考试大

文体学考试大题分析

一．期末考试分析题思路以及材料

Thechecklistoflinguisticandstylisticcategories:（看到文章，

从这四个方面分析）

A:Lexicalcategories

B:Grammaticalcategories

C:Figuresofspeech

onandcontext

细则：A:Lexicalcategories：

L.

Isthevocabularysimpleorcomplex?formalorcolloquial?

descriptiveorevaluative?generalorspecific?

Howfardoesthewritermakeuoftheemotiveandother

associationsofwords,asoppodtotheirreferentialmeaning?

Doesthetextcontainidiomaticphras,andifso,withwhat

kindofdialectorregister语域aretheidiomsassociated?

Isthereanyuofrareorspecializedvocabulary?Areany

particularmorphologicalcategoriesnoteworthy(nd

words,wordswithparticularsuffixes)?

sbelong?

Thechecklistoflexicalcategoriesandtheirstylisticfunctions：

1）NOUNS

abstract*（抽象）society/idea,orconcrete（具体）

hou/cat?

Whatkindsofabstractnounsoccur

events：war/eruption,

perceptions：understanding/consciousness,

process：development,

moral：virtue

social：responsibility,

qualities：bravery

Whatuismadeofpropernames?Arethereanycollective

nounspeople/staff?

2）Adjective

referringtowhatattribute?

Physical：woolen

psychological：joyful

Visual：hillysquare/snowy

Auditory：bubbling/sizzling

nsory：slippery/smooth

Color：dark/red

referential：bigdog/whitehou

Emotive：exited/happy

Evaluative：good/fat/bad/lazy

Gradable：young/tall/uful

ornon-gradable：atomic/British?

Attributive：anutterfool

orpredicativeheisashore?

Restrictivetheexactanswer?

Intensifyingthesimpletruth/

acompletevictory/aslighteffort?

stativetall/long

ordynamicabusive/ambitious?

3)Verbs

Aretheystativecost/believe/remain,ordynamicwalk/arrive?

Dotheyrefertomovementsclimb/jump/slide,physicalacts

spread/smell/taste/laugh,orspeechactspersuade/decline/beg,

psychologicalstatesoractivitiesthink/feel/imagine/know/love.

orperception/hear/feel?

Aretheytransitiveshutthedoor,intransitivethedoorshuts,

orlinkingbe/sound/em/taste/smell?

Aretheyfactiveknow/regret/forget/rememberornon-

factivebelieve/assume/consider/suppo/think/imagine?

4)Adverbs

5)Whatmanticfunctionsdotheyperform?

Manneranxiously/carefully/loudly/willingly?

placeaway/along/across/upstairs/elwhere?

directionbackwards/forward/up/down/in/out?

timeago/already/finally/shortly/immediately?

degreealmost/completely/partly/deeply/much?

Arethereanysignificantuofntenceadverbs?

1)adjunctslikehappily,proudly,now,outside?

2)conjunctslikeso,therefore,however?

3)disjunctslikecertainly,obviously,frankly?

B:Grammaticalcategories

CETYPES

Doestheauthoruonlystatements(declarativentences),

ordoeshealsouquestions,commands,

minorntencetypes(suchasntenceswithnoverb)?

Iftheothertypesareud,whatistheirfunction?

CECOMPLEXITY.

Dontencesonthewholehaveasimpleoracomplex

structure?

Whatistheaveragentencelength(innumberofwords)?

Whatistheratioofdependenttoindependentclaus?

Doescomplexityvarystrikinglyfromonentenceto

another?

Iscomplexitymainlydueto(i)coordination,(ii)

subordination,(iii)parataxis(juxtapositionofcl恐怖灵异故事 ausorother

equivalentstructures)?

Inwhatpartsofantencedoescomplexitytendtooccur?

Forinstance,isthereanynotableoccurrenceofanticipatory

structure(lexsubjectsprecedingtheverbs,of

dependentclausprecedingthesubjectofamainclau)?

