金沙遗址

TourGuideWordingforJinshaSiteMuum(EnglishV.0)

1

TourGuideWording

for

JinshaSiteMuum

EditedbyChengduJinshaSiteMuum

October2006

TourGuideWordingforJinshaSiteMuum(EnglishV.0)

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TourGuideWordingforJinshaSiteMuum

(TourguidestartingfromtheSouthernEntranceGate)

Goodmorning(afternoon)everyone,welcomeyourprenceandvisittoJinsha

is,

isagreathonorformetostaywithyoutodayinyourvisittoJinshaSiteMuum.

Youmaybeignoredthatyouhavealreadystooduponthelandwheresplendid

Jinshaculturalrelicsitewithaprofoundhistoryofmorethan3000yearshasbeen

’sgothroughthetunneloftimeforajourneyofJinshadiscovery.

(AfteraccessintotheMuumEntranceGate)

DiscoveredonFebruary8,2001,JinshaSiteisidentifiedastheancientShu

culturalrelicattractwhichwasprosperousintheShangDynasty(16th—11th

CenturyBC)andZhouDynasty(aftertheShangDynastyto221BC).JinshaSite

issituatedinthenorthwestofChengduCity,betweenthe2ndRingRoadandthe

3rdRingRoad,5kilometersawayfromChengduCityCentertheTianfuSquare.

JinshaSitewasdiscoveredbyaccidentinacapitalconstructionsitewhichwason

scoverywasawardedas“2001ChinaTopTenArchaeological

Discoveries”hyears’

archaeologicalstudyandexcavation,itisquitecertainthatthesitedistributionis

thishistoricalculturalsite,

someimportantculturalheritagessuchaslarge-scalepalace-stylebuildings,sites

forworshipactivities,civilianhousingareaandGraveshavebeendiscovered.

Aboutover6000piecesofpreciousculturalrelicsincludinggoldwares,bronze

wares,jadewares,stonewares,lacqueredwoodenwaresalongwithalarge

numberofceramicwares,ivories,wildboarbuckteethanddeerhornshavebeen

neartheddiscoverieshelpusalotinunderstandingingeneral

thelivingstyle,production,customforburyingthedeath,religiousworshipof

ancientShupeopleinJinshaTime;inaddition,theyarealsohelpfulforustodraw

e

evaluationofthescaleoftheSiteandsomehighhonorabletracesandrelics

discoveredintheSite,JinshaSitecanbeconjecturedoncetobetheCapitalof

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ancientShuStatefollowedafterSanXingDuiCivilizationfromlateShang

DynastytotheWesternZhouDynasty.

JinshaSiteisrecognizedasthemostimportantarchaeologicaldiscoveryofChina

inearly21stCenturyaswellasanothersignificantarchaeologicaldiscovery

eryofJinsha

SitegreatlyextendedthecontentoftheancientShuculture,whichisofgreat

significanceinrearchontheorigin,developmentanddecayandperishofthe

Shuculture;inparticular,itprovideduswithreliableevidencetoexplainthe

doubttoadvocate

thatJinshaSitehasreproducedthegloryandprosperityoftheancientShuState,

recoveredamisdhistoryandrevealedthe3000-year-longsleepingancient

rmore,thisdiscoveryhasbroughtforwardthehistoryof

Chengduexistencefrom2300yearsagotoabout3000yearsago.

Likeathunderadvocatingthecomingofspring,JinshaSitestartedwithanew

oduetosuchdiscovery,

JinshaVillagelocatedinthenorthwestsuburbofChengduCitywhichwasquite

unknownbythepublicbeforeyear2001hasbecomeamagneticfieldinWest

Chinaattractingwidepublicconcernsandpeoples’curiosity.

(FromtheEntranceGatetotheRelicsSiteHall)

JinshaSitehadreceivedwideconcernfromallworksofthesocietywhenitwas

teandCCPleadershaveshowntheirspecialconcernsand

contributedtheirgreateffortstotheexcavation,protectionandconstructionof

an20topleadersfromtheChinaCentralGovernment

includingJiangZemin,ZengQinghong,WuGuanzheng,QiaoShi,SongPing,

WeiJianxing,WangLequan,WuYi,LiLanqing,LiTieying,JiangChunyunand

ChenZhiliandsoonhavepaidtheirvisitandinspectiononeafterantherto

JinshaSite,leavingtheirinstructionstoexplore,protectandconstructJinshaSite

sgovernmentaladministrationanddepartmentsofeachlevelsuchas

StateAdministrationofCulturalHeritage,SichuanProvincialCCPCommittee,

SichuanProvincialPeople’sGovernment,ChengduMunicipalCCPCommittee

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andChengduMunicipalPeople’sGovernmentalsohavecontributedtheirhigh

nthe

endof2002,ChengduMunicipalCCPCommitteeandPeople’sGovernment

specifiedtheboundaryforthesiteprotectionandzoneundercontrolofnew

construction,andtabouttodevelopthegeneralplanforthesitecultural

2004,JinshaSiteMuum

2006,constructionofJinshaSite

Muumwantirelycompleted.

SituatedatthesitewhereJinshaculturalrelicswereunearthed,JinshaSite

Muumcoversafloorareaof456mu(equalto300,000m2),totalconstruction

areaofapproximately35,000m2,whichconsistsofRelicsHall,ExhibitionHall,

CulturalHeritageConrvationCenter,ParkZoneandotherkeyctionswitha

totalconstructioninvestmentamounteduptoRMB309million(costforlandu

excluded).TheParkZonefacilitatedfortheMuumico-environmental

orienteddedicatedtothesiteheritageprotectionpurpothroughalarge

quantityofevery-greenplantation,suchasphoebenanmu,gingkoand

rtopreventfromanydamagetothevirginearth,

plantationsofthotreesareallrootedinthebackfilledearthwithadepthof2m.

Thesmallpathonourleftsiteiscalled“RoadofJade”.Ourancientancestors

startedtheirpioneeringfromthislandfullofjunglesanddangerswhereweare

standinguponnowtofar-offhighmountainstomine,lectandtransportjade

stonespiecebypiece,leavingusagreatnumberoffancyjadeartworksto

,walkingonthis“RoadofJade”,Iamhundredpercentsureyou

arefeelingandexperiencingthehardshipsufferedbyourancestorsinmining

ightside,therestandsthe“Ebony

Forest”,DujiangyanIrrigation

SystemconstructionbyLiBing,ChengduPlainwasfrequentlystruckbyfloods,

loodoccurredintheupper

stream,varioustreeswereflushedandburieddeeplyintheancientrivercour,

whichremainednotrottedthough3000~

suchdeeplyburiedtreesappeardeepblackcolorfromthesurfacetotheinside,

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cientificpointofview,the

tsuniquefeatures

suchascompactdensity,organicmatterdecompositioncompletion,no

deformationandnowormbirth,ebonywoodispreciousandexpensivewitha

folksaylikethis“TenthousandLiang(Chineancientmeasurementunitequalto

50g)ofgolddepositathouisnotworthonecubicmeterofebonywoodinthe

field”.AlargenumberofebonywoodhasbeendiscoveredinJinshaSiteaswell

ve“fossil”fullyprovesthattheancient

ChengduPlainhadsoundeco-environment.

(PermanentLOGOofSunandImmortalBird)

Thesculpturestandingbeforeusoriginatesfromthe“SunandImmortalBird”gold

sidediameteroftheoriginal

smeaningfullookandfeel,precistructuralcomposition,

beautifullyflowingpatternstogetherwithrichrhythm,itcondendancient

peoples’profoundphilosophicalandreligiousthinking,endlessimagination,

extraordinaryartisticcreativityandexquisitecraftworks,reprentingthesubmit

suchas

chasingforbrightness,teamworkforprogressandconsonancewithtolerance

foundintheSunandImmortalBirdpatternalsoexaggeratethestrongfeelingof

responsibilityandmissionofChinegovernmentandpeopletoprotectcultural

st16,2005,theSunandImmortalBird

ber17,

2005,SunandImmortalBirdShuEmbroideryreturnedfromitsspacejourney

mber18,2005,thispermanent

commemorativesculptureworkwasofficiallyttleddowninJinshaSiteMuum.

TheSunandImmortalBirdsculpturestandingbeforeusisamplifiedbynearly30

timesoftheoriginal,rvingyouasagoodphotographingplaceforyoureternal

memory.

(OutsidetheRelicsHall)

oximate

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roundshapedsloppingfullsteelstructuralbuildinghasantotalareaof7,588m2,

rent,thearchaeologicalexcavation

,inadditiontoourfeeltothegrand

sacrificialscenehappenedinancientShuState3000yearsago,wealsocantake

clolookonthearchaeologicalexcavationprocesstoexperiencehow

archaeologicalworkisproceedingsoscientificallyandprecily,also,youwillbe

theluckyonetowitnesshowpreciousculturalrelicsisunearthed.

(InsidetheRelicsHall)

Hereistheexcavationsiteforancientlarge-scalesacrificialeventinJinshaSite.

February8,2001isthedatemarkingthere-appearanceofJinshaKingdomwhich

nthe

existingdiscovery,hereisasacrificialplacebytheriversolelyudbyancient

rangedalongbothsidesoftheancientrivercourwitha

totalareaofabout15,kelythatintheverybeginningtheancientShu

peoplewereundergoingtheirsacrificialactivitiesontheriverbank,andwhenthe

activitywasover,buryingtheirsacrificialofferingsunderneaththerivershoal,and

inaftercompletionofnextsacrificialevent,

theywereburyingthesacrificialofferings,whichwerebeingpiledlayerbylayer

through500-yearprolongrepetitionfromlateShangDynastytoearlytheSpring

andAutumnPeriod.

,culturalrelics

includinggoldware,bronzeware,jadeware,lacquerwoodwareandpotteryware

andsoonunearthedrightherehavebeeamountedtoover6000pieces;besides,

alargenumberofpreciousivorywaresandthousandsofwildboarbucktoothand

heculturalrelicsdepositin

thesacrificialareaisrathercomplicated,plustheunearthedculturalrelicsareso

rareandprecious,majorityofthemarerequiredforsiteprotection,therefore,the

archaeologicalexcavationhereisquiteslowinprogress,andareaanddepth

lorationexcavationdepthuptonow

onlyreachedtotheearthlayercorrespondinglateWesternZhouPeriod,still3m

awayfromtheimmature.

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Iwouldliketospendveralminutestointroduceyousomearchaeological

ee,ourarchaeologicalexperts

smallsquaregridsarecalled“checkspare”widelyudinarchaeological

gwithplainwordsunderstoodbyeverybody,

checksquareisafoursquareearthpitexcavatedverticallydowninaflatland.

However,lace

ixcavatedfirstandwhichplaceisthenextdependsonthedeterminationofsoil

mes,earthpitexcavationisdoneaccordingto

actualsituationorexcavationpurpo,whichcanbevariousformssuchas

10m×10mchecksquareor2m×thbeambetween

remanylinesmadebyhand

shovelonthectionplaneofpartitionbeam,andthelinesaremadejustfor

nemadeforspecifyingearthlayersisan

oneighboringcheck

squaresarecompletedinexcavationforallearthlayers,thepartitionbeam

titionbeammain

lpartitionbeams

betweenfourneighboringchecksquaresarecompletedinarchaeological

excavation,asquareearthmoundwillberemainedinthemiddle,whichhasa

scientificnamecalled“criticalcolumn”.Thisremainedearthmoundmainfunction

istocoordinatetheearthlayerrelationforfourneighboringchecksquares,which

issuperimportantinarchaeologicalrearchresultingitsname—criticalcolumn.

Also,itisthelastonetobeexcavatedinanarcheologicalsite.

(Checksquareroleliesinthreeaspects:(1)earthlayercontrol:withinacertain

rangeofarea,earthlayerdistributionindifferentplacediffersfromeachother,ifa

excavationislargeinarea,itishardtocontroltheearthlayerdistribution,

therefore,comparativelyspeaking,itiasiertocontroltheearthlayer

distributionwithinasmallsizedchecksquare;(2)coordinatestablishment:

eachrelicphenomenaorunearthedculturalreliccanbecertainintermsof

positionwithinthechecksquareaccompaniedwithcoordinates;(3)record

cheologicalexcavation,checksquareisabasicunitfor

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recordinganddataprocessing).

entearthquality

andcolorproducevariedearthdeposit,whicharealsodifferenteachotherintime

,t

indifferenttimequencehasvariedeachotherinearthqualityandcolor,

uraldepositearthlayerpriorto

humanactivitywithinahistoricalsiteiscalled“immaturesoil”.Anewearthlayer

willbeformedonalargeareaofthegroundsurfacewherehumanarelivingupon

orcarryingoutactivitiesforprolongperiod,withinclusionofrubbishintentionally

wlyformedearthlayerby

humanactivitiesiscalled“maturesoil”.Formationof“maturesoil”isacontinuous

processshowingconstantcolorandqualitywhendepositcomponentsremain

ereisabigchangeindepositcomponentsdueto

humanactivitiesornaturalenvironmentwithinahistoricalsite,thenewlyformed

maturesoillayerisabouttodifferfromtheoldmaturesoillayerbothincolorand

quality,hence,variedmaturesoillayerswhichcanbeidentifiedbyarchaeologists

aeology,immaturesoillayerandeachmaturesoillayerare

generallycalled“earthlayer”.Historicalsiteanditsdepositformationare

ositionandposition

relationshipbetweenneighboringlayersaretwoimportantconceptsin

stratigraphy,whomainsubjectistoclassifythelayerpositionandtodetermine

sreason,modern

foragedetermination

erpositionis

thepositionofthedepositunitinthedepositquencesystem;therefore,the

depositunitclassificationsizewillproducedirectinfluenceuponthe

,thesmallersizethedepositunitisclassified,

rchaeologyisto

re-builda“frameworkofhistory”withspace-timecoordinatedobjectsanddatafor

replicationofhistoryorpartofhistory.(Theabovearchaeologicalknowledgeis

dispensableaccordingtovisitors’antly,itisokifyougiveyour

visitorsabriefintroductiontoarchaeologicalfundamentals)

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Uptonow,wehavediscoveredover60sitesrelatedtosacrificialeventsinthe

hanalysisofsite

heritageandburyingarticles,thesacrificialactivitiesherecanbeclassifiedinto

hreephasareindependentanddifferentfromeachother;

andeveninthesamephasacrificialofferingsuddifferfromeachother

greatly.

SacrificialofferingsudinPhaIaremainlyivoryandstonewarestogether

withsomepotterywaresandminutequantityofjadewarescorrespondingto

aboutlateYinDynasty(about1200BC).

ThemostsignificantcharacteristicshowedinPhaIIisthatalargenumberof

gold,bronzeandjadewaresareudassacrificialofferings,stilltherearelarge

quantityofivorywareswhicharervedasthemainofferingsinPhaI,and

lessstonewaresandlacquerwoodwaresarefound,correspondingtoanage

fromlateYinDynastytomidWestZhouPeriod(about1100BC~855BC)This

phacanbesubdividedintomultiplectionsasperdifferenttypesofsacrificial

offerings.

ThecharacteristicshowedinPhaIIIisthatalargenumberofwildboar

bucktooth,deerhorn,beautystoneandpotterywaresareudassacrificial

offers,butthereisabigdecreainquantityofbronze,jadeandivorywarewhich

arewidelyudasofferingsinPhaI,correspondingtoanagefromlateWest

ZhouPeriodtoearlySpringandAutumnPeriod(about850BC~650BC).

Takingforexample,No.11heritagesitediscoveredthere(pointoutitsposition)is

aheritagesiteofivoryandlacquerwoodwaresofferingswidelyudinPhaI.

Thisheritagepitisburiedinsandbed,andsacrificialofferingsfoundinthispitcan

bedividedintothreelayersoftop,rofcolumnar

ivoryctionsandonepieceofjadewarearefirstlylaidinthepitbottom,and

elephantcheektooth,woodentigerlacquerwareandsmallnumberofcolumnar

ivorywaresareplacedinthemiddlelayer,andmorethantenentireivoryanda

gest

ivoryfoundinthetoplayerhasalengthof1.85m,reprentingthelongestonefor

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theprentfoundinJinshaSite.

SacrificialofferingsmostprevailinginthisphaalsoincludeStoneBi,stone

cake-shapedwaresandStoneZhang(anameofinstrument).Mostofthestone

cake-shapedwaresaremadeofshalewiththinbodyandclear&neatouteredge.

MostofStoneZhangfoundtodayremainonlytheirmainbodywithoutpetiole,but

hangusuallyis

stonewaresareplacedinaslopehigheronthe

northwestandlowerinthesoutheastlayerbylayertoformfan-shapedandring

bigStoneBiwithfinecraftandadiameterupto85cmis

placedinthefronttoall(later,thissuperbigStoneZhangcanbeviewedinthe

ExhibitionHall).What’stheuofthestonewaresputtingrighthere?We

becau,right

herewedon’tfindanyevidencesuchasmanufacturingtools,stonewasteand

workshopsudforproducingstonewarestoprovethatthisplaceisastone

wareworkshop;ifitisforpilingmifinishedstonewares,thepilingpatternis

absolutelynotlikethis;knife-edgesofallStoneZhangunearthedarewellground,

andtheirpetiolesarealsocarvedinnegativelines,andevenvermilionare

paintedinsomeofthenegativelines;theirplacementdirectionhighinthe

northwestandlowinthesoutheastisperfectlyconsistentwiththeJinshaSite

ow,graveplacementdirectionisoneof

considerationsthatancientpeoplemostconcern,alsoithasspecialmeaning.

Therefore,consistencyofmostStoneBiplacementdirectionwithgraveburry

ingtolegend,ancestorsofancientShu

directionin

sacrificialofferingplacementexpresstherespectandmemoryofancientShu

peopletotheirancestors?

Inthispha,wealsofoundaburypitloadedwithStoneBiandstonestatues.

