which定语从句的用法
学英语,一大痛点在定语从句,which就是痛中之痛之一。which是定语从句的关系代词之一。GMAT语法考试限定,which有且仅有两种用法。
一、which前面有逗号,逗号前面是个名词,which就近指代那个名词。
(1) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which did not cheer Pea up.
which就近指代photos,定语从句中谓语动词did not cheer (Pea up)的发出者即从句主语即先行词photos,是photos没让豌豆家属高兴起来。
(2) Tankfield emailed Pea some photos, which Pea did not find interesting.
which就近指代photos,photos是定语从句中的宾语,把定语从句还原成一个完整句就是Pea did not find the photos interesting.
可以看到,上面两个句子都可以以that为关系代词改写,即
(1)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that did not cheer Pea up.
(2)Tankfield emailed Pea some photos that Pea did not find interesting.
改写与原版区别在哪儿?就在一个逗号。which前面是名词,名词和which之间没逗号的,在GMAT语法里算错。
二、which前面是介词,介词前面是名词,which就近指代介词前的那个名词,名词和介词之间有无逗号均可。
Tankfield once lent Pea a book from which Pea glimpd the basics of genes.
这个句子可以“拆”成如下两句:(每个定语从句都可以拆成两句,以先行词为拆分点)
(1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book.
(2)Pea glimpd the basics of genes from the book.
先行词实际上是定语从句中介词的宾语,这时,需要把介词提前,避免如下表达:
(1)Tankfield once lent Pea a book, which Pea glimpd the basics of genes from. (XXX)
(2)Tankfield once lent Pea a book that Pea glimpd the basics of genes from. (XXX)
上中学的时候学过,which引导的定语从句叫“非限制性定语从句”,是不是?它怎么就“非限制性”了?回顾上述GMAT语法规定which有且仅有的两种用法,which指的都是就近的名词,从句其实还是限制性的。
所谓非限制性呢,是说which指逗号之前一套主谓所描述的情况,以逗号前的一个完整句为先行词。比如:
(1)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which was rather sad.
(2)Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, which Pea did not refu to acknowledge to herlf any more.
注意,这样的非限制性定语从句在GMAT语法中是不成立的,关于which,GMAT语法考试只认可上述两种限制性用法。那么,在GMAT语法考试规则范围内,用什么方法能够表达出原来学过的非限制性定语从句的意思来呢?
分成两句或做出同位语来都是可以的,当然,需要先找出一个名词把原来非限制性定语从句的先行词(即那个完整的句子)概括出来。
一、分成两句
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. The fact was rather sad.
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea. Pea did not refu to acknowledge the fact to herlf any more.
二、做同位语
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, the fact, rather sad,beingwhat Pea did not refu to acknowledge to herlf any more.
考题及答案解析:
[考题1]
Youcanfindwhateveryouneedattheshoppingcentre,____isalwaysbusyattheweekend.
A.thatB.whereC.whatD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰theshoppingcentre,应选用D选项中的关系代词which,which在该定语从句中充当主语。
[考题2]
York,____lastyear,isaniceoldcity.(2003北京)
A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisited
C.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited
[答案]B
[解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰York,在定语从句中充当及物动词visit的宾语,应选用B选项中的关系代词which。
[考题3]
Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.
A.theB.thoC.thatD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰windows,在定语从句中充当介词of的宾语,应选用D选项中的关系代词which。
[考题4]
Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,____meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.(2006江苏)
A.whoB.thatC.asD.which
[答案]D
[解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰整个主句“theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning”所表示的情况,应选用C选项中的`关系代词which,在该定语从句中充当主语。
[考题5]
Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,____,ofcour,madetheothersunhappy.
A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what
[答案]B
[解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰整个主句“Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay”所表示的情况,应选用B选项中的关系代词which,在该定语从句中充当主语。
[考题6]
Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,____wehadn’texpected.