3CLAUSETYPES

Whattypesofdependentclauarefavored:relativeclaus,

adverbialclaus,differenttypesofnominalclaus(that—

claus,wh—claus,etc)?

Arereducedornon-finiteclauscommonlyud,andifso,

ofwhattypearethey(infinitiveclaus,—ingclaus,—ed

claus,verblessclaus)?

.STRUCTURE.

Isthereanythingsignificantaboutclauelements(eg

frequencyofobjects,complements,adverbials;oftransitiveor

intransitiveverbconstructions)?

Arethereanyunusualorderings(initialadverbials,fronting

ofobjectorcomplement,etc)?Dospecialkindsofclau

constructionoccur?(Suchasthowithpreparatoryitorthere)?

5NOUNPHRASES

Aretheyrelativelysimpleorcomplex?

Wheredoesthecomplexitylie(inpre-modificationby

adjectives,nouns,etc,orinpost-modificationbyprepositional

phras,relativeclaus,etc)?

Noteoccurrenceoflistings(egquencesofadjectives),

coordination,orapposition.

RASES.

Arethereanysignificantdeparturesfromtheuofthe

simplepastten?

Forexample,noticeoccurrencesandthefunctionsofthe

prentten;oftheprogressiveaspect(egwaslying);ofthe

perfectiveaspect(eghas/hadappeared);modalauxiliaries(eg

can,must,would).

7OTHERPHRASETYPES.

Isthereanythingtobesaidaboutotherphratypes:

prepositionalphras,adverbphrasadjective精彩作文开头 phras?

8WORDCLASSES.

Havingalreadyconsideredmajororlexicalwordclass,we

mayhereconsiderminorwordclass(‘functionwords电饭煲煮粥 ’):

prepositions,conjunctions,pronouns,det自动增益控制 erminers,

auxiliaries,interjections.

Areparticularwordsofthetypesudforparticulareffect

(egthedefiniteorindefinitearticle;firstpersonpronounsI,we,

etc;demonstrativessuchasthisandthat;negativewordssuchas

not,nothing,no)?

9GENERAL.

Noteherewhetheranygeneraltypesofgrammatical

ativeor

superlativeconstructions;coordinativeorlistingconstructions;

uctions;appendedorinterpolatedstructures

suchasoccurincasualspeech.

Dolistsandco-ordinations(fnouns)tendtooccur

withtwo,threeormorethanthreemembers?

C:Figuresofspeech

Hereweconsidertheincidenceoffeatureswhicharefore-

groundedbyvirtueofdepartinginsomewayfromgeneral

normsofcommunicationbymeansofthelanguagecode;

forexample,exploitationofregularitiesofformalpatterning,

orofdeviationsfromthe

ntifyingsuchfeatures,thetraditional

figuresofspeech(schemesandtropes)areoftenuful

categories.

1GRAMMATICALANDLEXICALSCHEMES.(这一部分会和稍后

说的第四部分略有重合）

Arethereanycasofformalandstructuralrepetition

(anaphora,parallelism,etc)orofmirror—imagepatterns

(chiasmus)?

Istherhetoricaleffectoftheoneofantithesis,

reinforcement,climax,anticlimax,etc.?

2PHONOLOGICALSCHEMES.

Arethereanyphonologicalpatternsofrhyme,alliteration,

assonance,etc?

Arethereanysalientrhythmicalpatterns?

Dovowelandconsonantsoundspatternorclusterin

particularways?

Howdothephonologicalfeaturesinteractwithmeaning?

3TROPES修辞.

Arethereanyobviousviolationsof,ordeparturesfromthe

linguisticcode?

Forexample,arethereanyneologisms(suchasAmericanly)?

deviantlexicalcollocations(suchasportentous怪异的

infants)?

mantic,syntactic,phonological,orgraphological

deviations?