(showwhereitis).Atthefirstsightwhenitwasunearthed,amouthopenstone

tigerisfacingtothechestofastonekneelinghumanfigure,andneighboringare

sly,itisaspecialsacrificial

,nearly1000piecesofstonewareshavebeenunearthedinthe

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wholesacrificialareawithwidevarietiesmainlyofZhang,Bi,tomahawk,axe,

adze,chil,kneelinghumanfigure,tiger,snake,

thearticleshaveclotieswithancientartificialeventsratherthanliving

elinghumanfigureandanimallikestonecarvingaltorelievo

worksarebeautifullydesignedandtruetoreal,reprentingtheearliestandelite

stonecarvingartworksfoundinChina.

Thesacrificialsiteswheregoldwares,bronzewaresandjadewaresare

icial

offeringquantityalsovariedgreatlyforveralpiecestomorethanhundred

rticleshavenotraceprovingtheyhaveoncebeenudasliving

articles,whicharesuperiortoothersingradeandmoreelegantincraftwork.

Viewingtheirbasicfunctionandnature,theyaremostlikelyudinreligious

efunctioningnotonlyastheobjectsstandingforthewealth,

statusandsocialpositionoftherulingclassbutalsoasthemediaandritual

articlesforsorcererstocommunicatethegod,toworshiptheheaven,earth,

hstudyonthearticles,the

spiritualworldofJinshapeopleisrevealed.

Sofar,over200piecesofgoldarticleshavebeenunearthedintheSacrificeArea

mainlyincluding“SunandImmortalBird”goldornamentalarticle,goldcrownbelt,

goldhumanfacemask,goldfrog-shapedarticleandsooncharacterizedwith

“SunandImmortalBird”

goldornamentalarticle,whichhasbeenrecognizedasLOGOofChineCultural

Heritagelater,wasunearthedjustrighthereonFebruary25,2001(showing

whereitwasunearthed).

AmongallarticlesunearthedintheSacrificeArea,mostofthemarejadewares

withanaggregatenumberofmorethan2000pieces(showingwheretheyare)of

earthedjades

prentbrightcolor,inthisregard,theyarequitedifferentfromthepreviousjade

waresfoundinthispartofarea.

Co-buryingofivoryandjadewaresassacrificialofferingsareverypopularinthe

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condphaandNo.10sacrificesiteisatypicalexampleofsuchco-burying

sacrificialofferings(showingwhereL10isunearthed).L10siteisonlyabout

1.5m2big,

bottomlayerisdominatedbyjadewares,whiletheupperlayerburiesonlyivories

ceofJadeZhang

unearthedinthissiteiscarvedwithfourpairsofsymmetricalkneelinghuman

importantobjectthrough

whichwecanehowancientShupeoplewerecarryingouttheirsacrificial

activitieswithivories;inaddition,itactsasanpersuadableevidencetoexplain

whysomanyivorieswerefoundinJinshaSiteandSanXingDuiSite.

Pit1unearthedrighthere(showingwheretheivorypitis)isthesacrificesitewith

bestdesignandpatternandmostconcentratedburyingofculturalrelicsamong

icialarticlesarealsolaidin

thebottomunexcavated,thequantityofburiedjadeandbronzewaresisstill

ingthectionalplane,

therearealtogether8layersofpiledivories,andthelongestoneisuptonearly

placementisfoundingoodpatternprentingamagnificentand

numberofivoriesareunearthedintheSacrificeArea.

Throughscientificrearch,ivoriesfamilyandspeciescomefromAsianElephant.

Theivoriesaremostimportantofferingstoheavenandearthgodscontributed

r,howmanyelephantsandinwhatwaytobe

prentedtogodaredifferedineachsacrificialactivity.

Wemayhavethisquestion,therearesomanyivoriesudintheirsacrificial

activities,wheredidtheelephantscomefrom?Weretherewildelephantslivingin

ChengduPlanthousandsofyearsago?Earlywhen81ivorieswereunearthedin

SanXingDuiSite,archaeologistsstartedtheirrearchandguessaboutthe

time,expertsemagreedonthetheoryof

believedthoelephantscamefromChina

manyivorieswereprentedtotheeye

ofarchaeologistsandexpertsthistimeinJinshaSite,theywerepuzzledagain

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ifferentlyfromSanXingDuirearch,

thistime,thetheoryofelephantscomingfromlocalissuperiorovertheoryof

sly,thereisnoanywildelephantlivingin

pointofviewthatancientelephantswerecomingfromlocalispositive,itmay

implythereisagreatdifferenceinweatherinChengduPlain3000yearsagovs.

ingtoscientificrearch,3000yearsagowasglobal-scale

thermomerperiodwithaveragetemperature2~3℃d

fromliteraturerecords,wildelephants,atthattime,werefoundlivinginthe

ChangjiangRiverreachesandthemiddleandlowerreachoftheYellowRiver.

WildelephantismentionedinOracleInscriptionshownontortoishellsoranimal

bonesofShanDynastysayingthatKingofShangwashuntingwildelephantsand

soldi

HaiJing(LegendsofMountainsandSeas)·ZongCiJiuJingnotes“inthe

MinshanMountain……animalspeciesmostarerhinocerosandelephantandKui

cattle"HuaYangGuoZhi(HistoryofHuaYangState)·ShuZhi(HistoryofShu

State)alsorecords“thislandiscalled“TianFu”(landofabundance),original

namewasHuaYang……intermsoftreasuresinthisland,BiJadeisoneof

them……also,rhinocerosandelephantsarefoundlivinginthisland…….”.We

alsofoundapoemlineinShuDuFu(OdeofShuCapital)writtenbyfamous

litterateurZuoSiintheWesternHanDynastysinging:“jadegreenpeacocksare

flyinginthesky,giantrhinocerosandelephantsareracingontheground”.

Archaeologicalrearchersfoundandcollectedsomeprecioubonywoodin

theancientriverwayrunningthroughthissite(showingwhereitis),besides,old

tiontothofindings,elephant

cheektooth,muntjacbone,andtoothofrhinoceros,badger,blackbear,cattleand

hor,

abundantevidencesprentusavividpicturethatChengduPlaininJinshaTime

wasagreenlandwithdensityandtallforest,whereclusteredandspeciesvaried

ore,wearemoreconfidentto

drawthisconclusionthatsuchkindofeco-environmentshallbeadequateforthe

sgreatpossibilitythoivoriesunearthedinJinsha

Siteareoriginatedfromthelocalplace.

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gintothe

reason,itisbecauthatunearthedivoryforarchaeologicalstudypurpois

limitedinquantity,

far,rreason

istheivorystructureitlf,whichiscompodlayerbylayersameastreewood

eivorymaterialonthetopsurfaceisdamaged,itwillquickly

beweatheredawayandturnedtobepowder,whichnolongercanberootedto

themothermaterial,orywasfoundinJinshaSite,

culturalrelicsconrvationexpertsbegantolookforeffectiveprotectionmethod.

Attheprent,localbackfillupondiscoveryandorganosiliconalingaretwo

methodsudinivoryprotectioninJinshaSite.

majorityofthemaresmallsizedarticles,thereisnearlynodifferenceinvarieties

coveryof

accessorypartstolargesizedarticlesimpliestheexistenceofbigbronzewares

inJinshaSite.

Hereisaspecialdepositspot(bucktoothdepositspot)aswecane,which

yingrightherearewildboarbucktooth,

deerhornandmuntjachorn,allnumberof

ivory,jadeware,beautystoneandwellrervedpotterywarewereunearthedin

hcounting,wildboarbuckteethfoundhereareamountedto

veralthousands,theyallarestomachteethofwildboars;interestingly,bones

otherthanteethofwildboar,deer,elephantandotheranimalsarenotfoundin

possibletodiscardjadewareandivorytothefieldasliving

garbage,ore,itiscertainthatthis

hnationalitystudyandintegrated

rearchbadonappropriatearchaeologicalmaterial,itisbelievedthatthisspot

ryspecial,forthiskindof

worshipspothasneverbeenfoundinotherarchaeologicalsitesoverChina.

IntheSacrificeArea,wealsodiscoveredthattortoishellauguryforforecastof

shellisatooludby

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eryoflargeamountoftortoishellproved

s,thereividence

tosupportthatJinshapeoplewereusinglargeamountofpotterywaresas

othasanareaof

icialofferingsfoundheremainlyareconicalcupandpotwithtotal

-existenceoflargenumberofconicalcupand

potinaconcentratedplacewherethereisnootherobjectshaveprovedthatsuch

werelivingwastes,theywouldbe

ore,thisspotwasudfordedicated

otterieswereinbrokenpieceswhenunearthed,butwestillcan

believeNo.28Sitehas

somethingtodowithreligiousactivities.

eerootisreally

huge,whichremindsusoftheeco-environmentinJinshaTimewherebigtrees

existedeverywhere.

ThemagnificentscaleofsacrificeactivityinJinshasocietyshowedtherichsocial

wealthofancientShuKingdom,theabundantsacrificialofferingscarriedthe

diversifiedspiritualworldofourancestors,andtheartisticfineculturalrelics

tnessatthe

site,therearevastnumberofculturalrelicsburiedunderneathourfeet,the

unearthedarticlesandrelicsareonly“acornerinahugeiceberg”.Webelieve

moreinformationpicturingsacrificialactivityinancientShuKingdomisjust

edisclosureofthislandlayer

bylayer,tionand

archaeologicalrearchinJinshaSacrificeSitewillbecarriedoninstepsas

reinterestedin,youarewelcomedtovisitourmuummore

oftentowitnessthedisclosureofancientShuStateundiscoveredcrets.

(Inpostarchaeologicalworkingarea)

Justnow,wehadexperiencedhowarchaeologicalrearcherswereworkingin

afollowmetohavealookatpostarchaeologicalwork.

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Aftermapping,photographing,registeringandbaggingtothounearthed

articlesaswesawjustnow,theywillbemovedhereforariesofpostworksuch

ascleaning,sieving,splicing,repairing,drawing,rubbing,rectifying,analyzing,

ecarefulnessandpatienceare

requiredtoeachworkprocess.

Mostoftime,archaeologicalrearchershavetoarchandexploreinalarge

edoingtheirutmostto

replicatetheoriginalfaceofculturalrelicsbysplicingvariedshapedbroken

piecesaccordingtotheirshape,color,andmaterial.

Whenaculturalrelicisrepairedandreplicatedtoitsutmost,itwillbesubjectto

graphplottingindetail,andtogetherwithrubbingifthisarticlehasornamentation

ologicalrearcherswillmapandrecordeverydetail

accuratelyofeachrelic,andthendevelopascientificarchaeologicalrearch

reportaccordingtotheirmappedandrecordeddetails.

(GoingoutoftheRelicsHall)

buildingisbuiltinfullsteelstructurewithaslopingroofandsquareshapeanda

erwiththeRelicsHall,theyare

formingtwomainbuildingsoftheMuum,oneroundandonesquareshaped.

TheyareposssinguniquestyleandbringoutthebestineachotherThetwo

buildingsaredesignedinsloperoofing,implyingtheuprisingofJinshaSitefrom

ntheroofingsymbolizethechecksquareappliedin

archaeologicalexcavation,meaningthatalargeamountofunknownsand

wobuildingsare

touchingthelandliketwopiecesoftreeleafoneitherbankoftheModiheRiver,

wellmergedwiththeenvironment.

ThistranquilriverflowinginfrontofusiscalledtheModiheRiver,whichisrunning

r

thousandsofyears,thisbeautifulriversilentlyhasbeenkeepingaccompanywith

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17

JinshaSite,thebeautifulname

“Jinsha”(goldsand),eof

“JinshaVillage”canbetracedbacktothePostShuPeriodintheFiveDynasties

(907~960AD),whichwangravedinaGravestonebelongingtothatperiod

ovesthat

thisnameof“Jinsha”cameintoexistencestartingfromtheFiveDynastiesperiod

r,this

historicalheritagesitewasnamedas“JinshaSite”n

1995~2000,ChengduCulturalRelicsandArchaeologicalRearchInstituteonce

experienceditsarchaeologicalstudyandexcavationinsomepremiscalled

HuangzhongCommunity,SanheGardenandJinduGardenwithintheboundary

ofJinshaSite,wheretheyfoundalotofhistoricalheritagesoftheShangand

ZhouDynastiesincludinglarge-sizedhous,stoves,al

relicsfoundatthattimemainlyareconicalpotterycalyxandcup,ringfootpot,

high-neckedpotandarticleswithGuishape(around-mouthedveslwithtwoor

fourloophandles),whichbelongto“ShiErQiaoCulture”ofChengduPlainXian

Qin(primitiveperiodtilltheQinDynasty)CultureSeriesapproximatelyduringlate

ajorityofthemwere

unearthedinHuangzhongVillage,hencethename“HuangzhongVillageSite”

comesfrom.(itisacommonrulethatarchaeologicalsiteisusuallynamedwith

theplacenamewhereitisunearthed).InearlyFebruary2001,aconstruction

companydiscoveredalargeamountofivory,goldware,bronzeware,jadeware

andstonewareandotherkindsofpreciousculturalrelicsintheirexcavationof

livingwerlineinaspotsouthto“SanheGarden”800mtoTeam1,Jinsha

Village,SupoTown,QingyangDistrictofChengdu(nowadayssiteofthe

muum).Uponthisdiscovery,ChengduCulturalRelicsandArchaeological

InstituteimmediatelyorganizedHRforcestotaboutarchaeological

time,

archaeologicalrearchersbegantoassociateJinshaVillageSitewithprevious

discoveredHuangzhongVillageSite,andrealizedthetwospotswereintegral

eringJinshaSite

wheremanypreciousculturalrelicshavebeenunearthedisattractingmoreand

morepeoples’concernandcuriosity,HuangzhongVillageSiteisalsoincluded

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withageneralnameof“JinshaSite”.

(CrosdovertheModiheRiver)

ive

sub-exhibitionhalls,whicharearrangedbadonthemajorheritagesitesand

culturalrelicsunearthedinJinshaSite,showingusafullpictureofthegloryand

greatachievementofJinshacivilizationfromtheeco-environment,architecture

style,productionandliving,funeralcustomandreligiousworshipactivityin

ancientShu’sJinshaKingdombyusingstate-of-the-arttechnologyaswellas

scientific,exoteric,lowingtourwillstartfrom

thecondfloortothefirstfloor,irst

floorunderground,itlocatesthelastsub-exhibitionhallwhichisnamedMiracleof

Jinsha,besides,italsohasa4Dcinemaavailableevery20minutes

(undetermined)toplayusa4Dspecial-effectfilmLegendofJinsha

(undetermined).Furthermore,wealsopreparealotofinteractiveactivitiesand

gamesforyouoption,whichareabouttoinduceyoutoadmiretheold,toreview

thewisdomofancientShuculturaltradition,andtolearnmoreandenjoythrough

ore,souvenirshop,coffeebar,fast

foodandquickalsofast-foodrestaurantandotherrecreationalfacilitiesalsoare

eryouhave

interestandtime,youarewelcomedtohavealookandrestthereafterwefinish

ourtourofdiscoveryofJinsha.

TourguidewordingforSteppedintoJinshathemeexhibition

(Inthestairway)

AstimecametoFebruary8,2001whenpeoplewerestillhearingoftheclocktick

ofthenewcentury,acrethiddenforover3000yearsinasmallruralvillage

unknowntothepublicinthenorthwestofChengduCitywasdisclodwithina

ngstatefullofmysteriesandagroupof

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19

ancientcountrymenfullofwisdomsarepavingtheirwayinthetunneloftime

towardsus.

Theirculturalremainscontainthebreathofourancestors;theirmeaningful

historicalsitengravethememoryofhumancivilization;historyofChengduCity

eryofJinshamakesitalivefromdeepsleep

astonishingtheworldwithvigorousness,to

thehardworkingofourarchaeologicalrearchers,thehistoricalveilofJinsha

andImmortalBirdis

ingthesinging

oftheSunandImmortalBirdandcrossingoverthehistoricallongriverslasting

forthousandsofyears,let’sstepintothefantasyofJinshaKingdom.

Episode1AncientHomeland

(Introducingtheancienthomelandsimulationpicture)

Thissimulationpictureprentsusatypicalsceneofancienthomeland:

Theskyispuregreenwithwhitecloudsflyinginthinsmokymist,underneath

nddeepforestis

runningneartofartotheedgeoftheearth;allkindsofbuildingsbigorsmallare

rdsinforestaresinginginhightone,whichare

harmonizedwiththemelodyoftheModiheRiver’mes,

suchsoundofnatureishighlightedwithwowsoffowlsanddomesticatedanimal.

Lookingasfarasyoucane,ng

thespringfield,thefarmland,some

peopleareplowing;farintheforest,somepeoplearehunting;middleintheriver,

somepeopleareboatingcanoeforfishingwithosprey;invillageyard,some

peoplearedoinghandworksandkidsareplayingandsinging..….

——Whenmorningsunisappearingherredface,asacredbrillianceisradiating

thesplendidsunlightdowntothelandfromremotenorthwesternsnow-capped

nd,ancestorsofmediaevalShuclannamedCancongand

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Baiguanweresteppedoutofthenorthwesternhighmountainsandgradually

ter,KingYufubecameimmortalwhenhe

wasfarmingintheJianshanMountain,andKingDuyuwaventuallybacktothe

oryrevealsthatbirthandprosperousnessofShuClan

haveclotieswithmountains,andthehighmountainsinthenorthwesthave

untainsinthenorthwestaremountainsof

God(Saint),theoriginofancientShucivilizationaswellasthelucklandof

ancientShu’atedthelifecycleofancientShuKingdom,and

sheprotectedthesurvivalandflourishingofancientShunationonthisfertileland.

Thispictureisafarmlandpastoral,apeacefulatmosphere,andaidealviewof

thispictureisa

simulationone,itcomesfrommanyevidencessupportedbyscientific

ecturalrelicsandarticlesaswellasfauna&

floraspecimeninlargequantitiesunearthedinJinshaSiteandothercoetaneous

sitesgaveusfirmsupporttoreplicatethissceneastheabove.

Viewedonmanyarchaeologicalinformation,ChengduareainJinshaTimehad

aneco-environmentwheredeepprimitiveforestanddiversifiedwildanimalswere

site,theunearthedivoriesarecounted

intonsinadditiontolargequantityofwildboarcanineteeth,deerhorns,muntjac

bones,rhinocerosbones,horteethandburyingofmanyebonywoods.

