英文中什么是定语从句

英文中什么是定语从句

英文中什么是定语从句

定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词之后。下面告诉大家英文中什么是定语从句，欢迎参考。

英文中什么是定语从句1

在复合句中 ， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 ， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 ， 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, who, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等 ， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

定语从句公式：定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句

1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.

2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.

3.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作定语 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl who skirt is white?

4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：

The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.

The river which is in front of my hou is very clean.

This is the pen which you want.

注意 ：

(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时 ， 介词可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上;但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.

(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost

my bag, which I like very much.

(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。

5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：

The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.

注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。

(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：

All that we have to do is to practi English.

(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如

The first letter that I got from him will be kept.

(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰 ， 如

I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.

(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如

He is the only person that I want to talk with.

(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如:

They talked about persons and things that they met.

(6)当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the class?

6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:

I don't know the reason why he was late.

This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.

I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.

注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the hou Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)

7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, who, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。

(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明 ， 没有这种从句 ， 不影响主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.

8.如何简化定语从句

(1).定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:

My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.

→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。

This is a book that is worth reading.

→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。

(2) 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。

The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.

→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.

站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。

I saw the hou that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning hou at that time.

当时我看到那房子在燃烧。

(3)定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。

I like to e the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to e the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。

She is the girl who was praid at the school meeting.→She is the girl praid at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。

(4)定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。

He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。

The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。

(5)定语从句简化为what 从句。

I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.

我记不得他说的话。

9.关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to e you?

他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2) Who 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：

They rushed over to help the man who car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Plea pass me the book who (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which, that

它们所代替的.先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been en before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)

The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语)

10.关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1)when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例 如：

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refud our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句，在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略)，例如：

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。

英文中什么是定语从句2

一、定义

定语从句是指在句中做定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。

二、定语从句的结构

定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who, whom, who, that, which，that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。

(一)关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

(1)who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语和宾语。例如：

·Is he the man who/that wants to e you?

他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中做主语)

·He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中做宾语)

(2)who 用作关系词表示所属格，也可看作是关系形容词，因为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如：

·They rushed over to help the man who car had broken down.

那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

(3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如：

·A prosperity which / that had never been en before appears in the countryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)

(二)关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

(1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如：

·There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

·Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.

北京是我的出生地。

·Is this the reason why(for which)he refud our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

(2)that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：

·His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

·He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

(三)限制性和非限制性定语从句

(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。

限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：

·This is the hou which we bought last month.

这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

·The hou, which we bought last month, is very nice.

这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

(2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：

·Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

·My hou, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

·This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

(3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：

·He ems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upts me.

他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

·Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

(四)介词+关系词

(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

(2)that前不能有介词。

(3)某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：

·This is the hou in which I lived two years ago.

↓

这是我两年前住过的房子。

↑

·This is the hou where I lived two years ago.

·Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

↓

还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

↑

·Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

(五)as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：

·As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

·The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。

【特别提示】 as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以做主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

a)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

b)as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

三、翻译方法

定语从语从句有以下五种翻译方法：

前置法：这是定语从句的翻译中较常见的一种，即把定语从句的内容翻译成“…………的”，放在被修饰词的前面。这种方法的使用有一个原则即是定语从句内容简短，翻译符合汉语表达习惯。

后置法：与前置法不同，后置法就是把定语从句的翻译放在被修饰词之后，这样做的目的在于使译文符合汉语的表达习惯。在此，定语从句的后置翻译分为三类：由which引导定语从句时一般翻译为“这”;另一些引导词则在翻译时重复先行词，即被修饰词;还有一些引导词在翻译时可以省略不译。

融合法：在限制性定语从句中，由于定语从句与主句关系紧密，所以定语从句往往翻译成句子的谓语部分，主语即是定语从句的先行词。这里讲的融合法即是将定语从句与主句融合为一个简单句的方法。这种用法往往用在“there be”结构带有定语从句的句型中。

状译法：英语的定语从句中有一类在形式上是主句的定语从句，而其所起的作用却相当于主句的状语，修饰主句的谓语或者全句。这种状语功能常常包括原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等，所以我们在翻译时需要弄清主句和定语从句之间的逻辑关系，从而是译文通顺合理，符合汉语表达习惯。

【真题例句】

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raid in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate respons will experience greater intellectual development.

【解析】

句子可拆分为：Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raid in an environment //where there are many stimuli// which develop his or her capacity for appropriate respons// will experience greater intellectual development.

is raid是从属连词who从句的动词;are是where从句的动词;develop是which从句的动词;由于跟在从属连词后的动词不可能是主句的谓语动词，所以前面提到的三个动词全都不是主句的谓语动词。这时，句子里还有两个动词：suggest和will experience;经过分析，will experience前有从属连词that，所以也只是从句的动词。可以得出：本句的谓语动词是suggest。

本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引导suggest的宾语从句，动词是will experience;who引导修饰child的定语从句，动词为is raid;where引导修饰environment的定语从句，动词为are;which引导修饰stimuli的定语从句，动词为develop。

【参考译文】行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。