短发控

华中师范大学

本科生课程论文

论文题目comparisonofwordformationinEnglis

andChine

完成时间2013.5.28

课程名称英汉对比与翻韩允浩 译导论

专业辅修第二学位英语专业

年级2010英语第二学位辅修本科生

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Abstract

Translationstudieshaswitnesdanenormousboomworldwideinthepast

decades,withvariousschoolsofthoughtmergingoneafteranother,andthestudyof

nerally

agreedthat,whileourgraspofcertainmcad电气版 attersconnectedwithtranslationremains

hazy,wearegraduallyincreasingourknowledgeandunderstandingofthisintriguing

yethighlycomplexsubject.

Keywords:wordformationaffixationshorteningreduplication

uction

Languagechangesconstantly,andoneeasilynoticeablechangeisthatof

bsoletewordsdieawayfromlanguage,newwordsare

arethenewwordsformed?Followingaresome

methodsofword-formationinEnglishandChine.

tion

InEnglish,affixationisaprocessofproducingnewwordsbyaddingaffixes

far“themostcommonword-formationprocesstobefound

intheproductionofnewEnglishwords”.(Yule,2000:69).Affixationinvolvesthe

followingtwoprocess;

1)Prefixation:de-code,bi-lingual,en-able,micro-soft,pre-war,subtitle,

un-happy,etc.

2)Suffixation:avail-able,art-ist,translation-e,brother-hood,childish,

hospital-ity,etc.

InChine,due

timated

thatinEnglishtherearenearly200affixes(张维友，2010:61)whileinChinethe

numberoftrueaffixesisonlyaround20(周志培，2003:56).

1)Prefixation.

2)Suffixation.

So,Traditionally,affixationisnotapopularword-formationmethodinChine.

Thoughthecharacter“子”in桌子，椅子，凳子isconsideredasasuffixbysome

people,itismuchlessactiveinword-formationofChinethanaffixesdoinEnglish.

Nowwiththeinfluenceofotherlanguages,especiallyEnglish,someaffixesor

mple,bytranslatingtheEnglishword

“bar”into“吧”，wehavethissuffixwhichmeans“aplacefor…”,andthuswecan

addittonounsandhavewordslike网吧，酒吧，书吧。Similarly,w杂诗其二 etranslate

Japaneword“コン”,whichoriginatedfromtheEnglishword“complex”,into

Chine“控”asasuffix,meaning“abigfunof…”,andthuswecanaddittonouns

tohavewordslike短发控，微博控，巧克力控。

sion

Byconversion,itmeansthatwechangethepartofspeechofacertainword

tosay,for神经衰弱的原因

instance,“anounisudasaverb,ortheotherwayround.”(Hou,2009:60)This

isalsocalledZero-derivation.

LookatthefollowingexampleinEnglish.

1)Tomparrotedwhattheteacherhadsaid.

2)Hehadadesiretobealinguist.

InExample1),thenounparrotisudasaverb,whichmeanstorepeatwhat

tely,in2),theverb

“desire”ischangedintoanounmeaningastrongwishtohaveordosth.

Conversioncanalsotakeplacewithinthesameonepartofspeech,for

followingexample:

3)HeisamodernShakespeare.

ThenletusomeexamplesofconversioninChine:

4)信仰宗教

5)宗教信仰

6)她比男人还男人。

Inexample4)信仰isaverb,whileinexample5)ple

6)，thefirst男人isanoun,asisoftentheca,butthecond男人isudas

anadjectivetomean“havingthequalitiesorappearanceconsideredtobetypical

ofmen”orsimply“masculine”.

nding

AccordingtoWikipedia,compounding“occurswhenapersonattachestwoor

morewordstogethertomakethemoneword.”

Throughcompounding,inEnglish,wehavewordslikeice-cream,blackboard

ldbepointedoutthatthemeaningofsuchwords,knownas

compounds,isusuallynotmerelythesumofth产品推广 emeaningofthewordswhich

compodthecompounds.

“InChine,compoundingisthemostproductivewordbuildingprocessdue

totheuniquecharacteristicsofthelanguage.”(Huetal,2002:138).Theunique

characteristicreferstothatChinecharacterssometimesfunctionasmorphemes.