Furthermore,manyhumanlivingtraces(potterywarespackagesunderneathour

feet)hefindingsimpliesusthatChengduPlain

thousandsyearsagohadamildandhumidweather,cross-distributedriversand

canals,tJinsha

peoplewerelivinginthisadequateandcomfortableenvironmentgenerationby

rediligentandhardworkinginfarming,hunting,fishing,

animalhusbandryandhandwork,livinginapeacefulandsubstantiallife.

ThebeautyandamenityofChengduPlaininancienttimealsoissupportedbya

largeamountofliteralrecords.

ShanHaiJing·HaiNeiJinghasalineof:“duetoabundanceofbeans,riceand

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21

millet,foodcropsareautogenetic;asifmusicisededinwinterandsummer,

mythicalbirdsaresingingandphoenixbirdsaredancing;thisprosperityisrooted

ingreengrassandtrees;hundredsspeciesofwildanimalsarelivingingroups,

thisisbecauthislandhasimmortalgrassneverdieinwinterorsummer.

HanShu(HistoryoftheHanDynasty)·DiLiZhi(GeographyVolume)notes:“the

soilisfertile,whereariverreachcoversthewholeland,forestandbamboocan

beeneverywhere,andfruitandvegetableareabundant.……peopleareliving

byeatingriceandfish,evennoworriesinevilyears”.

HouHanShu(HistoryofLaterHanDynasty)·GongSunShuZhuan(Biographyof

GongSunShu)records:“Shustatehasathousandlifertilelandandsoil,where

manykindsofcropscanbeplanted…….inaddition,itisalandabundantin

resourcessuchasfish,salt,cupperandsilverandconvenientinrivertraffic”.

HuaYangGuoZhi(HistoryofHuayangState)·ShuZhi(HistoryofShuState)“in

termsofitstreasuresandresources,itisrichinjade,gold,silver,pearl,green

jade,cupper,iron,lead,tin,ochre,argil,brocade,embroidery,fishnet,yak,

rhinoceros,elephant,felt,caddice,cinnabar……”.

Inveralshowcasaround,theyaredisplayingfauna&floraspecimen

unearthedinJinshaSiteandothercoetaneousarchaeologicalsites,including

elephantcheekteeth,deerhorns,wildboarcanineteeth,blackbearcheekteeth,

horbones,dogbonesandganodermalucidum,rareandprecious

specimenarethetruestoryoftheeco-environmentofChengduPlaininJinsha

Time.

JinshaSiteissituatedin30。41，northlatitudeand104。eastlongitude,ansitive

latitudecircle,ithas

concentratedmajorityoffauna&floraresourcesoftheearth,also,ithasmost

desolateflowingderts;ithasdeeplyengravedwithmanyancientcivilizations

(civilizationsofancientEgypt,Babylon,Indus,Greek,Shinar,Maya,megalithic

culture,Hemuduculture,LiangzhoucultureandDaxiculture,etc.);ithastheholy

landofBuddhist,homelandofislam,centerofChristianity,fairylandofTaoism;it

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22

hasthehighestmountain,deepestoceantrench,mostcuriositylake,most

magnificentmassif,springtideandoceancurrent……,andJinshaSiteadds

anotherattractivelandscapewithitsgloriesandmagnificencetothismystery

latitudebelt.

uflapanypositionintheplatform,

asto

chscreenlocatedovertherehassaved

informationoffauna&florainJinshaSite,whichisavailabletoprentyour

wantedfauna&floraknowledge.

Episode2KingPalaceataGlance

Since2001,archaeologicalrearchershavecompleted17000m2archaeological

importanthistoricaltracessuchaslarge-sizedbuildingfoundation,sacrifice

activityspots,residentialhous,Gravesandpotterystoveshavebeenfound

togetherwithmorethan6000piecelegantculturalrelicsofgoldwares,bronze

wares,jadewares,stonewares,lacquerwoodwaresandthousandsofpottery

erlyarchitecturallayout,advancedfarmingproductivity,

elitehandworkandwell-arrangedGravesarefunctioningasfractionsofpast

civilization,bywhichwearereplicatingamagnificentscrollofancientcapitalcity

civilizationfeaturedwithlargescale,gooddesignandclearsocialorganization

structure.

WatchingashortfilmArchaeologicalRearchinJinsha.

Introducingthesitemodel:PlotPlanofArchaeologicalExcavationPointsin

JinshaSite

jorhistoricalremainsdiscoveredinJinshaSite(palacearea,

sacrificearea,livingarea,graveyard);

rchaeologicalexcavationspots.

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Enormousrelicsitesandlargeculturalrelicsaswellaslarge-sizedarchitectural

foundationsimplythatitoncewasabigandwell-plannedcity;discoveryoflarge

amountoffarmtoolstellstheprosperityofitsagriculture;unearthedpotteries,

elit

ofthiskingdomcomesfromthe

arthedremainsare

indubitabletheintegralpartscomposinganentireJinshasociety,whereithad

densitypopulation,plainandsubstantiallivingaswellasasocietyfullofvitality

andbeauty.

WithintheboundaryofJinshaSite,variouskindsofresidentialpremirelicsare

scatteredeverywhere,suchaslargenumberoflivingfacilitiesincludinghou

foundations,ashpits,cellars,wells,pondsandpotterystoves.

tompartisbroken,and

,thispotterypotis

time,constructionmethodfordiggingwellisto

excavateadeeppitfirst,andthenburyabottomlessbigpotterypotfunctioningas

wellcrib,togetherwithbackfillwithgravels,

wellsfoundaroundthelivingpremisrevealedthatJinshapeoplehadshaped

theirhabitofdrinkingwaterfromwell.

Theinventionofwellistheoutcomeoflivinginafixedplaceaswellasthe

agriculturedevelopmenttoacertaindegree,also,itisthemainevidenceshowing

yrelatedtohuman

livingandproduction,wellhaxperiencedfourmajorprocessofevolvement:

earthwell—woodstructuralwell—potteryframedwell—brick/

theinventionofwell,itnotonlyupgradedthelivingstandardbutalsogavemuch

eofsymbolsadvocating

productivityprogress.

Intheresidentialhousingarea,morethan100smallsizedhousconstructedin

wood(bamboo)

small-sizedhousfoundinJinshaSiteareclassifiedmainlyintotwoclassas

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24

squareandrectangleprofiledwithanaverageareaofabout20m2eachand

hehouswerebuiltwithoutsupport

withlarge-diameterwoodencolumns,theywerelikelycollapdandexperienced

repairmanytimes.

OppositetothesmallhousisaspotinthenorthwestofJinshaSitewhere

coveredhoufoundationremain

h

over3000yearswash,theupperpartsabovethegroundforthe7housareno

ncientfoundationpit,

denlyarrangedsmallroundholesarestillremained(calledascolumnholeby

archaeologists),bywhichtheyareconjecturedtobe"wood(bamboo)aggregated

slimewallstructured”hous.["Wood(bamboo)aggregatedslimewall

structured”houswerethemainconstructionmethodforbuildinghousin

softheconstructionmethodare:ground

leveling-up,foundationpitexcavation,verticalfixingofroundwood(orbamboo)

intothefoundationpitaswoodframe,renderingofgrassandmudonwood

aggregate,

inmid1980s,awell-rervedgrassroofingoncewasfoundinShiErQiaoSiteof

ongvenhouswereexcavatedin1999,andtwoexcavated

gontheirhoufoundationlayout,the7houswere

welldesignedandconstructedinahoucomplex,whereNo.6houwas

situatedinthenorth,No.5and9respectivelyintheeastandwest,andNo.7with

gonthecolumnholeinsidethehou

foundations,thesmallcolumnholesinsidetheeasternfoundationwallsofNo.6

andNo.5houarealignedeachother,andthereisaspaceof1.2mbetweenall

smallcolumnholesinsidethesouthernfoundationwallofNo.6houtothat

houxcavatedin2006

havesixcolumnholesrightinthemiddle,whichmaybetheentrancegatetothe

houcomplex,

whatweexcavated,thishoucomplexhasaminimumareaabove3000m2,of

which,No.6houisthebiggestoneintermsofunitsizewithaexcavation

lengthmorethan54.8mandawidthto8mcrossingminimumfivebaysandan

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25

ucomplexis

characterizedbymagnificentdesign,grandscaleprecilayoutintentionallyfor

dedicatedpurpo,reprentingtheonlyoneunearthedinsouthwesternChina.

Throughcomprehensiveanalysisonthehousize,layoutandculturalremains

unearthedsurround,thishoucomplexmightbeacastlebuildingcomplexin

JinshaSiteaarlyaslateShangDynastytoearlyWesternZhouDynasty,and

hasmostpossibilitytoberesidentialhousforJinshaupperclassfamilyor

nobles.

Housforcivilianandpalaceforupperclasscanbeclearlydistinguishedfrom

thehoufoundationremainsunearthedinJinshaSite,whichareinapple-pie

order,showingclearsocialclassstructureinJinshasociety.

Alargeamountofformandsizevariedpitshavebeendiscoveredneighboring

gintothematerialandcolorofbackfillas

wellasculturalrelicsunearthedhere,majorityofthopitsareudfor

discardingofdomesticwaste,andfewofthemascellarcaveforarticlesstorage

earchonremainsinthopits,itgaveus

greathelpinunderstandingthelivingconditionofJinshaPeople.

Alargenumberoffishboneswereunearthedinthisashpit,indicatingthatJinsha

Peopleburiedfishbonesinpitbesidestheirhouwhentheyfinishedeatingfish.

Thetwopitsburiedalotoflivingappliancesincludingsomepotterypotsand

conicalpotterycupsandothers.

Inthisashpit(No.H272),whenitwaxcavated,therewasalargepileofbroken

hmorethanthreemonths’replicationbyarchaeological

technicians,thispileofbrokenpotterypieceswasputtogethertobeabigpottery

gonthis

discover,itfullyindicatesthatancientJinshapeoplehadplentyofstaffs,that’s

indicatesthat

Jinshapeoplemighthavesomelargescalepotterystove,wherelargesized

potteryvatswerefabricatedthroughburning.

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26

Inthisnotbigbutwellshapedashpit(No.H328),28piecesofpotterieshavebeen

ologistsfoundthepotterieswereveryspecialinshape,

somearticlesarehollowedoutandfreeopenupanddown;somerelicsare

ingtheirappearance,thearticles

arenotsuitableforspecificu,mostlytheyarepotteryritualarticles.

Inthelivingareaandgraveyard,alotofproductionandlivingrelatedappliances

havebeenunearthed;someofthemaretoolsforproductionmadeofwood,

bronze,stoneandbone,alsosomefoundarepotteryweavers,potteryfishingnet,

bronzearrowsandstonespear,etc.

ShanHaiJing·HaiNeiJinnotes:“withinreachesoftheHeishuiRiverinthe

southwest,tandingtherecoversafloorareaof

300km2,boastingasthecenteroftheearthandtheplacewhereelegantfemme

undantincerealssuchasbeans,riceandmillet,which

areautogeneticandededbothinwinterandsummer".Also,animportantnote

isfoundinHuaYangGuoZhi·ShuZhiwhichsays:“Soonafter,akingnamedDu

Yuappearedinhistory,whowastakinghishistoricaldutytoeducatepeople

farming".Therefore,KingDuYuhasbeenfamousforhishighlydeveloped

alsomentionsthatinDuYu’sdynasty

“Wenchuaninclodasapasturageland,andNanzhongasafarminggarden".

Thisnoteconfirmsourdiscoveryofbonesofbothwildanimalsandlargeamount

ofhouholdraidanimalsinJinshaSite,aswehaveeninthefirstexhibition

gonallthediscoveries,theancientShutribeatthattimewas

survivedrelyingonprosperousfarmingeconomytogetherwithdiversifiedmeans

ofsupportssuchashunting,fishingandanimalhusbandry.

Thisspade-likeploughwithalengthof1.42cmwasonearthedfromapondnorth

to“FurongGarden”onJanuary24,peremblesmuchtonowadays

spade,lturalrelicistheonlywell

rervedfarmingapplianceoftheShangDynastyfoundinChina,boastingasthe

originofChinafarmingaswellasmostimportantevidencesupportingthe

prosperousandadvancedricecroppingagricultureinChengduPlain.

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Spade-likeploughisakindoffarmingtooludforearthturningincludingwood,

-likeploughisaninventionbyShen

NongShi(GodofFarming),whichwasrecordedquiteearlyinancientliteral

-likeplough(Lei)wasoncecalledChaintheWarringStates

Period(403~221BC),andsoonafterwhenironwarewasinvented,wood

spade-likeploughwaquippedwithiron-madecuttingedge,justliketheone

unearthedinatombofChangshaMawangduiGraveyardintheHangDynasty.

Revealedbyarchaeologicalinformation,spade-likeploughwasfoundfirstlyin

HemuduSiteinYuYaoCounty,ZhejiangProvince,wherehundredsofbone

spade-likeploughsandawoodonewereunearthedhavinganageaarlyas

5000BC~itesinHemuduCulturehavealsounearthed4pieces

-likeploughcameintoexistenceasaresultof

uPlainenjoysgoodnaturalenvironment,

ologistsfound

theexistenceofricesilicicacidsubstanceinDujiangyanMangchengSitehaving

anageaarlyas2500BC~sagreatpossibilitythatwood

spade-likeploughcameintoexistenceinthatearliesttimeasanearthturning

ticlesarelikelytobedecayedwithinashorttime,that’swhy

fewofthemarerervedtonowadaysandunearthedinarchaeological

excavation,alsoitgivesusamisconceptionduetosuchreason:takingasan

examplewithsomesitesoftheNeolithicAge,whatwehaveexcavatednormally

areaxe,adzandchillikestonewares,butactuallythemostlyudfarming

appliancesareboneandwoodwares,whichissupportedbythediscoveryin

eceofwoodspade-likeploughunearthedinJinshaSite

revealsthatwoodspade-likeploughisamajorfarmingtoolintheNeolithicAge.

Thispointofviewalsoisapprovedbymostscholars,whodisclothatinthe

BronzeAge,bronzefarmingtoolswerenotwidelyudinfarming,insteadwood

farmingtoolsstillwereplayingthedominanceinfarmproduction,andthis

situationwasreverdwhentimecametotheIronAge.

JinshaSitealsounearthedalotoffine-madegoldware,bronzeware,jadeware,

lacquerwoodwareandpotteryware,whichgivessufficientevidencetoprovethat

handworkskillinJinshatimewasquitedeveloped,andsocialfunctionalctions

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28

rtwareswithfineartsarejustlikemirrorsthrough

whichdiligentJinshapeople’swisdomandaestheticsaredisplayed.

MorethanonehundredpotterystoveswerefoundinJinshaSite,somewere

scatteredaroundtheresidentialhous,andsomewereconcentratednexttothe

livingarea,

potterystovesinJinshaTimeareshapedlikeadustpan,higherinthefrontand

gonthesintered

degreeinstovewall,theywereallputintorvicenotforalongtime.

IntheresidentialhouareainJinshaSite,morethantenthousandpotteries

havebeenunearthed,togetherwithhundredsofmillionspotterybrokenpieced

arthedpotteriesarerichinvariety,which

mainlyaresmallflat-bottompot,fabiformpotterywithhighstem,bottle,Heutensil,

conicalcalyxandconicalcup,conicalpot,high-neckedpot,ringfoothigh-necked

pot,ringfootbasin,ringfootearthenbowl,ringfootcup,urn,cup-likearticlewith

highhandle,peanutshapedstand,ringfootcup,

theappliancesmostlywereudtoloadcerealsandsomeforcontainingwine

andsomemaybepotteryritualarticles.

Potteryremainsaremostlycommonenandtime&spaceflexiblewaresin

,theyarecriticalevidencesforarchaeologists

toidentitythegeologicalorigin,phaoftimeandnatureofculturalheritages.

ViewingonlargeamountofpotteriesunearthedinJinshaSite,archaeologists

dividedJinshaSitepotteryindustryevolvementintothreemajorphas.

Lookingatover200goldwarexcavatedinJinshaSite,theyarerichinvariety

resfoundherearemainlygoldfoilsandgold

plaques,hstudyonthe

ingredientsof14samplingsofgoldwaresunearthedinJinshaSite,theyare

foundtobeconstitutedofgold,silverandcuppermainly,andgoldcontentvaried

rangingfrom83.3%to94.2%,ofwhichthatin“SunandImmortalBird”gold

yzingthecontentsingoldwareelement,

sofgoldware

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processing,itincludesariesphasandskillssuchashammeringandfolding,

cutting,grinding,designbygraving,chilinganddiepunching,Siteis

thehistoricalsitewheremostgoldwareswithrichestshapesofShangDynasty

havebeenunearthedsofarinChina.

by

geologicalsurvey,goldminesarescatteredinawiderangenamelyinthe

northwestofSichuanBasinandarounditdge,wheremainlydepositsalluvial

al

goldenrichmentplacesarealwayslocatedinbigriversandtheirbranchriver

valleysinthewesternandnorthernedgeofSichuanBasin,especiallyinplaces

whererivervalleynarrowflowisconvertedtoawideflow,hasaturnormeets

withotherbranches,forinstance,GuchengMineinPingwuCountyintheFujiang

Riverreach,BaishuiMineinQingchuanCountyintheBailongjiangRiverreach,

ShuimoMineinGuangyuanCityintheJialingjiangRiverreach,s,

high-contentgoldminesarealsofoundinsomeriverctionsintheMinjiang

River,

goldmineshaveprovidedrawmaterialssufficientforthepreciousmetalindustry

developmentforSichuanBasinbronzeculture.

JinshaSitealsounearthedover1300piecesofbronzewares,majorityofwhich

aresmall-sizedarticlesandnon-completeinfunctionandshape,therefore,they

dtinbronzeis

themaintypeofbronzewaresfoundinJinshaSite,whichprovestheleadisa

bronzeware

castingprocessinheritedthetraditionalcastingmethodinSanXingDuiTime,

whichwasmadebycastingtoawholepieceandbindingwithfrontandrear

onzewaresmaycastctionbyctionbefore

integratingthemtoawholepiecebycastingbindingmethods,orbyusing

paratecastingofaccessoriesandmainbodyandthenmountingthe

ingmethodsfor

Jinshabronzewaresincludeplainfinishing,inkpainting,perforating,decorative

patterncastingandornamentalsattachment,ofwhichplainfinishingisthe

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smethodsforcastbronzewaresarealsoadvanced,

reshavebeenfinished

withpolishing.