A.when B.thatC.whichD.what
[答案]C
[解析]引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰整个主句“theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood”所表示的情况,应选用C选项中的关系代词which,在该定语从句中充当及物动词expect的宾语。
[考题7]
TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.
A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich
[答案]C
[解析]表示“在英语剧中”应用介词in,因此在修饰先行词play的限定性定语从句中也应用介词in与指代先行词play的关系代词which连用,本题只能选C。注意:本题中which充当置于定语从句中最前面的介词in的宾语(inwhich在整个定语从句中充当状语)。
[考题8]
Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection____shehadcome.
A.ofwhichB.bywhichC.inwhichD.fromwhich
[答案]D
[解析]表示“从他来的方向跑回去”,应选用介词from。下划线处是引导修饰direction的定语从句。
[考题9]
Frank’sdreamwastohavehisownshop____toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.
A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.how
[答案]B
[解析]题干句意为:Frank的梦想是拥有一家可以生产自己的手工制品的商店。inwhich相当于intheshop的含义,最适合引导定语从句。
[考题10]
Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst____Ireallyenjoyed.
A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.which
[答案]B
[解析]ofwhich表示thefirstofthreebooks的含义,介词of不可以省略,that不可以紧跟介词后引导定语从句,因此应选B。
[考题11]
Hewaducatedatalocalgrammarschool,____hewentontoCambridge.
A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthis
[答案]C
[解析]this不能引导定语从句修饰前面的school,介词后的关系代词不能是that(“考点72:that引导的定语从句的用法”中将有此考点的具体介绍),因此应排除选项B和D;由于此处which指代前面整个主句,全句意为“他在当地的一所语法学校接受教育之后,又去了剑桥。”,介词应选用after,因此应进一步排除选项A而选出C。
附:定语从句中的that和which用法区别
1、先行若是不定代,that就把which踹
春雨惊春清谷天,夏满芒夏暑相连,秋处露秋寒霜降,冬雪雪冬小大寒。上半年是六廿一,下半年来八廿三,每月两节日期定,最多相差一二天。当先行词为anything, everything, nothing, all, any, much, many, one等不定代词时,只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例:Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能给你做点什么吗?
2、先行词前有两数,就用that定无误
当先行词是基数词或序数词修饰时,只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例句:
That is the cond time that I have been to Japan.
那是我去日本的第二次。
The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week.
坐落在泰晤士河岸边的那两座大楼上星期倒塌了。
3、先行词前最高级,还用that必无疑
当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,只能使用“that”, 不用“which”.
例句:
This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.
这是我度过的最美好的时光。
4、句中若有there be, that应把which替
例:
There is no evidence that animals posss a mysterious sixth-n allowing them to predict natural disasters.
说动物拥有神秘的第六感,可以预知自然灾害,这是没有根据的。
5、先行主中做表语,避免重复从句里
例句:
1)This is not the hospital that it ud to be.
这已经不再是以前那座医院了。
2)Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.
汤姆森先生已经不再是以前的他了。
解析:定语从句的先行词均在主句中做表语。
例句:
Which is the cour that we are to take ?
我们要学哪门课?
解析:句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重复用that。
6、先行词前有just/the only/very/same/last等词,关系代词用that,不用which
例句:
1) The North Pole is the only place that you can e polar bears.
北极是唯一能见到北极熊的地方。
2)This is the same bike that he lost.
这就是他丢了的那辆自行车。
注意区分:
3) This is the same bike as he lost.
这辆自行车和他丢的那辆一样。(但不是)
我们知道,as和which作为关系代词都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句所表达的内容,在从句中作主语或宾语,但它们在用法上有区别,这一点许多学生往往搞不清楚。现就它们引导非限制性定语从句的用法简述如下:
一、相同之处
当从句位于主句之后,引导词指代整个主句所表达的全部意义时,as和which可以互换。如:
The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can e.
大家都看得出,这头大象像条蛇。
A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.
