010）

(1)TheCatcherintheRye:HoldenCaulfield、Phoebe、phony

Capote(1924-1984)

BreakfastatTiffany’s：HollyGolightly[dreamchar/drifter]、Paul、Fred

InColdBloodanonfictionnovel、documentarynovel新闻纪实小说

BlackAmericanLiterature

literature(from1760s)

(1)poetry:religious,enduring,patienttothe[hymn]

(2)gton(1856-1915

(3)(1886-1963):TheSoulsofBlackFolks

(4)1920s:HarlemRenaissance–NewYork,black–blackdialectandblack

folklore–“thenewnegro”–reprentatives:LangstonHughes

(“blackpoetlaureate”)

(5)1940s:RichardWright,RalphEllison

(6)50s~60s:alotofblackwritermergedinthecivilrightsmovement:

JamesBaldwin

(7)70s~80s:publishingof“Root”(AlexHaley),Walker–“TheColour

Purple”,Morrison(thecondwomanwriterandtheonlyblackwho

wonNobelPrize)

(1)NativeSon:BiggerThomas

:InvisibleMan：theprotagonist-narratorisnameless.

significance:Ithasauniversalityoftheme(problemsofallmodern

people),notonlyregionaldilemmaofexistence.现代人存在感的缺失

(1)GoTellItontheMountain

:race,homoxuality

(1)TheColourPurple(epistolary):Celie/Nettie/ShugAvery/Sophia/Albert

(1)TheBluestEye:Pecola对黑人自我价值的扭曲和践踏

(2)SongofSolomon(thebestblacknovelafterNativeSonandInvisible

Man)：Milkman基于黑人神话的寻根小说

(3)Beloved:SetheSuggs魔幻现实主义Community黑人社区的帮助

:toempowertheblackpeopletoactforthemlves,torecognizefortheir

ownworld,ownhistory,ownreality