Over2000piecesofjadewareshavebeenexcavatedinJinshaSite,showingits

jadewaresaremadeoflocaljadewith

themareelaboratelyengravedandcarved

characterizedwithmoisturesmooth,exquisitesurface,brilliantcolorandunique

regionalfeature,bringjadewarestotheirsummitoffortitude,fineandglossyand

naturebeauty.

“Virginjadewillneverbeafine-artjadeware”.Inancienttime,afinishedjade

warealwaysspentmonthsoffabricationthroughariesofprocessincluding

mining,lection,paration,cutting,perforating,patternengraving,hollow-outor

pull-outcarving,grindingandpolishing,etc.

Differentfromnowadayspeoplerecognitiononjade,ancientChinedefinedthat

“beautystoneisjade”.SomeofvirginjadeinJinshaSitearebrilliantincolure,

revealingJinshapeoples'bysomanyvirgin

jadetypesinthisshowca,Jinshapeoplehadawidelectionofvirginjade.

Throughinvestigationandscientificdetermination,wemadepreliminary

judgmentthatmajorityofthemcamefromhighmountainsinnorthwestern

ChengduPlainandminoritymightbefromrivershoalsnearby.

ThisisafancystonediscoveredinJinshasacrificesite,whichisnaturally

h

mineralogicalstudyandidentification,itisawater-erodedstone,whoink

paintingpatternsareformedwithadsorptionoforganicmaterialssuchas

cientShujade

craftmenfounditwasafine-artworkofthenature,thisstonewassavedwithout

anyhumanworkbutitsnaturalshapeandformandputitintorviceinsacrificial

virginjadehasdiversifiednaturalcolorsrvingasclueforjade

craftsmeninjadefabrication

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Thisisapieceofunfinishedmi-productofjadeware,wherewestilleatrace

otherpiecestillrervedsomegrid-like

decorativepatterns.

satraceofcutting

madeplatforminthemiddle,andbothcuttinglinesonbothsidesarestraightand

evenwithonly0.1cmgap,whichprovesthatitiscutwithaverythintools,

dewarewasonceappliedwithgrinding

andpolishing,

scratchesarelaidoutinparallelwithitscuttingline,whichareprobablymade

jadesawwhencuttingthevirginjade.

etwopiecesofjadeZhangnot

wopiecesofJadeZhangareparatedtoendof

ola-likecuttingtraceis

tingtraceisunevenlylaidout,highinthemiddle

andlowonbothsides,whichreprentstheoutstandingresultofcuttingbyline

cutjadeZhangisarareandpreciousspecimentorearchon

portantly,

thisjadealsoshowedusauniqueskillinChinejade-making—shapedbict

technology,cesofjadeZhangaremadeinonevirginjadeandcut

heyaremijade

products,thod

greatlyacceleratesjademakingefficiency,whichsavesvirginjadematerialas

wellasmanpower.(

Tworing-likesidesinthisjadeBiparatelyengravedwithvenconcentric

tternsare

nearlysymmetric,samespacebetweenlinesandsameshallowinlinedepth.

Thelinesareperfectlyarrangedwithfinegrindingandcarefullypolishingmuch

liketoday’eceofelitearticleprentsusadirect

viewwhatadvancedtechnologieshavebeenappliedinjade-makinginJinsha

ndofpreciconcentriccircle-likedecorativepatternismadeby

heelinearliesttimeisami-mechanizationdevice,

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32

nevenhumanforceappliedto

thisdevice,thedecorativepatterncarvedalsoisunevenandsomelinesareout

r,sly,

toolmakingthejadeBithattimeremblesmuchtoday’lectricmachinetool.

Asknownbyeverybody,itwasimpossibletobedrivenwithelectricpower,

instead,itwasmostlikelydrivenbyfiercespeedywatercurrent.

Roundholesinjadewarearemadebyrotatingmillwithtubular-shapedwood,

bamboo,

ng

methodswerealwaysdiversifiedtothethicknessandsizeofaspecificvirginjade.

SeeingthisjadeCongwithtubulardrilltrace,thereistraceofrotatingcirclesleft

whenitwasdrilledwithtubulardrillandsandintheinnerwallandmalpositioned

interfaceinthemiddlewhenitwasdrilledfrombothsides,andholesinupperside

werebiggerandmuchclortotheedgewhileholesinanothersideweremore

heholeinnerwallinthisarticlewasnotappliedwithpolishing,

therefore,wearemoreeasilytounderstandwhatdrillmethodandprocesshas

beenapplied.

Thispieceofjadearticlehashollow-engravingpatternfabricatedwithhollow-out

-outskillcameintoexistenceaarlyasinNiaoningHongshan

resproducedaftertheShang

andZhouDynastiesalwaysmadebyusingcombinedtechnologiesofdrilland

threadcuttingplushollow-outdecoration,makingitarichdesignanddynamic

-outmethodinthattimemainlywaxecutedwithbowstringsaw,

whichstartedfromasmallwholetosawwithhelpwithakindofspecialsandto

designedpattern.

Seeingthisloop-chainarticle(Picture12),threesmall-sizedjaderingsare

chainedtogetheronebyone,whichprovedthatflexible-ringhollow-cavingskill

illistruly

op-chainjadearticlealsowasfoundinaone-side

jadehumanfigureatitsreartopheadunearthedinatomboftheShangDynasty

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33

inXingganDayangzhouinJiangxiProvince.

Duetothesparnessofjadeinancienttime,theancientpeoplealways

’swhywefoundthatsomejadewareswere

isone,itmaybe

thetoppartofarecesdedgeofajadeZhang,andonecornerintheedgehas

rilledholesarelaidoutintrianglepattern,ofwhichthe

upperoneisbigger,andtwoholesdownemstobesomethingwrongafter

theyaredrilled,that’swhythereisanotherholedrilledinthemiddleoftheupper

partanditischangedtobeanotherkindofbaldric.

Herewepreparedyouwithashortfilmintroducingyoujademakingprocessflow.

Thisfilmisproducedbyusingstate-of-the-artcomputerimaging.(2minutes)

Let’slookintoJinshapeoples’customforburyingthedeadafteryouhavea

primitiveoldtime,peoplealwaysbelievedtheyhadimmortalsouleventheydied,

andtheyweredeeplyrootedwiththeideaof“deathisjustlikebirth”,which

Jinshadidpeopleburytheirdeadrelatives?Archaeologistshavefoundacertain

numberofGravesjustneighboringtheirlivinghous,whichindicatedthatsome

r,majorityofthemwere

inthegraveyardarefoundtobewell

plannedinlay-out,overlappingordamagebyanewoneuponanoldoneare

ldomdiscovered,whichimpliesthateachgraveyardwasbasicallydesigned.

Thegravesareallearth-pitgravesrunningfromnorthwest—southeast

direction(samedirectionwithpremilayoutandsacrificialarticledeposit),head

tonorthwestorsoutheast,whichmayhavesomethingtodowithJinshapeople

ionofgravesinBaodun

CultureoflateneoliteperiodinChengduplainandSanXingDuiSiteisthesame

enomenonisnotanaccidentalcoincidence.

Inlegend,Shuancestorscamefromhighmountainsinthenorthwestlandstepby

ore,highmountainsin

thenorthwestarereputedastheoriginofancientShucivilizationaswellasthe

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34

sagreatpossibilitythat

suchkindofgravedirectionlectedbySanXingDuipeopleandJinshapeople

reprentstheirbelieftotaketheirimmortalsoulbacktowheretheycomefrom.

veimpty

withoutanyaccompanyingstaffs,besideshe/shewasburiedafterlongtimeof

deathjudgingontheskeleton,andprobablyapoorpeoplewhenalive;thegrave

nexttohasaccompaniedwithtwoorthreepotterywares,morerichthanthe

previousone;butthethirdgraveherehaveabundantfuneraryobjects,whois

muchricherthantheprevioustwointermsofbothaccompaniesquantityand

iesoffuneraryobjectsincludejadewares,bronzewaresand

potteries,h,abronzetomahawkplacedbelow

hiswaistissofinelymadethathisnobleclassidentityisobviouslyshown.

Knowingfromthethreegraves,therewerestrongnandpolarizationofthe

alsofoundagraveburyingakid.

Hemightbeonlyateenager,stillwearensitivetohisbabyishandpiquant

haSite,somegravesburyingtwopeoplewerealso

ovideduswithacluetounderstandJinshapeoplemarriagecustom.

WeguessthatmonogamyfamilystructurehasbeeninitiatedinJinshatime.

Sofar,over2000gravesinJinshaSitehavebeenunearthedforarchaeological

dburiedwithface-upandstretchedbody(mayreprentsakindof

sleepingpowithameaningofcomfortandrelaxsleepingforthedead),and

tyun-stretchedbodyburyingisalsofound.

tiontofewboat-shapedcoffins

found,imatehalf

graveswereaccompaniedwithfuneralobjects,buttheywerelessinquantityand

dominatedbypotteriesandstonewares,andveryfewhadburiedjadewaresand

bronzeware,gonallgravesunearthedasoftoday,they

ll,

weareabletoeitsclearsocialclasslayersandclassificationsbadontho

unearthedgraves.

AfterourquickviewonallaspectsofJinshapeopleaswellasthesocietywhere

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35

theywereliving,wecanconcludethatJinshasocietyincludesabundantcontents

suchaslarge-scalearchitecturalfoundationremains,areaforlargesacrificial

activities,areaforresidenceandliving,graveyards,cellarcaves,potterystoves

andworkshops,productiontools,livingappliancesandnecessities,adornments,

lessitsabundant

contentsinJinshaSite,itshowsusanoveralllayoutwhichiswellarrangedand

ldingcomplexesandlarge-scale

handworkmanufacturingindustrydemonstratesusafullpictureofancientShu

society,whereithadfulltsofurbanfacilities,completefunctionalitiesforpublic

rvices,scaleddiversifiedproductivitydivision,densocialorganization

structureandhighlyconcentratedsocialpower.

Episode3ImmortalHeavenandEarth

ualpursuingand

phylogenyofhumancivilizationisalsoahistoryrecordinghumanspiritual

ientpeoplehavehighlyreverenceandfear,thanksgiving

attitudeanduniqueunderstandingtotheuniverandnature,allcreaturesand

lievedthatimmortalswerelivingoutof

human,everythinghadsoulandspirit,badonwhichasystematicceremony

-called“biggest

stateaffairsareworshiptotheimmortalsandwars”includedancientpeople’s

estors

oftenheldvariouskindsofsacrificialceremoniesinsocialmajoreventsorindaily

liveswithreverentialhearts,expressingtheirrespectandadorationtoall

immortalswithahopeofgoodcommunicationsbetweenallimmortalsbothinthe

heavenandintheearthandbeingblesdbythem,besides,thesacrificial

eventsalsowerewaystoshowhumancaretoallimmortals.

Siteforlarge-scalesacrificialeventfoundinJinshaSiteoccupiesanareaofover

15000m2with5mthickofculturalrelicsdepositgatheredfromlateShang

DynastytoearlySpringandAutumnPeriod,inparticularculturalrelicsand

remainsfromlateShangDynastytotheWesternZhouDynastywerefoundmost,

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36

whichindicatesthatthesacrificialcultureofancientShuisquitedeveloped

encexistedinsacrificialarticlesandsacrificial

waysshowthecomplicityanddiversityofimmortalworshipcultures.

ThispathwearewalkingonisatimetunneltoJinshapeoplesacredsacrificial

urbreathandlistenwithyourhearttothesingingofaimmortalbird

'swalkintothespiritual

worldofJinshapeoplequietlytoexperiencetheirsacredceremony

communicatingtotheheavenandtheearthandtobeginourjourneynsingthe

soulofJinshapeople.

(Walkthroughtheloungequietly)

Group1BronzeStandingFigure

Thisbronzestandingfigureatheightwithasunbonnetlookslikeaking,whois

sarefullofpower

holdinghighthesacredsacrificialofferings,whileanobjectinterpodintohis

ombedanddesigned

pigtailishangingdownalongbackofhishead,andonhishead,itisa

volute-designedhatbanddecoratedwithrotatingasterism,whichremblesthe

dornamentalshaperemindsofthe“Sun-Gold

Bird”unearthedinJinshaSite,whicharemuchsimilareachother.

LiJi(BookofRites)·JiaoTeShengsays:Thesmallbronzedstandingfigure,

cappedwiththebrillianceofthesun,holdingsacrificialofferingsathandand

standingatheight,isjustliketheembassyofsunshine,oravatarofsungodwho

signof

standingfigurerevealsJinshapeoples’e

singlybutinpairsthatsimilarbronzestandinghumanfigurealsoisfoundin

SanxingduiSite,whichtellsthestoryofinterconnectionbetweenSanxingduiSite

andChengduJinshaSite,andalsorevealsusthatacommonprimitivereligion

andsimilarreligiousceremonyareexistedinthedifferentplaces.

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37

Allpeoplewhohavevisitedthebronzestandingfigurewillnaturallyhavethis

questioninmind,whatkindofritualarticleheisholdingathand?Thisquestionis

notonlyaquestionthatyouareinterestedin,butalsoaquestionthatthe

odlytreebranchtowelcomethesun,

ajadeCongeachinbothhands,arareandpreciousivoryorawoodenor

bamboo-madetube-likeritualware?Theareguessmadebydifferentpeople.

Also,someonebelievesthereisnothinginhishand,instead,hishandpoisjust

agestureforawizard’’stimeforyoutomakeaguess,what

kindofobjectisheholding?

Astotheissueofpersonalidentificationrevealedbythisbronzestandingfigure,

theacademiccircleshavemultipleconclusionsincludingkingwizard,KingofShu

State,lessofany

conclusionabouthispersonalidentification,itisquitecertainthatheisabsolutely

notalowerclasspeople;onthecontrary,heshouldbeanobleinatribeor

kingdomwithbothreligiousandadministrativepower.

Group2Ivory

Ivoriesaremostimportantofferingstoheavenandearthgodscontributedby

ryquantityanditswaysofuineachsacrificial

activityarediversified.

Insomecas,largevolumeivoryareudincompletetobedisplacedalltoone

direction,andsometimes,theyonlyutheheadofivoryorcutivoryinto

cake-shape,ormakeitascolumnorstick-likeivory.

Thediversifiedwaystouivoryasofferingsreprentstrongreligiouscolor

askwhysomanyivorieshaveto

beudinancientsacrificialactivities?Whativoryissacrificedfor?Chine

ancientmagicianhassupernaturalpowertokillriverevilwiththemagicpowerof

ingtonoteinZhouLi•Qiuguan•Huzhuoshi:“Huzhuoshiis

responsibletoperishriverevilbybeating-upitwithgunearthandshootingitwith

ingitssoul,muguwuwithivorymustbeudtosinkitandkill

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38

itssoultodie”.BeforetheexistenceofDujiangyanIrrigationSysteminChengdu

Plain,floodcaudbyuncontrolledriverswerecommonnaturaldisastersand

hemagicpowertokillriverevilthativoryonlyhas,ivories

werewidelyandfrequentlyudasakindofuniqueofferinginsacrificialevents.

Group3Stoneware

ing(akindofsoundresonator)

OnJune10,2006whenCCTVwaslivebroadcastingJinshaSitearchaeological

excavation,twopiecesofstoneresonatorswereunearthedinachecksquare

prentsoneofthe

riginatefromakindof

stone-madechip-likeinstrumentsoflabor,suchasstoneshovel.

Whenourancientpeoplefoundthatstone-madetoolswereabletomaking

tunefulnesssoundinproductionpractice,theywereudasmusicinstrument

accompanyingtheirdance,henceQingwasproduced.

ThemostcommonstoneQinginancienttimeisarc-shapedonthetopand

slightlyarcshapeornearlyastraightlineonthebottom;orarc-shapedbothin

tyofQingaremadeofstone,andsomearemade

ingtoknowledgeathand,theearliestprimitivemade

stoneQingwasunearthedinDongxiafengSiteinXiaxian,ShanxiProvince,

neQingunearthedinShanxi

entionedQings

areheritageoftheXiaDynasty,ings

madeintheShangDynastyarediversifiedinshapeandform,andonestone

QingunearthedinErlitouSiteinYanshi,HenanwasmadeinearlyShang

ngngravedwithanimaldecorativepatternsalsowerefound

g(ClassicofPoetry)·ShangSonghas

linesdescribingYanpeoplesacrificialdance:“Drumandfluteareharmonized

andrhymedonlywithstoneQing".ItprovesthatQingisthekeymusic

e-tonestoneQingmadeintheShangDynastyis

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39

called“specialQing”ngDynastyalsoproduceda

riesofQingsorganizedbymusicalscale,whichiscalled“Bianqing”,3pieces

·KaogongjialsorecordstheprocessofQing

makingandmethodsoftuning,whichindicatesthateachpartofQinghas

econclusionofexperienceofancient

rgenerations,

Qingwasmainlyudbytherulingclassintheirancestraltemplememory,

oningasmusicalinstrumentandritualarticles,

QingandZhong(bell)ceof

stoneQingoutofearthinJinshaSiterevealstheceremoniousatmosphereand

solemnityofsacrificeactivitiesinancientShuKingdom,alsonegatesourpast

knowledgeof“nonexistenceofritualmusicinancientShuState”.(notedinShu

WangBenJi(BiographyofKingofShuState)byYangXong)Oneofthotwo

hasalengthof106cm,width56cmandthickness4cm,andisthebiggeststone

day,

thetwopiecesofstoneQingareabletoenunciatepureandariososound

whenstriking.

i(aroundflatpieceofstonewithaholeinit)

BiwasonceoneofmostimportantritualarticlesudinChineancient

numberofstoneBiwithsimilardesignandshapeand

diversifiedsizeforearliersacrificialactivitieshavebeenunearthedinJinshaSite.

Thebiggestonebothinvolumeandweighthasadiameterupto84cm,whilethe

oneBiarepaintedwithcinnabaratholewall.