Suchdeviationswilloftenbethecluetospecial

interpretationsassociatedwithtraditionalfiguresofspeechsuch

asmetaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,paradox,irony.

Ifsuchtropesoccur,whatkindofspecialinterpretationis

involved(egmetaphorcanbeclassifiedaspersonifying,

animizing,concretizing,synaesthetic,etc)?

D:Contextandcohesion

UnderCOHESION衔接waysinwhichonepartofatextis

linkedtoanotherareconsidered:forexample,thewaysinwhich

ntencesareconnected.

Thisistheinternalorganizationofthet徐志摩的爱情诗 ext.

UnderCONTEXTweconsidertheexternalrelationsofatext

orapartofatext,eingitasadiscourpresupposingasocial

relationbetweenitsparticipants(authorandreader;character

andcharacter,etc),andasharingbyparticipantsofknowledge

andassumptions.

ON.

Doesthetextcontainlogicalorotherlinksbetween

ntences(egcoordinatingconjunctions,orlinkingadverbials)?

Ordoesittendtorelyonimplicitconnectionsofmeaning?

Whatsortofuismadeofcross—referencebypronouns

(she,it,they,etc)?bysubstituteforms(do,so,etc),orellipsis?

Alternatively,isanyumadeofelegantvariation—the

avoidanceofrepetitionbythesubstitutionofadescriptive

phra

(as,forexample,‘theoldlawyer’or‘heruncle’may

substitutefortherep-etitionofanearlier‘’)?

Aremeaningconnectionsreinforcedbyrepetitionofwords

andphrasorbyrepeatedlyusingwordsfromthesame

manticfield?

T.

Doesthewriteraddressthereaderdirectly,orthroughthe

wordsorthoughtsofsomefictionalcharacter?

Whatlinguisticclues(first-personpronounsI,me,my,mine)

arethereofthe

addresr-addrerelationship?

Whatattitudedoestheauthorimplytowardshissubject?

Ifacharacter’swordsorthoughtsarereprented,isthis

donebydirectquotation:directspeech),orbysomeother

method(directspeech)?

Aretheresignificantchangesofstyleaccordingtowhois

suppodlyspeakingorthinkingthewordsonthepage?