据电视报道,昨夜那里发生了大地震。
She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.
她来自上海,那是我从她的口音知道的。
二、不同之处
1、as引导非限制性定语从句时,位置比较灵活,可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引导非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后,不能位于主句之前。如:
_______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.
A.It B.As C.That D.Which
答案:B
_______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in nior high schools is increasing.
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
答案:B
Air,as we know,is a gas.众所周知,空气是一种气体。
He is very careful,as his work shows.
他的工作表现表明他非常谨慎。
as引导非限制性定语从句常有“如同......那样”的含义,因此在一些固定结构中,如:
as we know;as is known to all(众所周知)
as we all can e(正如我们大家都能看到的那样)
as has been said before/above(正如前面所述)
as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样)
as might be imagined(可以想象得到)
as might be expected(正如所预料的那样)
as is often the ca(情况通常是这样)
以上种种固定搭配,一般不能用which代替as。
2、搭配上,在由the same或such所修饰的名词后通常用as作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句。如:
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
我遇到了与他一样的麻烦。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
我从未听过像他讲得那么有趣的故事。
3、which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句,可以用and this代替,意思是“这件事”;as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。如:
He sold his new car,which surprid me.
=He sold his new car,and this rprid me.
Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.
我们都知道,爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
As is known to all,Taiwan is part of China.
众所周知,台湾是中国的一部分。
4、当which在从句中指代的是先行词本身而不是主句时,不可用as代替which。如:
The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.
这棵桃树是我去年种下的,还没有结出任何果实。
The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.
我昨天买的这本书很有教育意义。
5、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语,也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。如:
He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)
他和她结婚了,这是很自然的事。
She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)
她见到了那个男孩,这使得她很高兴。
He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.
他考试有不及格了,这是他父母很生气。
6、as引导的从句在意义上不可与主语相悖,而which引导的从句则不受此限制。
Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.
妈妈把我当小孩看待,这是我不能忍受的。
1. 当先行词为all, much, little, none及由any, every, some, no所构成的复合不定代词时。
如:
Plea tell me anything that you know about the matter.
有关此事,凡是你所知道的请告诉我。
2. 当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时。
如:You can take any at that is free.
任何空着的座位你都可以坐。
3. 当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时。
如:
This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term.
这是我们校本学期放映的第四部电影。
4. 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
如:
This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read.
这是我读过的一本最有趣的故事书。
5. 当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时。
如:
The only thing that we could do was to wait.
我们唯一能做的事就是等待。
注意:先行词被the same修饰时,关系代词也可用as。
如:I need the same book that / as you have.
我需要有你一样的书。
6. 当先行词既包含人又包含物时。
如: They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them.
他们正在谈论他们感兴趣的女英雄及她们的事迹。
7. 当先行词是疑问代词who,which,what或主句以这些词开头时。
如:
Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him?
曾经和他一起工作过的谁不钦佩他?
8. 当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时。
如:
Our school is no longer the place that it ud to be.
我们的学校现在已不是过去的那个样子了。
9. 先行词为time时,当time表示次数,引导词用that, 可省略。 当表示时间,可用that或when引导,都可省略。
如:
I did't remember the exact time (when/that) I arrived in Shanghai last month.
我不记得上个月到达上海的确切时间了。
最后,请注意以下几种只能使用which的情况:
1. 在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词必须用which。
如:
This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意: 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首, which就可换为that,例如:
This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
2. 先行词为“tho+表事物的复数名词”时, 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。
如:You should grasp well tho skills which may be ud in the future work.
你应该掌握好这些可以用到未来工作中的技能。
最后,记得这个特殊情况吧:当先行词是表示原因或方式的名词时,可以用that引导定语从句,相当于介词+which,that可以省略。
如:
He didn’t like the way that (=in which) she speaks to his mother.
他不喜欢她对他的母亲那样说话。
Imagine the speed that (=at which) he drives the car.
很难想象,他开车开得那么快。
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