SomesmallsizedstoneBiismadeofjustdrillingaholeuponthecorefroma

biggerone,muchsimilarwith

foundinginSanxingduiSiteintermsofpackagestoneBioutofearthtogether.

ThestoneBiburyingwaysarealsodiversified:somearequencedfrombigto

eplacedalongwithstonekneelingsittinghumanfigure,stone

tigersandstonesnakes;thestoneBi,cake-likestonewaresandstoneZhang

depositisnorthwesthighandsoutheastlowshaped,wheretheyarepiledlayerby

liningdirection

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40

ixactlythesamewiththatofgravesplacementinJinshaSite,implying

ingtolegend,ancestorsofancientShupeoplecame

directioninsacrificialoffering

placementexpresstherespectandmemoryofancientShupeopletotheir

ancestors?

-likestoneware

Thiskindofcake-likestonewares,simpleandroughlymade,istheprevailing

ndofstonewarehasalargequantity

outofearth,normally,ithasasmallsize,thinedgeandunpolishedvirginsides

ore,bothsidesareunevenwithsagsand

crests,cake-likewarehas

alwaysasharpandthinedge,s

tobeadirectuofakindofbodystock,andmostlytheyarefoundbeing

co-buriedwithstoneBiandstoneZhang.

yofNo.43Remains’originalstate

InNo.43Remains,sizevariedcake-likestonewaresarepliedupinauniform

styletoatortoi-liketop,esitimply?

Tortoiisananimalsymbolizinglongevityinancientbelief,atotemicanimal

s,tortoiisthe

sonofdragon,ptotortoiand

ntlyand

highlyrespectedtortoiinthemindofancientpeoplewasgraduallybecominga

peofChengdu

entliteralbooknamedSou

ShengJi(SearchforImmortals)tellsusastorythat,intheQinDynasty

(221~206BC)whenZhangyiwasbuildingupChengduCity,everybuildingswould

abigtortoisuddenlysankintotheriver

iaskedwizardforthereason

andwasrepliedwiththissuggestiontobuildthecityjustalongthetortoi,hence

thenameoftortoicitycamefrom.

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41

Group4Relicspots

SpotforsacrificepurpoinJinshaSiteisfoundhavingfunctionalpartitions

entofferingsareburiedin

differentpartitionsanddifferenttypesofofferingshavedifferentcompositions.

Theburyingtypeshaveprofoundculturalmeanings,whicharebeyondour

capabilitytogivethemcorrectexplanationtodaybesidesourbrieflyanalyzing:

firstly,itmaybecaudbytimequenceoftheactivitiesbeingheld;condly,

may

exhibitionwillprentyouwiththeoriginallookwhensomespotsisbeing

excavatedtogetherwitharticlesbeingunearthedrightthere.

.8RemainsbelongingtolateShangDynastytoearlyWesternZhou

Dynastyburiedgoldwares,jadewaresandbronzewaresassacrificialofferings.

Inthispitnotsobig,weeitburiedalargenumberofarticles;besidesvermilion

sly,thisphenomenonisclolyrelated

exhibitedhereareonlypartofthewhole

depositinthisspot.

.10RemainsbelonginglateShangDynastytoearlyWesternZhou

Dynastyburiedveralentireivory,underneath24piecesofjadewaresand1

yleofofferingburying

isverysimilartoSanxingduisacrificialpits.

.14RemainsbelongingtotheWesternZhouDynastyhas384piecesof

culturalrelicsunearthed,aspotwithcombinationsacrificeofsmallsizedjade

Zhang,icialofferings

combinationisveryspecialwithsingularityofofferingvarieties.

.19RemainsbelongingtolateShangDynastyisasacrificespotwith

offeringsofstonekneelingsittinghumanfigure,stonetiger,stonesnakeand

eywerebeingunearthed,stonekneelingsittinghumanfigure

andstonetigerwereplacedclolyeachotherandthetigermouthwasfacing

righttothehumanchest,implyingstrongreligiousmeaningwiththisspecial

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42

tonekneelinghumanthesubstitutionforalivemanburiedwith

thedeath?Orreligiousmeaningwedon’tknow?Ifourformerguessispositive,it

isreallyafactofadvancetoburystoneforalivehumankeepingaccompanywith

thedead.

Group5Jadewares

JadepreferencebyChinecanbetracedbacktoremoteprimitiveages,from

heworld

familyofculture,Chinejadecultureisnationalityfeatureduniqueculture.

Owingtoitsnaturalbeauty,itisbelievedtobetheeliteofnaturecreation,the

crystallizationoftheheavenandtheearthandthemostsanctityarticle;therefore,

ificialbig

eventsorotherbigevents,re

isanimportantarticleudinstatelevelceremonialeventstoofferghostsand

godsandtocommunicatetheearthandtheheaven;besides,itisamaterial

eferencebyChine

reprentsusawindowthroughwhichtheirbeliefoflovetonatureand

combinationwiththenaturearedisplayed.

Over2000piecesofexquisitejadewareshavebeenunearthedinJinshaSite

sacrificespot,showingahugenumberamongarchaeologicaldiscoveries.

Majorityofthemarejade-maderitualarticleswithwidevarietiesandfine

rticleshavenotraceprovingtheyhaveoncebeenudas

livingarticles,whicharesuperiortoothersingradeandmoreelegantincraftwork.

Viewingtheirbasicfunctionandnature,theyaremostlikelyudinreligious

tiontobeingakindofmaterialobjectcarryingtherulingclass

wealth,identityandsocialimage,itwasalsofunctioningasamediaandmagic

weaponforwizardtocommunicateimmortalsandtomemorizetheheaven,the

earth,mountains,riversandtheirancestors.

ang(akindofjadeinstrument)

Zhangisoneofimportantritualarticleswithdiversifiedusagessuchastoworship

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43

theheavenandtheearth,prayforayearofabundance,offersacrificesto

mountainsandriverandprenttofriendsasagift,alsoitissymbolofsocialclass

angwaarliestfoundintheearlierageofShangdong

DongshanCultureorthelateageofDawenkouCulture,prosperousfromtheXia

DynastytoearlyShangDynasty,popularanddevelopmenttonorthShannxi,

Sichuan,middleandlowerreachesoftheChangjiangRiver,Fujian,Guangzhou,

HongkongandeventoVietNamwiththeprosperousErlitouCultureandShang

ingearlyWesternZhouDynasty,JadeZhangbegantowithdraw

simporttoSichuanBasinithasbeenpopularized

anddevelopedasthemostimportantritualarticleudinsacrificeinancientShu

2,twojade

Zhangwerefoundrespectivelyintheoutersidesoftwomountains,whichindicated

2,

akneelingsittingsmallbronzefigurewasalsofound,whowasholdingaedge

upwardsjadeZhang,day,

jadeZhangunearthedinJinshaSitehasamountedtoover200piece,evenmore

thanthetotalfoundinthewholecountry(approximatelyover140pieces).Majority

ofJinshajadeZhanghavebrightcoloranddiversifiedformandsizewithexiquisite

ngsinthebellybandofJinshajadeZhangsome

eprotrudedtobeanimalcaput

shape,someladdershape,someplatformshapeandsomecirruscloudshape.

ThejadeZhangbellybandalsoisdecoratedwithdenlystraightparallellinesor

hem,twojadeZhangalsoarefoundhavingintagliocarving

hollow-outprocessforcreatinghumanfacepattern.

Thiskindofsmall-sizedjadeZhangeninNo.14Remainsalsohasbeen

-sized

jadeZhanghasalsobeenexcavatedinSanxingduiSitebelongingtotheXia

andShangPeriods,theyaresmallbothin

volumeandweight,ebelievedby

somescholarstobearticlestobeforthedead,andsomescholarswouldthink

gonthesituation

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44

inJinshaSite,ithasgreatpossibilitythattheyareudjustasakindofsacrifice

appliancewithmoresymbolizedmeaningscomparedwithlarge-sizedjade

,jadeZhangexactlylikethiskindhasnotbeenfoundinother

placeswithinthecountry;therefore,itisbelievedtobeuniqueforSichuanBasin

BronzeCulture.

ng(rectangularjadewithroundholes)

JadeCongissquareoutsideandroundinsideprofiled,symbolizingancient

Chinecosmicviewas“roundskyandsquareearth”and“farandnear”;ahole

ispenetratingbetweentheoutsideandinside,implyingtheprofoundmeaningof

“skyandearthbeingconnected”,awindowprovingthecombinationofkingship

ang

wasfirstfoundinMajiabinCulturebelongingtoagesof5000-6000BC,and

prosperousinLiangzhuCulturetoagesof5500—4500BCanddevelopedasone

ofmostimportantritualarticlesamongalljadewareinLiangzhuCulture.

Followingthat,LiangzhuCulturebegantospreadanddistributetoitsneighboring

areas,andjadeConghaswidelyfoundinLongshanCulturecoveringShangdong,

ShanxiandHebei,XuejiagangCulturecoveringAnhui,JijiaCultureGraveyard

coveringShannxiYan’anLushanyuanandGansuHuangliangliang(King’sMother)

Mesa,ErlitouSitecoveringQujiangShixiaandHenanYanshi,QianzhangTomb

coveringJiangxiXinganDayangzhouandTengzhou,YiduSubutunTomb,Yinxu

FuhaoTomb,e

NeolithicAgewasapeakperiodintermsofjadeCongmaking,anditbegantobe

decayedfollowingtheShangandZhouPeriods,whichprobablywascaudby

thefactthattheShangandZhourulingclassputmoreandmoreconcernon

Sitehasunearthed27piecesofjadeCong,boasting

themostoutofthehomelandofLiangzhuCulture,indicatingitsimportantand

uniqueusageinJinshaceremonialritesandregulationssystem.

(aroundflatpieceofjadewithaholeinit)

Inancientliteralbooks,jadeBiisdescribedas“ringylikethesky”.JadeBi,

undoubtedly,isanimportantreligiousinstrumentudto“greettheheaven”.As

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45

earlierasintheNeolithicAge,itcameintoexistenceinthemiddlereachesofthe

,itwasdevelopedasthetoponeimportantritualinstrument

200piece

jadeBihasbeenunearthedinJinshaSitesacrificespot,showingitsoutstanding

ho200jadeBiunearthedinJinshaSite,

majorityofthemhavebrightcolorduetotheirfavorableenvironmentwherethey

sofout-look,theyareclassifiedintotwokinds:withcollarand

withoutcollar.

gger

“Ge”(dagger)isakindofweapontohook-kill,sideswipeandpeck-killenemies.

However,jadedaggerisfarfrompracticalu,instead,itisonlyfunctioningasa

ggersunearthed

inJinshaSitehavediversifiedformandfinecraftworks.

mahawk,jadeknife,jadespearandjadesword

Theoriginof“tomahawk”shallbeakindofancientlabortool,whichwasgradually

developedtoakindofpracticalweaponandeventuallytoanimportantritual

wkintheXianQinPeriodwasfunctioningbothasareligious

applianceandanobjectsymbolizingthepoliticalandmilitarypoweroftheruling

hu·MuShihassomeparagraphsnotingWuWangfightingagainst

lpiecesofjadetomahawkareexquisitely

ife,

jadespearandjadeswordarealsoimportantceremonialappliances.

e,jadeadzeandjadechil

JinshaSitealsounearthedalargenumberofjade-madetoolssuchasjadeaxe,

jadeadzeandchil,wayshavefinepolishedsharpedgenearly

sly,theyarenolongertoolsforpractical

numberofjade-madetoolsare

enomenonisrareinotherdiscoverieswithin

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46

thecountry;therefore,theyarefulloflocalidentities.

ncave-edgechil-likeware

Thiskindofarticlecalledjadeconcave-edgechil-likewareiscommonlyenin

misjustlikean“upperofashoe”.Majorityofthiskindof

jadewarearemadeoffine-lectedmaterialwithcolourysurfaceandexiquisite

finishing,andalsohavenotraceofoncebeingudaswellasnopropertyfor

obably,theyrvesasspecialritualarticlescopyingfromlive

ndofarticlewasfirstlydiscoveredinhistoricalsitesbelongingtolate

Sitehasfoundlargequantityofthiskindofarticles,whicharehighergratedboth

inmateriallectionandfabrication,indicatingitbecameanimportantritual

,peoplehavenotfoundits

existenceintheYellowRiverreachesandthemiddleandlowerreachesofthe

ChangjiangRiver;however,smallnumberofthemwerediscoveredsoutheast

Yunnan,westGuangxiandVietNam,whichisalsoknownastheBronzeCulture

ybe

thebestevidencetoprovetheculturalexchangeandtiexistedbetween

ancientShuStateandSoutheastAsiacountries.

Infact,recordsofexchangesandtieswithbetweenChengduPlainand

example,ieZhuan(HistoricalRecordsofChineSouthwest

Minorities)hasaparagraphsayingcommoditiesofBaShubeingfarsoldto

rancientbooknamedShuiJingZhu(Commentaryonthe

WaterwaysClassic)alsorecordedthestoryofShuPrinceconqueringoverJiao

ZhitobeKingAn’oughtaforesaidstories

happenedlaterthanJinshatime,itmaybetruethatclotiexistedbetween

ancientSuintheShangandZhouPeriodsandnowadaysSoutheastAsia

countriesviewedbadonmaterialdiscoveriesinJinshaSiteandSanxingdui

Site.

ashell,jadeimmortalfigure,jadeellipticwares

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47

AlotofJadewaresunearthedinJinshaSitearebionicwares;somecopyhuman

theyaresmall,theyhavesimple

designandvividexpression.

dshellwere

wasregardedasthesymbolofwealthandsocialimageofupperclassand

llisakindofcreaturelivingin

tsadvantagesofsmallsizeandeasytocarry,peoplelikedto

putitintorviceasacommodityexchangeequivalentanddevelopitasthe

symbolofwealtheventually.

Thisisaveryexiquisitejadeimmortalportraitwhichhassymmetricaltwosides

rtraithasa

ferociouxpression,longeyebrow,triangleeyes,hookno,widely-openmouth

andoutcroppedthreeteeth,andacrown-likeornamentalcappedinitshead.

thavealongneckwhichwas

traitdesignis

nearlycompletelysamewithoneside-glanceportraitlocatedinArticlePit2,3rd

layerinSanxingduiSite;besides,ithasalotofsimilaritieswiththelargebronze

ronzeanimalmaskhasaKui

dragonwithanexaggeratedlookverticallymountedtotherightmiddleofthe

theforeheadofthisjadeimmortalwasdamaged,itmay

haveaKuidragonjudgingfromitremainedtrace,butthisoneistransversal

tencybetweenjadeimmortalportraitsunearthedinJinshaSite

andmanyfiguresinSanxingduiSitearefound,indicatingaclotiesincultural

inheritancebetweenthem.

Someeverunenjadewareshavebeenfoundinthesacrificespot,reprenting

refourpiecesofthiskindof

ellipticwaresunearthed,hsidesofthe

ey

wereunearthed,abigpieceofbronzeresidualwasattachedtooneofthem,

whichwascaudbyco-buryingwithbronzewaresanditsfunctionisstill

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48

holarsbelievethatthiskindofarticleisthesimulationof

humaneye,hisviewis

,everyonecanmakeaguess,whatisitudfor?

acelets(28pieces)

Decorativejadewaresweremostlyco-buriedwithjaderitualarticles,goldwares

andbronzewares,indicatingitsfunctionasanimportantceremonialappliancein

’stakealookatthejadebraceletsmadein3000years

snoanydifferencecomparedwithtoday’sjadebraceletsnomatterin

itsdesignandfabricationcraftworks.

ng,jadeJue,jadeloop-likewares

Here,wealsoprentyousomesmalljaderingswithhighqualityinmaterialand

gbodyisalwaysflatandthinthickness,delicate

otbeudsolely;instead,theyareprobablyudaspartof

deJueisanearpendant,

whichiscommonlyeninthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheChangjiangRiver,

butrareinancientShuculture.

Jadebraceletandjadering-likewaresareusuallyexcavatedNiuheliang

HongshanCultureRelicsinLiaoningProvince,LongshanCultureinShandong

arealwaysbiginsize,reprentingacommonjadewareintheXianQinPeriod.

Therearealotofjadering-likewaresunearthedintowsacrificepitsinSanxingdui

eryof

largenumberofjadebraceletsandringshashelpedusalotinrearchonthe

decorationartworkatthattime.

ibeads,tube-likeornamentals,jadependant,sphericalwares

Theunearthedturquoibeadsandtube-likeornamentalsarealwayssmallin

size,andnearlyallofthemarescatteredandco-buriedwithgold,bronze,jade

ibeadsand

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49

tube-likeornamentalsprobablyareudasstring-likeornamentals,andturquoi

chipmaybetintootherornamentalasakindofaccessory.

stone

Alargenumberofbeautystonesandvirginmaterialsandmillingstonesare

buriedinJinshasacrificespot,

beautystonesarekeepinginnaturalformwithoutanytraceofbeingprocesd.

However,rawjadematerialisdifferent,inwhichcutting,splittingandfine

lingstonealwayshasonesmoothand

polishedplatforminonesideorbothsides,whiletheiredgesrervethenatural

hmineralogicalstudy,maincomponentscontainedinjadematerial

andmillingstonearemediumandfinegraindenba-rockdidymolitewitha

hardnessalittlebithigherthancalamite,thereforesomeofthemcanbeudas

ecialjadewareswerepolishedtoa

highdegree,whichemstobeincludedinallprocessascribedtoafinejade

vation,theaforesaidarticlesareusuallyco-placedandburiedwith

gold,bronze,jadeandstonewares,ivory,boarbuckteethanddeerhorns,

therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattheymaybeudforspecialpurpoin

sacrificeactivities,sfull

explanationthatjadeistheholyandcleanobjecttoofferimmortalsinthebeliefof

ancientShupeopleaswellastheirprimitivereligionofnatureandhuman

tellsusthatJinshapeoplecherishitsmaterialasa

jaderatherthanthedesignasajadeware.