以下这篇是老师给的一个例子：（咱们可以当作模版来用，但如

果题目不一样，照上面）

题目：FromJophConrad,TheSecretSharer

Onmyrighthandtherewerelinesoffishingstakes

remblingamysterioussystemofhalf-submergedbamboo

fences,incomprehensibleinitsdivisionofthedomainoftropical

fishes,andcrazyofaspectasifabandonedforeverbysome

nomadtribeoffishermennowgonetotheotherendofthe

ocean;fortherewasnosignofhumanhabitationasfarasthe

eyecouldreach(1).Totheleftagroupofbarrenislets,suggesting

ruinsofstonewalls,towers,andblockhous,haditsfoundations

tinablueathatitlflookedsolid,sostillandstabledidit

liebelowmyfeet;eventhetrackoflightfromthewestering,sun

shonesmoothly,withoutthatanimatedglitterwhichtellsofan

imper-ceptibleripple(2).AndwhenIturnedmyheadtotakea

partingglanceatthetugwhichhadjustleftusanchoredoutside

thebar,Isawthestraightlineoftheflatshorejoinedtothestable

a,edgetoedge,withaperfectandunmarkedcloness,inone

leveledfloorhalfbrown,halfblueundertheenormousdomeof

thesky(3).Correspondingintheirinsignificancetotheisletsof

thea,twosmallclumpsoftrees,oneoneachsideoftheonly

faultintheimpeccablejoint,markedthemouthoftheriver

Meinamwehadjustleftonthefirstpreparatorystageofour

homewardjourney;and,farbackontheinlandlevel,alargerand

loftiermass,thegrovesurroundingthegreatPaknampagoda,

wastheonlythingonwhichtheeyecouldrestfromthevaintask

ofexploringthemonotonoussweepofthehorizon(4).Hereand

theregleamsasofafewscatteredpiecesofsilvermarkedthe

windingsofthegreatriver;andonthenearestofthem,just

withinthebar,thetugsteamingrightintothelandbecamelost

tomysight,hullandfunnelandmasts,asthoughtheimpassive

earthhadswallowedherupwithoutaneffort,withouta

tremor(5).Myeyefollowedthelightcloudofhersmoke,now

here,nowthere,abovetheplain,accordingtothedeviouscurves

ofthestream,butalwaysfainterandfartheraway,tillIlostitat

lastbehindthemiter-shapedhillofthegreatpagodas(6).And

ship,anchoredattheheadofthe

GulfofSiam.

Analysis：lfeatures

nouns

1)almosthalftheconcretenounsrefertothingswhichdivide

thefieldofvisionintogeographicalareas:domain,ocean,islets,

a,shore,sky,river,earthandsoon.

2)abstractlovativenouns,indicatinggeometricalfeatures:

lines,division,end,track,head,line,edge,jointandsoon.

Allthenounsrefertoobjectsofvision.

General：anaccountoftherelationbetweenthevisualworld

anditsobrver,whotriestocomprehendandinterpretit.

theword"eye"isudrepetedlyinabstractnounsimplying

perception(aspect,sign,glitter,ripple,glance)

andverbslikee,markandlook

Therefore,thepassageisnotonlywithobjectsofperception,

butwiththeprocessofperceivingthem.

Thewriteravoidsusingverbswithahumanagent,the"eye"

okesthefeelingthatthe

narratorisdetachedandpowerlessinthefaceofthisimmensity.

Theadjectivexpressstrangenessorlackofdefinition,like

half-submerged,mysterious,incomprehensible,unmarked.

Theallsuggestacongruitybetweentheeyewhichthings

are"imperceptible"andthemindtowhichthingsare

"incomprehensible".

ticalfeatures

Sentencelength：inwords:66-59-61-88-61-44-18

Onlyafterwehavefelttheisolationofthespeakerinallits

detailsandhaveenthelastvestigeofhumanlifedisappear

overthehorizon,thatwecanunderstandtheforceofthesimple

statement.

Sentencestructureimitatesthemovementfromthe

obrver'cestendtoendina

evocationofvastnessandremoteness,astheeyereachesitslimit

ofvision.

Prepositions：Unusuallylargenumberofprepositions(9),

particularlythoofplaceanddirection.

Theroleof"of"istorelatetwonounexpressionstogether,

andtheformeralwaysanabstractnounandcollecvenoun,"a

groupofbarrenislets","twosmallclumpsoftrees".

Thissuggeststhatperceptionandcognitiongohandinhand.

sofspeech：Simile，metaphor

onandcontext：Noconspicuousuoflogicaland

ntencesbeginwithareferencetothe

inalntenceattentionisabruptly

broughtbackfromtheremotehorizontotheobrverhimlf.

二．其它题使用材料

（1）修辞手法有以下10种：

明喻

1).as…..as

aswhiteasasheet/snow;asbold/braveasalion

ascoolasacucumber;asfreeasabird

ashungryasahunter/hawk/bear/wolf

ashappyasaprince

JimlookslikehisbrotherBill.(notsimile)

JimandBillareasalikeastwopeasinapod.(simile)

Asinnocentasababy;aslightasafeather

Aspoorasachurchmou;asstubbornasamule

Asquickasalightning/aflash

Hurryup!Youwalkasslowasnail.

2).Like/as

Myheartislikeasingingbird

whonestisinawateredshoot.

我的心像只鸣啼的小鸟

在柔润的技条上筑着巢

Witwithoutlearningislikeatreewithoutfruit.

有天资而无学识，好比树木不结果实。

Herhappinessvanishedlikethemorningdew.

Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.

Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrup教资真题 tand

cannotlast.

3).Asif(asthough)

Itrainedasiftheflood-gatesofHeavenwereopened,andit

lightedawfully.

Hewasabeautifulhorthatlookedasthoughhehadcome

outofapaintingbyVelasquez.

4).Liken…to…

Doctorsusuallylikenthehearttoapump.

Lifehasoftenbeenlikenedtoajourney.

5).Compare…to…

Shakespearecomparedtheworldtoastage.

Lifeispoeticallycomparedtothemorningdew

6).Theway(inwhich)

Ishouldsmellitthewayacatsmellsamou.

7).Mightaswell…as

Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheditchasgiveit

tohim.

8).AistoBwhatCistoD

Witandhumoraretoconversationwhatsaltistofood.

(Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumoraretoconversation.)

Whatlungsaretothebody,whatparksaretothecity.

9)Nomore…than

Hehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.

10).AandB

Loveandcoughcannotbehid.

Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.

Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays.

Truthandroshavethornsaboutthem.

Oldfriendsandoldwinearebest.

11).toeatlikeahor—狼吞虎咽

todrinklikeafish—牛饮

likeadrownedrat—像落汤鸡一样

likeapeacockamongsparrows—鹤立鸡群

likeahenonahotgirdle—像热锅上的蚂蚁

asdrunkasarat—烂醉如泥

asmerryasacricket—快乐得像百灵鸟

aspoorasachurchmou—一贫如洗

asthinasalath—骨瘦如柴

ascloasanoyster—守口如瓶

asstupidasagoo—愚蠢如猪

12).verbsandverbalphras

crawllikeasnail;drinklikeafish

runlikeahare;speaklikeabook

sleeplikeatop/log

Theyspentmoneylikewater.

Heispitilessassteel,co唯有敬亭山 ldasfrost.

Wheninafury,sheismoresavagethanatigress.

Herfacerembledasilvermoon.

Sheisasthinasarake

or暗喻:

1).喻体直陈式

Abookthatisshutisbutablock.

Collegeisacommaofantenceoflife.

Ageismyalarmo'clock.

Acarpetofgreengrasscorneredtheslopesofthemountain.

Shewasanangelofmylife.

2).喻体半隐式

Webubbledoverwithquestions.

Thecorridorwasfloodedwithboysandgirls.

Don'tmonkeywiththeTVt.

Hedoesn'parrotswhat

otherpeoplesay.

Aheavysilenceblanketedtheroom.

Theystormedthespeakerwithquestions.

3).喻体全隐式

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowedand

somefewtobechewedanddigested.

Hisprenthungerawokeandgnawedathim.

Alsohehadmoneyinhispocket,andasintheolddayswhen

apayday,hemadethemoneyfly.

4)Idioms:Te爱你说说 achafishtoswim—班门弄斧featherone'snest—

中饱私囊

beardthelioninhisden—虎口拔牙addinsulttoinjury—雪

上加霜

castpearlbeforeswine—对牛弹琴holdthecandletothe

devil—助纣为虐

cryupwineandllvinegar—挂羊头，卖狗肉fishintheair—

水中捞月

lockthestabledoorafterthehorisstolen亡羊补牢

killtwobirdswithonestone—一箭双雕tafoxtokeepone's

gee—引狼入室

letsleepingdogslie—不要打草惊蛇kickagainstpricks—以卵

击石

holdthewolfbytheears/takethebullbythehorns—骑虎难

下

aflashinthepan—昙花一现

sitontwochairs/standbetweentwoboats/ridetwohors

atthesametime－脚踩两只船

ification拟人:Flowerspeepedoutfromamongthe

leaves.

Thebuffalocomesdowntothebankandsubsideswitha

groanofsatisfactionintothemud.

Iwatchedthemoonlightdancingontheripplesofthelake.

Thefieldsbreathessweet,thedaisieskissourfeet.