Becauofthis,suchwordslike

方圆，高山，打到。

ning

Hereweutheterm“shorting”as“acovertermreferringtoanyprocessof

wordformationtocreatewordsbymakingtheoriginalshorterinvariousways.”

(Huetal,2002:140)

InEnglish,wehavesuchwordsas“brunch”,bycombiningpartof

“breakfast”andpartof“lunch”togethertocreatethe“Blends”.Wealsocreatethe

word“WTO”bycombiningtheinitialletterofeachwordin“WorldTrade

Organization”,s,by

cuttingthefrontpartorthebackpartofsomewordstohavenewwordssuchasad

(advertiment)andphone(telephone),wehavetheClippings.

mple,weu

川外tostandfor四川外语学院，建行for中国建设银行，and中共for中国

共产党.FromtheviewofclassifyingshortinginEnglish,shortinginChine

generallyisabbreviation.

-formation

“’Back-formation’referstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwherebya

shorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimagedaffix(usuallyanimagedsuffix)

fromalongerformalreadyprentinthelanguage.”(Hou,2009:63)Fromthe

d高中生期末评语 efinition,wecanfindthatback-formationcanbeenasareverprocessof

affixation肺火 .

InEnglish,forexample,sincealotofwordsareformedbyaddingansuffix

“-er”oritsvariant“-or”toverbstoformnewnounswhichrefertothepersonor

stuffperformingtheaction,sopeoplenaturallyassumethatthe“or”intheword

“editor”cutitoff,andthuswehavetheword“edit”.

Similarlywehavewordsliketeleviback-formedfromtelevision,emote

back-formedfromemotion,andactuallytheword“back-form”weuhereis

back-formedfromtheword“back-formation”.

Aswehavediscusdinpreviousction,affixiationisnotcommon,ifthere

isany,,itisnaturalthatwecannotfindanywords

formedbyback-formationinChine.

icalcreation

Byanalogicalcreation,we“referstothemethodbywhichanewwordor

phraiscoinedbyanalogybetweenanewlycreatedoneandanexistingone.”

(Hou,2009:63)

OnefamouxampleinEnglishisabouttheformationofwordndedwith

“-gate”.TheoriginalwordisWatergate,whichreferstothesandalintheUSthat

nalogically

u“-gate”asasuffixtorefertoscandals,sowehavewordslikeIran-ContraGate

(ofPresidentReagan)andZipper-Gate(ofPresidentClinton).

create

theword和谐社会，weanalogicallycreate和谐重庆，和谐校园，和傅雷家书的好词好句 谐家庭。

ing

Chineborrowalotofwordsfromotherlanguages,especiallyfrom

tance,咖啡isborrowedfromEnglishcoffee,and

达人fromJapane達人，whichreferstoexpert,master,adeptorpersonskilled

inaparticulararea.

Nowletusconsideranotherquestion:InwhataspectsdoestheChine

languageneedforeignblood?

Foronething,nn,

borrowingscanfillwhatismissinginonelanguageandbringnewconceptstothe

l-knownexampleinChine

isabout民主and科学。WeborrowthemfromJapanewhoborrowthewords

wowordsaretranslatedinto“德先生”and“赛

先生”xiu,andtheybecomethesloganoftheNewCulture

MovementinChina,whichhadfundamentalinfluenceonChinepeople.

Foranotherthing,borrowingwordisconsideredasanenvoyofaforeign

culture.(ShiYouwei,1991;citedfromHou,2009:65)Whatitbringstousisnot

mple,the

wordChristmasdoesnotonlyletusknowthereissuchathingas圣诞节，but

alsothebeliefinChristianity,thesuperstitionofwesternculture,thewaywest

peoplecelebrateoncertainfestivalandsomeotherculturalthingsaboutwest

countriesareinthesametimeprentedtous.

sion

Onewayoranother,ll

thomethods,weupdatethelanguage,makingitfreshandactive.

Bibliography

1.侯国金.2009.语言学百问.成都:四川大学出版社.

2.胡壮麟，等.2002.语言学高级教程.北京：北京大学出版社.