(Reference)Inprimitiveages,peoplebelievedeverythingwasaliveandhadsoul,

allyin

primitivereligioussocieties,jadewasparatedfromstoneandgraduallygotout

ofpr

earlyasinHongshanCultureperiod,“jadeistheonlyritualofferings”wasinitially

haperiodfromlateNeolithicAgetoLiangzhuCultureand

LongshanCulturePeriods,jaderitualarticlesystemhadbeenfurtherdeveloped

tbronzewareritualsystemwasdevelopedinfullshapeduring

Xia,ShangandZhouPeriods,jadewareofferingsstillwerepopularinsocial

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50

cienthistorybookssuchasZuoChuanandLiJi

(BookofRites)havenotestorecordtheimportanceofsacrificeactivityinsocial

,recordsofjadewaresudtoworshipancestors,thehostsofheaven,

mountainsandriverswerefoundinChineearliestliteralnote–

objectspeopleworshippedintheShangandZhouPeriodsaresummarizedin

ZhouLi(RitesinZhouDynasty)asthreeparts:theheaven,humanheroesand

okalsonotedwhatobjectswereworshippedwithwhatkindsof

ectstheyworshippedcouldbetheemperoroftheheaven,

immortalsinchargeofvariousnaturesincludingrain,liveandwind,etc,theearth

includingmountains,rivers,forestsaswellasotherspecies.[11]Viewingonthe

excavationintheprentstage,jadewaresudforsacrificialofferingsinJinsha

SiteweremostlyburiedinformofYiBurying(hiddenburying).Suchsimilar

recordsalsoarefoundindifferentancienthistorybooksofthatages,addressing

thefunctionofjadewareasritualarticlesandofferings,whatobjectstheofferand

ybelightdifferentfromtheactual

r,thelargenumberofjaderitualarticleswith

richvarietiesunearthedinJinshaSiterevealsitscontentandobjectrichand

,Cong,ZhangandGuiareritualarticlesto

offermountains,riversandtogreetimmortalsinalldirections;dagger,tomahawk,

spear,sword,knifeandotherdecorativepurpojadewaresareudas

somethingluckytostandsforthedignityandsocialidentityoftheirurs;axe,

adze,chilandconcavesharp-edgewaresareregulatedritualarticles.

Therefore,theportfoliosofjadewaresasritualarticlesinJinshaSitearemainly

ritua

resudas

ge

consumptioninsacrificialactivitiesprovesJinshasocietycharacterasaprimitive

religioussocietyruledbytheocracy.

Group6Othertypesofarticles

re

Goldisfeaturedwithhigheleganceandnaturereputablecolorthathasbeen

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51

admiredbyhumanityforthousandsofyearsItwasaarlyasintheXiaDynasty

thatgoldringandgoldearornamentalscameintoexistenceinnorthwestand

northpartofChina,andinlateShangDynastygoldornamentalscametotheland

entfromthenorthwestandnorthpartofChinawhere

goldwasdirectlyudasbodyornamentals,thesouthwestandmiddleplains

madegoldintogoldfoilsforpackingorattachingtootherarticlesforachievinga

gatthegoldwareresidualsfoundinJinshaSite,bronze

rustsarefoundadhesivetothebackofsomeofthem,andsomegoldmasks

unearthedinSanxingduiarethefaceofbronzehumanhead,whichrevealsthat

rareandpreciousgoldareusuallyudtodecoratetheirimportantbronzewares

soprovesthatgoldisthepreferencemetalinthe

mindofShupeopleandgoldwareshashighersignificanceevenoverbronze

nceptasaforesaidaboveistotallydifferentfromthenorthwestand

northpartofChinawheregoldwasonlyudasakindofornamental,andalso

differentfromtheChinamiddleplainsareawheretheirhighlyregardwastowards

bronze.

Thetwopiecesofgoldbeltswithinscriptionoffishpatteraresameinsize,

dimensionandevenininscriptionpattern,whichmaybecertaintheyaretwo

hessymmetricaltailtotailarescriptedonthesurfaceof

thetwogoldbelts,hisdesignedwith

ferocityandpeculiarfacewhichisillustratedinthreeaspects:abird-likelong

beakmouthwithuprisinghook;shuttle-likeeyes;nofishscaleexceptforveral

nsterfishisquitedifferentfromotherfish

inscriptionsinothergoldwares,evenintoday,wedon’tknowwhatthisfish

holarbelievesthismonsterfishisthecombinationofbirdbeak

andfishbody,whichiscalled“bird-headfishpatterngoldbelt”.Theybelievethis

designhassomethingtodowithChineancienttwocharacters“YuFu”—akind

ientnationwhoudthetwo

,

somescholarsbelievesthismonsterfishremblesmuchtoakindofrareand

fish

canbe7mlongand1000kgweight,boastingthebiggestfreshwaterfishinthe

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52

fishhassmoothskinwithoutasinglescale,fiercetemperandalso

out-lookfeaturesoflonglip,hencepeoplealwayscallit“trunkfish”.Duetothis

reason,thegoldbeltswithmonsterfishiscalled“doublepaddlefishgoldbelt”.

Furtherefforttotheanalyzing,thegoldbeltwithfishpatternhasfunctionto

overcomewatermonsterinsacrificialactivities,andisakingofarticleofrite.

Thefish-shapedgoldfoilshaveaprofilejustlikealeafwithaholeontheend

holarsbelievesthebranchingfiber

-shapedgoldfoilisformedby

hammeringawholebodyofgoldwithamouldunderneathfollowedbyedge

ndofarticlehasbeenonceexcavatedintowsacrificepitsin

SanxingduiSite,h-likedesignrevealsthe

ancientShupeople’sworshiptofishandalsotellsusthatfishhasbecomean

sohasbeenprovedbysomerecordsand

legendsinancientbooksincludingShanHaiJing,HuaYangGuoZhiandShu

WangBenJiaboutstoriesofancientShupeopleandfish.

Thepiecesgoldfoilshavenearlysameouterformswhichprobablyweremade

gontheoveralldesignaswellasthelocaldetails,goldfoil

appearancelooksjustlikeafrogortoad,therefore,theyaredefinedasfrog-like

ologistsoncefoundaroundcarvedstonetoadinSanxingduiSite,

,largenumberoffrogpattern

articleswerefoundaarlyas3000BCyearsagointhecoloredpotteries

unearthedintheYangshaoculturewithanareastretchingeasttoHenan,westto

ourancestorsgivehighlyrespectfrogand

toad?Scholarshavedrawnthreeconclusionsbadontheirmanysite

rearchesandfolkstories:(1)froghasabigandroundbelly,remblingmuch

likepregnantwomanbelly;froghassupperabilitytoproducewithstrong

reproductivecapacity,therefore,frogisthesymbolofprocreationworship.

ColoredpotterywithfishfrogpatternunearthedinShannxiJiangzhaiSitegives

usavividpictureoftheircustomofprocreationworshipwith“fishfrogsacrifice”.

Imagesoffrogsacrificewithdancingpeoplewithameaningofprocreationalso

arefoundinthecliffpaintingsinZuojiang,GuangxiProvince.(2)froghasa

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53

nsitivefeelingtochangeofweather,frogmooisakindofforecasttoknow

futurenaturalthingslikeheavyrainandbigdrought,enomenon

undoubtedlygaveourancestorsimaginationthattheywouldthinkweather

changeswerecaudbyfrogmoo,andfurtherenhancedtheirrespecttofrogs.

holarnotedthat

shrimpandfrogworshipforrainhadbeenrecordedaarlyasinChine

stomwasdevelopedtoitspeakinthe

uFanLu(StoriesoftheSpringandAutumnPeriods)

today,

theChineZhuangethnicgrouplivingintheupperreachesoftheHongheRiver

inGuangxiProvincestillishavingthisfestivalpopular–FrogGrandmotherDay

forprayingrain.(3)inancientpeople’smind,thenaturalphenomenonofmoon’s

fullandlossisjustlikefrog(toad)ore,they

believedtherewasaimmortalfrog(toad)inthemoonthatmadethefullandloss

realotofrecordstellingstoriesoftoadsinthe

mooninChineancientliteratures,suchasHuiNanZiJingShenXun:“immortal

crowinthesun,whiletoadinthemoon”.Thisbeliefwasverypopularwhentime

ilkpaintingunearthedinMawangduiNo.1Han

DynastyTombinChangshaHunan,thereisathree-footcrowinorientalsunand

ilardesignalsowasfound

beconjecturedthattoadimageasaforesaidmeaningcameintoexistence

g-likegoldfoilinJinshaSite

andstonetoadinSanxingduiSitemayhavesuchmeaningorfunction,reflecting

thereligiousphilosophyofancientShupeople:forprocreation,forrainandforthe

moon.

ts

hole,peoplebelieveitisalwaysudbyhangingthemorattachingthemtosome

otherarticles.

Thispieceofhorn-typegoldwarewasadhesivetoarustedbronzewarewhenit

wasunearthed,rpieceofhorn-type

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54

bronzewarehasbeenunearthedinJinshaSitewithsizeandaholesamewith

fhorn-typebronzebellhasbeenfoundin

rthe

horn-typegoldwareispartofthebronzewareorabronzehorn-typebellsimilar

goldbell,ithasnocertainanswerwaitingforfurtherrearch.

Thegoldboxwasmadebyhammeringonaentirepieceofgoldwithamould

ticleisthegold

containerarticlebelongingtotheearliestagefoundwithinthecountryasoftoday.

Thiswareoutofearthhasagreatsignificanceinrearchingonthemetal

handicraftadvancementofancientShupeopleintheXianQinPeriod.

Goldtrianglewaredisplayedhereisthefirstonediscoveredoverthewhole

countryalsotheonlyonelikethisshaperegardlessitsmetal,anditsfunctionis

gatitsformandcraftwork,trianglegoldwareshallrveas

apackageoranembedmenttootherarticles.

Gold∏-likewarehasnon-uniformouteredgewithinwardcoilingmarkand

ticle

withsuchshapeisanewoneeverfoundbeforeinQinDynastygoldwares.

Judgingfromthebronzerustattachedtoit,itmaybeudbypackingabronze

ware.

wares

InclassicbookspublishedintheXianQinDynasty,everythingbearingthename

of“gold”mightnotbegoldaswemeantoday,insteaditmeantbronzemetal.

Sameasgoldandsilver,

applicationwasalsouniqueamongothers,andinmostcasitwasudto

rvethecountrysuchasbeingudasrawmaterialofweaponsandreligious

day,over1300piecesbronzewareshavebeen

unearthedinJinshaSite,mostofwhicharesmallarticlesandnoncomplete

sly,bronzewaresunearthedin

JinshaSiteweredevelopedonthatinSanxingduiSiteintermsoftheirvarieties

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55

andshape.

(1)Three-dimensionalbronzeornamentals(bronzeeye-likewares,bronzebird,

bronzecattlecaput,bronzedragon-likeware,bronzetiger,bronzeanimalcaput,

bronzeheadwear,bronzesnail-likeware,bronzehorn-typeware,bronzecicada

ware,andbronzepeach-likeplate,etc.)

Bronzeeye-likeware:“eye”wasonceanobjectenjoyingspecialrespectfrom

es,theprimitiveancestorofShupeoplehasonepair

ofeyeswithsuperpowerofcontrollingworldlybrightnessanddarkness,the

out-lookfeatureofthenearancestorShupeopleCanConghasapairofvertically

protrudingeyes,andinterestingly,theChinecharacter“Shu”containsa“eye”

Chinecharacterradical,andalsoalargenumberofbronzeeye-likewares

eye-likewaresoutofearthin

k-likeeyedesign

low-outeye-like

ationofeye,infact,istheextensionand

exaggerationoftheinnerheartofancientpeople,alsoisakindofexpressionof

ekingforknowledgeofthesurroundingworld."Worshiptoeye”inancientShu

cultureisuniquediscoveryinChinearchaeologicalstudysofar,whichisworth

forustopaymoreattention.

Bronzebird:Birddesignisthemostcommontypeeninculturalrelics

onzestandingbirds,

designwithbirdpatternandallkindsofbirdornamentalshavebeenfoundin

SanxingduiPit1and2;inparticular,ninebronzestandingbirdsintheimmortal

standingbirdinJinshaSitehassimilardesign

y,

JinshaSitehasunearthed“SunandImmortalBird”goldornamental,wherefour

immortalbirdpatternalso

wasfoundinabronzeBiware,wherethreeflyingbirdarecastonitsbothsides.

InancientChina,birdhasbeenalwaysreputedasaluckyspeciesgivingits

meaningofbrighthopeofhumanandbeingrvedastheambassadorto

genumberofbird-typecultural

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56

relicsunearthedinthetwohistoricalsitesfurtherprovethatbirdworshiphas

ndary,

ancestorsofancientShupeopleBaiGuanandYuFuwerenamedwithbirdname,

andakingafterthemnamedDuYuwasrapturedtobeanimmortalcuckooafter

entliterature,italsorecordedastorythatwhentheemperorof

theZhouDynastyinterviewedhisigneurs,kingofSheprentedhimapretty

sly,ancientShupeopleudbirdasakindofcontributionpayment

airytalesillustratestheclotiesbetweenancient

ShupeopleandbirdsaswellastheimportanceofbirdinthelivesofShupeople.

Thes

typeofcattlecaputwasalwaysudasonepartontheshoulderoflargebronze

containerduringtheShangDynastytotheWesternZhouDynastyorasakindof

hangandZhouDynasty,

theprevailinglargebronzecontainerisZunandLei,therefore,itmaybecertain

e

prent,largeandcompletetofbronzeritualwarehasnotbeenfoundin

JinshaSite,however,alargenumberofbronzewareaccessoriesmaybethe

forecastthatlargebronzeritualwaresarestillwaitingforustoexplore.

Lookatthisdragonheadlikearticle,ithasroundeyes,openmouthandteeth,

whichissosimpleindesignwithalldetailsandexaggerationsandquitedifferent

ticlehasa

arc-shapedsurface,whichmaybeudtobetintoakindofcolumnararticle

isuniqueinChinemythandmostpreferable

,withsupperpowerand

unusualflukiness,

designofadragonisthecombinationofmultipleanimalimagesandgraduallyis

developedasthesymbolofManitoandsupperpower,andeventuallyasan

r,dragon

beliefanditsartworkappearancearevariedindifferentChineregions.

Lookingatthisbronzetiger,ithasabighead,openmouthandteeth,chin-up

headandwild-eyes,uprighttwoears,

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57

thesurfaceofthebronzetiger,theraidpartsarehighrelief,amongwhich

groovexist,andonthemiddleofitsback,therearetwosmallringbuttons.

Judgingfromtheringbuttonsonitsback,thisarticleisudbyhangingitor

ignofthiswareisnearlythesamewiththe

bronzetigerunearthedinYaziheSanxingduiSitein1995,justlittlebitsmaller.

Thereweresometurquoichipxistedaroundtheunearthedbronzetiger,

therefore,itmaybethesamewiththebronzetigerunearthedinSanxingduiSite

completelysamedesignanddecorationstylebetweenthemisjusttheinner

inheritanceofancientShuculture.

Bronzesnail-likeware:thewholearticleisanticlockwisnailshapedwith

stingoutendissharp-outshapedforminga

heprotrudingpartisdisclosureoutside,ithadbeen

polished,andstillbrightintodaythoughsomebronzerustisattached;theother

-likewarealwayshasthinwall

whichcannotbeudindependently,therefore,itmaybeudasadecorative

larticlesofthiskindhavebeenunearthedinJinsha

Site,tlyasweknow,abamboohat

likewhitepotterywareunearthedinHenanErlitouSiteand“Snail-spinningware”

unearthedinSanxingduiaresimilarinsomeaspectsbutwithoutstanding

tedly,thiskindofarticleisanuniqueoneinJinshaSite.

Bronzetapircaputornamentalhasapeculiarandprettyheadwithapairofbig

roundears,beamisattachedtoits

backneck,andtherearpartofthebeamisbrokenanddamaged;aringisplaced

underneathitsnecktowhicharing-likebuttonisattached,andthelowerpartof

ndoftapir-likewarewasalwaysudtobothsides

ofhandlesofakindofimportantbronzeritualarticlepopularinthecentralplains

htesting,itsmetalcomponentandactiniumbdataaresame

withthoofbronzeritualarticlesunearthedinthecentralplainsbelongingto

earlyWesternZhouPeriod,whichindicatesthatsomebronzeritualarticlesburied

e

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58

prent,largeandcompletetofbronzeritualwarehasnotbeenfoundin

JinshaSite,however,thiskindofornamentalpartoutofearthmaybetheforecast

thatlargebronzeritualwaresofsuchkindmayexist.

Lookingatthisbronzehorn-typeware,itssurfacewastreatedwithpolishingand

bronze

horn-typewares,goldhorn-typewareswerealwayspolishedintheoutside

surface,llsusthat

bronzehorn-typewareoutersurfaceixpodtotheoutsideanditsinnerwaris

epartofakindoflargebronzeware.

BronzeBi,Bronzesquare-holeware

Thetwokindsofarticleshavethelargestnumberamongbronzewares

nshaSiteandSanxingduiSitehaveuneartheda

largenumberofbronzecollaredBiwaresallfromsacrificespotwithsimilarshape

andcraftworkaswellassamefunctionwithcollaredjadeBiasakindofritual

tedly,

itisoneofritualarticlesfeaturedwithagesandlocalityofancientShuculture.

TheuniquenessofthisbronzeBihavingahandlefromotherbronzeBiisthatit

hasawiderringsurface;ashortandfine-madebarisprotrudingfromthering

ingsurfaceclototheedge,therearetwoconcentriccircles;

betweenthecircletotheholewall,therearethreesame-shapedendtoendbirds

rdneckahead,openwingsandbackwardslegs,threebirdsare

arefulstudyonthethreebirdspattern,wedeterminedthatthey

esmaking

trudingshortbarmaybea

rabbettoinrtitsba;insuchinstallation,decorativepatternsonbothsidesof

ebelievesthattheroundholerightinthemiddle

symbolizesthesun,plusthreeflyingbirdsarecirclingit,suchthatitformsa

patternof“signissimilarto“four

birdsareflyingaroundthesun”inthesunandimmortalbirdgoldfoil,and

co-expressingthehighlyrespecttothesuninthebeliefofancientJinshapeople.

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59

WorshipandhighrespecttosunandbirdalsoshowsitspeckinSanxingdui

Culture.

Theprotrudingsideofthebronzesquare-holewareiswellmade,whiletheother

sideisroughlymade,ndof

articlehasnosharpedge,thereforetheyarenotweaponsortools;instead,they

trudingsideis

sinSanxingduialsounearthedalot

ofsuchsquare-holearticles,however,theyhavenotfoundinothersiteswithin

hefactthatallofthemareexcavatedinriterelatedspots,they

mayberitualappliances.

(1)Bronzedagger,bronzetaperedware,bronzeZhang,bronzetomahawk

BronzedaggerwasthemostcommonlyudweaponintheShangandZhou

gatthisbronzedagger,ithasneithersharpedgenortraceof

beingudplusitssmallsize,itisnotarealweapon,andinsteaditisakindof

r

scholarsbelieveitisadancedagger,whichisudfordancingtoolsinsacrificial

ndofbronzehackledaggeristheonlyonefoundinJinshaSiteand

SanxingduiSiteasoftodaybelongingtooneofancientShuculturefeaturedand

uniquebronzewares.

BronzeZhangandbronzetomahawkaresmallinsizeandonlysymbolistic

objectsudasarticlestobeforthedead.

(2)Bronzebell,bronzependant

MajorityofbronzebellsunearthedinJinshaSitearesimpleindesign,haveno

clapperinthemiddle,somehavewingandsomehavenot,remainingtheearliest

ndofbronzebellwasfirsteninErlitou

Site,Yanshi,gduiPit2alsounearthed43piecesof

bronzebells,mostofwhichareexquisitelymadeandsomehaveequippedwith

complicatedpattern,howevertheyarequitedifferentfromthatunearthedin

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60

bellismadebycastingintotwomoulds

bells

unearthedinthecentralplainsalwayswerecastfromtwowings,therefore,

showistheapplication

ofbronzewares,thebellhangingsupportunearthedinSanxingduiPit2givesus

anvividpicture,whichis,tohangbronzebellrightinthemiddleofthehanging

supportandthreeorfoursamekindpendantsarehanginginneighboringringsas

ationofJinshabronzebellsarethesamewiththatinSanxingdui.

JinshaSitealsounearthedalotofsmallsizedbronzependantswithdiversified

eround,someareround-cornersquareandsomearepolygonal.

Indecorativeeffect,somehaveveraltoothingsinitscircleedge,andsome

haveprotrudingsquaretwowingsandsomehaveveralshelllikegroovesinthe

surface.

Over100varioustypesofpendantshavebeenunearthedinPit2ofSanxingdui

Site,wayofapplicationis:hangingthreeandfourpendantsinthehooksinthe

hangingstand,andhangingabronzebellrightinthemiddleofthehanging

sanotherhookonthehoophandleofthehangingstandfor

suspensiontootherfixedplace,andsomeonebelievesthatthefixedplacemay

ingtothisguess,thebronzependantsare

pendantsunearthedinJinshaSiteshall

nostandforhangingbells

andbronzetreehavenotbeenfoundtoday,alargenumberofvariousbronze

pendantsoutofearthfromJinshaSitegiveusgreathopetofindoutlargebronze

immortaltreeorsimilarobjectsasthatinSanxingduiSiteinthefuture.

neelingsittinghumanfigure,stonetiger,stonesnake,stoneturtle,

stoneZhangandstonetomahawk

Stonewareshaverichmaterialandeasyavailabilityfromlocalplaces,therefore,

Sitehasfoundover1000

pesincludeZhang,Bi,tomahawk,axe,adze,chil,

kneelinghumanfigure,tiger,snake,turtle,tyofthemarenotrealtools,

elinghumanfigure

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61

andanimallikestonecarvingaltorelievoworksarebeautifullydesignedandtrue

toreal,reprentingtheearliestandelitestonecarvingartworksfoundinChina.

StonekneelingsittingfigureisoneoffeaturedculturalrelicsinJinshaSite,

altogether12figureshavebeenunearthedwhichhavenearlysameformand

tonefiguresareallmale,kneeling,bondedandnakedsculptures.

Thesculpturehasasquareandextenuationface,highandprotrudingcheekbone,

highandstraightno,bignotip,bigmouthwithvermilion,holedrillinears,

bothhandbeingbondedtotheback,bendingtwolegs,kneelingtotheground

wayshaveoddhairstyle,hairsplittingfromthe

middle,shortcutonbothsidesandslightlyupwarping,rearhaircombingintotwo

racteriswellbuiltandvividwithanexpression

thestonefiguresareengravedtoeverydetail,even

hairlinesarevisible,andeyeballandeyeapplearedistinguishable.

Applicationofstonekneelingandsittingfigures:inChinecentralplains,kings

ly,live

peopleudlikelivestockasofferingstoimmortalsarecalled“manlivestock”.

uan,numberofmanlivestocknoted

,theactual

nekneelingfigureswereunearthed

inthesacrificespot,somewereco-buriedwithstonesnakesandsomewere

displacedwithstonesnake,stonetigerandstoneBiincertainorder;allofthe

i

numberofstonehumansculpturesfoundinJinshaSiteareudforpurpoof

menlivestocksubstitution,tothispointthatifcomparedwiththecustomofkilling

livepeopleforritualactivitiesintheYinShangDynastyinChinecentralplains,

thesacrificecustomofancientShuStateinthesouthwestwasmorecivilizedand

advanced.

Engravingprocess:engravingprocessappliedtoJinshakneelinghuman

sculpturemadethecharactervivid,showingmatureandskillfulstoneengraving

nefigurewasdevelopedwithaxlelinefromhairline,superciliary

arch,nobridgeandmiddleoftwolegssuchthatthewholestonesculptureis

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62

symmetrical;plusitsfullfacemusclewithconcavo-convex,itprentsastrong

necharacterisfullofpassionsusingdifferentartisticexpression

ofthefivenorgans,somearemourning,frightening,quiet,sadorataloss.

Theireyesaprofiledwithcoloredpaintingandsomeweremadebyinscriptionor

eexistsinallearlaps,hairwasmiddlecut,rearhead

hairwasmadeusinginscription,andgroovechilingwastoexpressbonding

ywasmadewithsimplelinesandmuscledetailswereomitted

exceptforshoulders,armslegsandhipwithroundmuscleturns,showingtheir

ureengravingaddresdmuchtheiroddhairstyle,

pigtail,ropeforbondingarms;exaggeratedtheirkneelingpoandhands

bondedtothebackaimingattotellpeopletheirspecialpersonalidentitiesand

socialclass.

Question:theoddhairstyleandtheirbondedhandstothebackhaveattracted

idtheycomefrom?Whatweretheir

nationality?Whatwasthepurpotreatingthemlikethis?Somescholarsbelieve

thokneelingfigurearecopiesfromDijiangPeople,fortheirbodyshapejust

lookslikeaJiaGuWenletter“Jiang”.Sincestonekneelingfigurealwayswas

buriedtogetherwithstonesnakes,thisphenomenonremindspeopleofthe

structureofancientChinecharacter“Shu”,apictographstructuredofa

nthispoint,somescholars

scholarsalsobelievethiskindofkneelinghumanfigureiscopiedfromwizard

,somepeoplewould

believetheyarecopiedfromprisonofwarorslavebadontheirhairstyleand

pigtailandtheirbondedhandswhicharesimilartothebronzestandingfigure,

kneelingfigureunearthedinSanxingduiandthebronzestandingfigureunearthed

inJinshaSite,

numberofstonekneelingfigureswithsamedesignandsameengravingmethods

indicatethatJinshahadaparatedepartmentwithfull-timepersonneltobein

chargeofproducingthiskindofspecialproductforsacrificialactivities.

Stonetiger:altogether10piecesof3Droundengravingstonetigershavebeen

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63

reallshapedinrecumbencepowithstraightneck

up,stretchedforelimb,forwardbendedandlying-downposteriorlimb,wideopen

vermilionwerepaintedintigermouth,eyes,

HanShu(HistoryoftheLaterHanDynasty)hasnotedtheBapeoplegavehigh

orescholarngagedinrearchonBaandShuhistoryin

thepastlikedtoassociatedtigerwithBapeople,andbelievedBapeople

preferredtigerandtigermightbeBapeople’s,otherhistorical

booksalsohaverecordedthat“BinPeople”and“YiPeople”insouthwestarea

gonarchaeologicalstudypoint,in

additiontostonetigers,goldtigerandbronzetigeralsohavebeenfoundin

SanxingduiSite,andJinshaSitealsounearthedbronzetiger,lacqueredtigerand

stonetiger;andalargenumberoftigerpatternshavealsobeenfoundinsome

bronzewaresbelongtothelater-ontheWarringStatesPeriodunearthed.

Therefore,,“king

offorest”stingly,allstone

les

evenhaveresidualsofpastedgelatinoussubstancesorcorrodedwood,which

indicatestheholesarenottiger’

ritualdeposit(No.19Remainswe'veenbefore),wefoundstonekneeling

figure,stonetiger,stonesnake,stoneBiandveralbendingstonewareswere

endingstonewareslooklikealongcommamarkwithonethin

andinwardcoiledendandabiggeronewithaholeinit;theholeinthecomma

hassamesizewiththeholeintigertail,andsawdustandgelatinoussubstance

hstudy,archaeologistsbelieveitistiger

vemethodfortigertailis:bindingmaterialisappliedtowoodrabbet,

oneendtotheholeintigertailbottompart,andanotherendtotheholeintigerhip.

Whytigerbodyandtailareparatedinmaking?Thisisbecauthetigertailis

dbigwasteofmaterialandtimeifa

rthis,wehavetogiveourhigh

respecttoJinshapeople’,allstonetigers

unearthedinJinshaSitehavearoundholeintheirtailpart,therefore,weare

nearlycertainthatallstonetigerswereconnectedaupwardcoilingtigertail.

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64

onesnake

istwistingpod,aprotrudingbackridgeixtendingfromheadtotail,andthe

keheadistriangleshapewithlittle

sareroundopen,

dsofcolorsblack

ling

ndofdesignfor

snakeprentsusasimplelined,vividanddynamicrealsnake.

(Reference)Snakeimageisaphenomenoncommonlyeninpotteriesand

1978-1980,archaeologists

discoveredpiecesofcolorpaintpotterytraybelongingtoaperiod5000years

ing

dragonwithtwocolorsofredandblackwaspaintedintheinnerwallofthis

thhassharpteeth,large-sizescalesaredistributedinits

clingandtwistingbodytogetherwithitsdesignand

ly,thispatternis

copiedfromsnakeheadandsnakebodywithsnaketongue;itshouldbea

otteryDing

sherbsbelongingtoErlitouperiodunearthedinHenanZhumadianYangzhuang,

peoplefoundapotterysnakecirclingaroundtheDing’swaist,thesnakewas

madeofamudstick,odypatternalsois

popularinpotterybelongtoYanshiErlitouII,III,IVperiod,majorityofthemare

“S”shape,headisflatround,botheyesareupright,andbodyiscirclingand

odypatternstillisfoundinpotterybelongingtotheShangand

ZhouPeriods,andatthesametime,bronzewaresnakepatternbecamea

zewarebelongingtoYinxuII,snakepattern

sometimeswasdesignedtoacoverbuttonorhandlebeam,andsometimeswas

lateYinxuperiodtolate

WesternZhou,

kindofsnakehastwoprotrudingeyes,strongbodybendinginthemiddle,the

bodyhasscale,itstailupwardcoiling,andonesinglesnakeformsapatternunit.

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65

10piecesofbronzesnake-likewareshavebeenunearthedinPit2of

themhaveaS-shapebodyintwistingpo,chin-up

veearandlongeyes,theireyeballareroundandprotruding,tail

odieshavedecorationofrhombiccloudspattern,

timecametomidandlateSpringandAutumnPeriodtolateWarringState

Period,twoormorethantwosnakescirclingeachothercameintoexistencein

bronzewares,inwhichonepatternunitisformedwithapairofcirclingand

ngandtwistingsnake

patternmostenistwosnakesbeingtwistedeachotherintodouble8-shape,

andanothersnakeformsanotherS-shapefromanotherangle(ortwosmall

snakesareconnectedeachotherwithtailstoformS-shape)andisputdown

yWarringStatePeriod,akindofpatternwhichiscalled

Panhuiwenisformedbyasinglesnakepatternwhichisrepeatedupanddown

ofpotterysnakefoundintheWestern

ZhouPeriodTombM1inAn’huiChaohuDachengwasplacednexttothedead.

ngraved

argenumberofstone

animalcarvinginYinxuSite,unfortunatelynosnakewarescanbefound.

FromSanxingduidiscoverytonowadays,itonlydiscoveredonepieceofstone

ore,10piecesofstonesnakewareunearthedinJinshaSite

shallbeameaningfuldiscoveryofthiskindwaresintermsofnumber,andalso

enthistorythereisalegend

saying“dicatesgiant

ingto

ChineearliestfairytalescollectionShanHaiJing,snakeimagealwaysis

associatedwith“manito”“immortal”,YuwaFuxi,Pangu,

Gonggongandothersreprentingprimitiveimmortalsareallimagedwith

“humanheadwithsnakebody”.ShanHaiJingsaid:“Yuwa,ancientgoddess

andemperor,hasahumanfaceandsnakebody,70kindsofformchanges

withinoneday;alsoinDiWangShiJinoted:“Fuxiwasbornwithhumanhead

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66

andsnakebody.”Also,insomeotherancientliteratures,therearealotof

recordssayingthespecialassociationofsnakewithmanitoandhuman.

FromancienttimetonowadaysinEurope,ithasatraditional,professionaland

snake-playingwitch,eprofessionalsto

canesome

snake-playinggoddessinEuropeanculturalrelics,suchassomesnake-playing

goddessdrawingsbelongingtoancientGreekCretanCulture(1700BC-1550BC)

andScandinaviansnake-playinggoddessandsoon,mostofthemareshaped

n

scholarxplainedthatsnake-playinggoddessisanotherimageofEarth

Mother,alsoknownasCretanEarthMother;someonealsosaidthatsnakehas

durablelifeforce,hencesnake-playinggoddessmeantimmortallives;someone

alsosaidsnakehadsupperreproductivty,hencesnake-playingcouldproduce

thrivinggenerationsandgreatpopulation.

uobelievedinhisbookFuXiKaothattheimageofdragon

reprentingthesymbolofChinenationwasdevelopedbadonthelive

snakewithcombinationoffourlimesofanimals,featherofhor,tailofhyena,

feetofdeer,u,anChine

famousthetician,furtherprovedthatso-called"humanfacesnakebody

immortals”actuallywasaprocessofcombinationandinnovationofprimitive

totems,symbolsandlogosofothertribesbysnaketotemofHuaxiaNation.

Therefore,theimageofsnakehascloconnectionwithdragontotem.

ShanHaiJing·HaiWaiBeiJingandHaiWaiXiJinghaverecordsofallkindsof

snakeskeepingaccompanywithotherimmortalsaswellaswitchesgrasping

ecordsindicatethatsnakeshavebeenplayedanimportantrole

itiveages,duetolowproductivity,people

Zi·Wu

Dutellsus“inprimitiveages,humanwavenlessthanbeastsandanimals,

humanhadnoabilitytofightagainstbeastsandsnakes”.Snakehurtingpeople

withpoisonmightberegardedbyancientpeopleassomethinginvincibleaswell

,god-mendescribedin

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67

ShanHaiJingwerewizardsatthattime,whoweredevelopingthemlvestobe

,

snakewasbecomingtoolsofwizardsandassistantofgod-menandwidelyud

nomenonofstone

snakesbeingunearthedwithstonetiger,stonehumanfigureandstoneBiin

JinshaSiteindicatesthatstonesnakewasprobablyanimportantritual

applianceinancientShuwizardryactivitiesandalsoplayedimportantrolein

religioussacrificeactivities.

Lookingatthisstoneturtle,ithasasimpledesignandvividexpressionfullof

isasymboloflongevity,alsoacreaturehighly

itiveages,ourancestors

developedtortoiasakindoftotemworshipforexpectinglongevityandgreat

s,tortoiisthesonofdragon,thisisbelievedinancient

ptotortoiandsnakeisoneofmainreligionsintraditional

ntlyandhighlyrespectedtortoiinthemindofancient

peoplewasgraduallybecomingawitchcraftanddivinationtoolforforecastevil

tionpracticenormallyisdoneintortoibreastplate,anddrill

fromonesidealongwithcauterization,andforecastthegoodandevilbadon

howthecracks(signs)numberofBuJia

ytheBuJiaarebigmadeoftortoi

eredenriversscatteredinprimitive

Sichuanarea,therefore,primitiveSichuanwasalsoabundantintortoi

entliteralbooknamedSouShengJi(SearchforImmortals)

tellsusastorythat,intheQinDynasty(221~206BC)whenZhangyiwasbuilding

upChengduCity,

abigtortoisuddenlysankintotheriveranddiedintheeastcornerof

iaskedwizardforthereasonandwasrepliedwiththis

tcityofChengdufinally

wasbuiltupaccordingtothetortoipath;hencethecityprofilerembled

nameoftortoicitywassocalledfor

Chengdu.

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68

ndofstone

ZhanghasalargequantityunearthedinthesacrificespotinJinshaSite,mostof

whichwereroughlymadestillretainingnaturalfraction,cuttingsurfaceand

tranceofstriking,

sharpedgehasnoanyevidenceofbeingud,andsomewerepaintedwith

ore,suchkindofstone

Zhangwerenotmi-products,instead,theywerefinaldirectlybeingudin

dedbadonarchaeologicalrearchsofar,thiskindof

stoneZhangwasmainlyudinthefirststageritualactivitiesinJinshaSite,

whichwasanequalperiodtoSanxingdui’ingthe

decayingandperishingofSanxingduiculture,JinshaSitewasgrowingup,

duringwhich,stoneZhangwasgraduallyreplacedwithexquisitejadeZhang.

Lookingatthisstonetomahawk,ithasasimpleandbriefdesignwithfreshand

eceofstonetomahawklookslikejustacopy

fromNo.14bronzetomahawkunearthedinZhuwajieWesternZhoucachein

PengxianCounty,Sichuan,thedifferenceonlyliesintheirdecorativepatterns.

Similararticleslikethisonealsohavebeenfoundinexcavationinthebronze

waresiteinChenggu,sly,thistomahawkisan

imitationofbronzetomahawk.

19piecesofBuJiahaveexcavatedinthewestofthesacrificespot,indicating

h,thebiggestonehasalengthof

46.4cmexcavatedreprentingoneofthebiggestdiscoveredoverChinaasof

toishellarefulloftraceofdrilling,chilingandburning,thisis

becauancientShupeoplefirstdrilledfromonesidealongwithcauterization,

andforecastthegoodandevilbadonhowthecracks(signs)lookslikeonthe

iesinChinacentralplainlikedtomakenotesbyinscriptionin

thetortoishell,whichisknownas“JiaGuWen”(inscriptionsonbonesor

tortoishells)itythatwehaven’tfindanyliteralwordsinscription

inthetortoishellunearthedinJinshaSite,norintortoishellunearthedin

uethatancientShuStateintheShang

andWesternZhouPeriodhadnoliteralwords?Asoftoday,wearestillshortof

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69

evidencetoprovethatithadliteralwords;however,itisbeyondour

understandingthattherearenoliteralwordsinsodevelopedandcivilized

tofindouttheirliteralwordsisstillon

thewayofourexploring.

(ReferenceforEpisode3closing):Articlesofritesunearthedinthesacrificepits

inSanxingduiSitein1980sindicatedthatancientShunationreprentedby

esofritesinthe

sacrificepitsrevealedthatpeopleatthattimemightadoptedcombinedforms

suchasFanliao(torchburning),Yimai(bury),bloodsacrificeandXuanji

(hangingsacrifice)toworshiptheheaven,earth,mountainandriver,towelcome

god-menandlustrateevilsorholdceremonialactivityforfightingenemy,in

addition,theypreparedbronzestandingfiguresandbronzehuman-like

analyzingthecombinationofofferingsaswellasfeaturesofritualarticles,

gatacquired

discoverythrougharchaeologicalrearchonJinshaSite,Jinshasocialforms

includelargehoufoundations,largesiteforsacrificeactivities,ordinary

housingarea,graveyard,cellarhole,potterystoveandworkshop,production

tools,livingtools,ornamentals,artworksandreligiousappliances,ting

socialform

togetherwiththelargenumberofunearthedgold,bronze,jade,stonewaresand

rareandpreciousivorieshadfacilitatedJinshasocietywithaneffectiveand

ousauthority,kingshipandreligious

andritualarticleswerebecomingthemainfactorstosupportandmaintainsocial

umentionedinhisbookJourney

toBeauty:“theprimitiveandcivilianwizardryritesweredevelopedaspartof

rulingclass’sregulationspecifyingsocialclass,andprofessionalwizardsinlate

primitivesocietywerechangedtoofficialsoftherulingclassforreligious

governing”.Somemonksskilledintortoidivinationbecame“partofrulersof

thestatewithsubstantialpower”,andreligionitlfalsowasturnedtobe

effectiveandregularmeaningsoftherulingclasstocementtheirpoliticalpower.

Theconcentratedburyingandfrequentappearanceoflargenumberofritual

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70

articlesinJinshaSiterevealedthatreligioussacrificialactivityhadplayedan

arthedritualofferingsarefeaturedwith

denwizardrydivinationfullofprimitivereligioncontentswhichisquite

differentfromkingshipandclasslaminationrevealedbythebronzewares

mitivereligiousphilosophywas

coveringultraimportanceinthefieldofideology,religionsandritescontrolled

people’sspirit,andwizardsbecamekeyfigurestocontrolthesocietywhowere

alsothekingandheadoftheirtribesalsofigureswithsuperpower,justlikethe

articlesofvariousmaterials

andtheircontributioninlargequantityofpreciousandvaluablestaffslikeivories

wereudasgiftstoprenttotheirimmortalsandgod-men;meanwhile,the

yrichand

craftworkfineculturalrelicsinJinshaSitedisplaycomprehensivelythe

technologicalachievementsinvariousaspectsofJinshacivilization;besidesit

exhibitstotheworldthehistoricalmemory,uniquesurvivalimageandfantasy

spiritualworldofancientJinshapeopleandsociety.

Episode4PeakofPerfection

Culturalrelicsdisplayedinthishallaremostvaluablebothinarchaeologyand

ethe

carriersbearingprimitivecivilizationinformation,ourancestors’devotional

beliefsandtheirhardworkingtofulfilldreams;alsotheyareobjectscondensing

theeliteandcrystallizationofthecultureandartofaspecifichistoricalperiod.

TheyaredisplayedheretoprentusthehistoricalmemoryaboutJinshatribes,

theirsurvivalmeaningsaswellastherefancyspiritualworld.

(Tourguidewordingisflexibleaccordingactualsituation)

(Firstshowcafromtheleftonthestage)Hereprentingtousaresomefine

eceofwhitejadedaggeriswithbeautifully

slightlyprotrudingridgeright

initsmiddlepart,sharpedgesonupanddownedgesandaneedle-likepartin

ngularblock

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71

arelocatedonbothsidesnearthehandle,wherecrossingrhombicpatternare

ggershapelooksmuchsimilartosomejadedaggers

unearthedinFuhaomoTombbelongingtolateShangDynasty,jadedagger

belongingtolateShangDynastyunearthedinGansuAn’yang,JiangxiXingan

ld

betheresultofculturalexchangeandspread,tellingusthatChengduPlainat

thattimehadclotiesandfrequentcommunicationwithChinacentralplains.

Thetwopiecesofjadedaggerdisplayedherearebig,heavyandwide,

unusualwithrichsunkcolors.

angisakindof

importantritualarticleinancienttimesudinritualactivitiestoworshipthe

heaven,greetthemoonandprayforayearofabundanceandsoon,alsoitis

orativepatternin

thebellybandpart(interfaceofthehandleandthebody)ofthisjadeZhangis

slikeanimallyingongroundifyoulookitinhorizontal

direction:theprotrudingpartistheanimalmouth,thetoothingpartisthebody,

rofsquattinganimalngraved

symmetricallyonbothsidesemtostairateachother,sovividandexquisite.

Thesurfaceiswellpolishedandthecomplicatedbellybandshowsitsquite

ticleismadewithfineartdesignand

skilledcraftworks.

ndofparallelogramjade

ZhanghasbeenunearthedinPit2inSanxingduiSite,whichiscalledBian

bothsidesinscribetwopairsofsymmetricaldecorativepatternwithshallowlines

andeachpatternconsistsofakneelingfigure,twocloudsandfourparallellines.

Cappedwithahighhat,ithashighno,uprighteyes,widemouth,squareears

andforeheadandwearinglonggown,kneelingtothegroundandholdingan

ureheadlooksmuchsimilartothebronzefigurehead

numberofivorieshavebeenexcavatedinJinshaSite,includingentireivory,

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72

ivorygment,ivorychip,ivoryfrontend,ivorybead,ivorycolumnarware,and

ivorystrip,mountivoryexcavatedinonespotisrareandmaybethe

1986,80ivories,120ivorybeads

and4piecesofivorywareswereunearthedinSanxingduisacrificepit;in1997,

ivoryalsowasfoundinRenshengcungraveyardinSanxingduiandsometime

arthedivorytellsustheir

coveryofpatterndesignofman

carryingobjectonshouldergivesusavividpictureofawizardcarryingivoryin

sacrificeactivityandalsotellsushowtheywereusingivoryforsacrifice.

Therefore,thisdiscoveryisimportant.

(2ndshowcaintheleft)

Tomahawkwasakindofceremonialappliancesymbolizingemperorpolitical

wksunearthedinJinshaSite

arefoundwellfabricatedwithhighgradevividlyprentingtheirowner’ssocial

class.

ThistomahawklookslikeaBilookingatitsappearancewithaholeinthemiddle,

ndoftomahawkis

deBiQihasanuniqueshape,whichhassimilararticle

ndofarticlewasdeveloped

toathinandlongshapesincetheShangandZhouDynasty,anditsfabrication

alsobecamesimple,eventhefour-ctionsharpedgedisappearedfromlate

rmakingthisjadewaremaybeearlierthantheXia

Dynasty,gonarchaeological

achievements,arthedfewallcamefrom

graves,

themweremadeoffinematerialwithexquisitecraftworksandhadameaningof

anyjadewaresunearthedinJinshaSiteasof

today,thereisonlyoneofthiskind,reprentingalsothefirstonediscoveredin

wholeSichuanProvinceandprovingitsrarenessandpreciousness.

Jadetomahawkwithanimalfacepatterninscribedupanddownsymmetrical

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73

erpatterlookslikeananimalfacewithtwohorn

upwardsandoutwardearsandsplay-shapetwoeyesandthreepairsof

sideoftheanimalfacepatternis

decoratedwithdeformedmonsterpatternwithtwoparallellinesunderneath.

Thelowerpartdecorativepatternislocatedonbothsidesofthemainbody,

orative

patternwasmadewithmultipleskillsandtechniquesrevealingthatjade

craftsmenatthattimewereabletocreatestreamlinedandcomplicated

orativelinesforbothparts

s,notip,mandible

andmouthintheanimalfacepatternwereprofiledwithdoublenegativeline,

andlinesforformingtheeyewascarvedwithaspecialtechniquecalled“Mao

Dao”(repeatednegativecarving).Thiskindofdoublenegativelinesinscription

spaceremovalmethodhadbeenappliedinprofilingtheanimalfacepattern,i.e.,

removingtheextraspacethroughmillingoutofthenegativeline,suchthatthe

yzingits

rawmaterial,thevirginjademakingthisarticlecamefromthemountainarea

r,theanimalface

patternisthetypicalpatterncommonlyeninbronzewaresbelongingtothe

ShangandZhouPeriodinChinacentralplains,obviously,itisgreatlyimpacted

byChinacentralplainculture.

LookingatthejadeCongwithtenctions,itwasmadeofsapphirejadewith

deCongisbigonthetopandsmallonthebottom,and

enctionintotal,andeachction

hasasimplifiedhumanfacepatterncenteredaroundthecentralaxelinthe

ativedenparallellinesquare-likecrossridgeisthecrista;two

drillholesonebigandonesmallaretheeyesandeyeball;thegeometriccirrus

cloudontherectangularistheno;thelowerctioninterfaceisthemouth.

rplace

worthtobementionedforthisjadeCongisthatthereisahuman-likesymbol

an-likesymboliscappedwithlonghead

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74

ornamental,twohandsupwithflyinglongsleeves,sleeveisdecoratedwith

featherlikestaff,twolegsapartindancingpo,whichmaybeareplicationof

sonalidentityofthissymbolmaybetheancestor

god-menofthetribe,orahigh-rankedwizardleadinghispeopleprayingfor

ticlewaswellpolishedandneatlyfabricated.

Viewingitsform,patterndesignandcarvingprocess,itisatypicalartwork

belongingtolateZhejiangLiangzhuCulturewithequalagetoJiangsuShidun

GraveNo.3,CaoxieshanGraveNo.198andShanghaiFuquanshanGrave

No.40,sofjadematerial,thisjadeCongdiffers

fromoutstandinglyotherjadewares;thereforeitcanbecertainthatitisnota

remanyrulelessscratchesinthesurface,andthe

negativelinesprofilingfeather-likepatternhadbeenwornoutresultedfromlong

sitisatypicalLiangzhuCultureJadeCongfortunately

huCultureageswas

2000BC,1000yeararlierthanJiashaages;JinshaSiteisparatedfromthe

lowerreachesfotheChangjiangRiver1000miles;howthisjadeCongcameto

Jinshacrossing1000yearsand1000miles?Itisindeedaninterestingquestion.

LookingatthisjadeCongwithfourctions,itwasmadeofanentirepieceof

orissobrightand

ulyaneliteamongalljadeCongofthe

ShangandZhouDynastyunearthedasoftodayintermsofitssize,weightand

niquefeaturesstandingitlocalityandreprentativemodel

utstandingdifferencecomparedwith

ction,ithas9parallel

allellinesarestraightforwardandingood

order,nbodyiswellpolishedincludingits

innerwall,adyknewsomejadedrillprocessas

olesinjadewarearemadeby

rotatingmillwithtubular-shapedwood,bamboo,boneandstonematerials

rdrillisdonebymeansof

millingwithcoarsand,alwaysleavinghelicaltrace;whendrillingfromboth

side,italwayshavemismatchedpenetratingholeduetomis-positioningor

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75

’slookatthisunusualjadeConghavingaweightashigh

as3981g,itcentralholehasbiggerdiameteronbothendsandsomediameter

inthemiddle,obviouslythisholewasdrilledfrombothends,butwedidn’tfind

anymismatchingtracethatthiskindofdrillalwayshad,instead,itsinnerwallis

extremelybrightandsmoothexceptfortwocirclesofveryshallowtubulardrill,

ece

ofjadeCongdiffersfromthepreviouslyunearthedthreegenerationofjade

inedalotstyleofbigsizeandctionbygrooveofjade

CongbelongingtoLiangzhuCulture,butithadobviouscharacterofsimplicity

ascribedtojadeCongbelongingtotheSongDynasty.

JadeGui:GuiisakindofimportantritualarticleofperiodfromtheWesternZhou

unctioninginnotonlyasthe

reprentativeofimmortalsandfour-directionbutalsoasakindofkeepsakeas

ariedinlength,size

(RitesoftheZhouDynasty)onceregulatedthatjade

materialandsizevariedGuiwereudbysocialclassvariedpeopleandtheir

ly,theformofGuiissimple,mostofthemareflatrectangular

i

unearthedinJinshaSitebelongstoflatheadGui,whichhasgoodmaterialand

nbodyisinkblacksoakedwithsomeunevenly

lparallelanddenstraightlinesinscriptionis

ricationprocessasawholeiswellspecified,

indicatingitisahighgradeculturalrelic.

Somenewjadewareshavebeenfoundinthesacrificespot,whicharealsonew

discoverywithinthecountry.

Lookingatthistrapezoidalcut-groovejadeware,ithasfivetrapezoidalgrooves

inthefrontfacewithridgeamonggrooves;thebackfaceisflatwithnegative

fboth

sideswereinwardcoiledtoformplug-ingroovewith8smallholesinit,while6

dewareisuniqueinformand

shape,anditswholebodywaswellpolishedanditscraftworkixtremely

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76

day,twopiecesofthiskindjadewarehavebeendiscovered

inJinshaSitewithonlydifferenceincut-groove;bothofthemarefirstlyen

hmeasurement,widthandshapeofeachcut-groove

wellmatchesthatofthiskindofjadesword;thereforewemadeourinitialguess

cabbardmadeofjadeshallbethe

symbolstandingforhighnobleclassratherthanbelongingsofordinarypeople.

(Group2intheright)

Thetwostonetigersarethebestamongallunearthedstonetigers.

Itwasmadeofnaturalrpentinizedperidotitematchingperfectlyitoriginal

colortothecolorofatiger,reprentingthebestoneamongallofitskind.

Stonetigercarvingwasaddresdonthetigerheadincludingitye,ear,beard

andtheuniquetigerthree-striponforehead;vermilionwerepaintedintiger

mouthinside,liparound,beardsandtopheadmakingitbrightcolor;alldetailsa

realtigershallhavewerewelladdresdpicturingthetigers’awfulness,ferocity

andbrutality.

Still,wecanetwotubulardrillremainsinthetigermouthudformakingthe

earthattigermouthmakingisnotbychiling,insteadbytubular

klegsoftigerarealoftupwardposssing

groovebetweentwobacklegsisjustrighttoprofilethe

tiger’dicatedthatancientShupeoplewerequite

ershapeasawholelookspowerfulandferocity,lifelikeand

simple,dynamicamongstatic,icationof

detailedcavingandperfectbodyshape,thestonecarvingfineartisrareone

amongallofitskindbelongingtotheShangandZhouDynasties.

hasa

tubulardrilltraceinitslaryngealofitsbloodybigmouthpaintedwithvermilion.

Thewholedesignlooksalsoveryawfulandpowerful.

Now,herewecometosomethingspecialandmysterious.

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77

ticleasawholeisformedbyhammer

punch,anditsdecorativepatternsaremadebyusingcombinationskillofchil

orativepatternswerechiledonthesurfaceof

thegoldlaceconsistingoffourgroupsofsamepattern,eachwithafish,asword,

ldlacehasalengthofabout40cm,awidthof2cm,

whichislongerifbeingudasarmband,andshortifaswaistbelt,soitisfor

orativepatterndesignremblesmuchlikethedesignofthe

goldsticksurfaceunearthedinSanxingduiSite,ickis

justlikethewandofancientEgyptianPharaoh,whilegoldcrownlaceisjustlike

thecrown;tedly,thispattern

combinationsymbolizesthesupremekingshipanditsimpressivemanner.

Similarityfoundbetweenthegoldcrownlaceandthegoldstickindicatesthe

consistencyandcontinuityofSanxingduiSiteandJinshaSiteinclan

inheritance.

Inthiscombinedpattern,humanheadandbirdarethemaincharacter,andthe

fishistheobjecttheyareshooting;thisrevealsmuchaboutthereligionof

anheadinthepatternmaystandsforareputable

ancestor,whohadsuperabilitytoshootfishthatcaudpeople’sworship.

Ancestorworshipplayedanimportantpartinancientreligious,wizardand

sacrificeactivities,sincealotofdailyactivitiesshouldbeprotectedbyour

nthisview,somescholarsbelievethatthispattern

hassomethingtodowith“YuFu”DynastyinlegendaboutancientShuState.

Let’slookatthisminigoldmask;roundface,

roundjaw,outspreadingear,earprofilemadebyhammerpunching,concave

browisslightlyupwardjustlike

ghandstraightnobridgeandhollow-outeyes,itsmouthis

lightlyopenlikesmiling,skis

verymuchsimilartothegoldhumanmaskunearthedintheritualarticlepitin

ndofminigold

maskisrareinotherplacesandotherculturewithinthecountry,anditshould

an

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78

applianceputtingonhumanfaceusuallyforwizardactivitypurpoProvedby

modernethnologyandanthropology,manyminorityethnicgroupswerewidely

usingmasksbywizardsinactivitiessuchassacrifice,prayingforayearof

abundanceandfestivalssoastograntthemlveswithabilitytocommunicate

ificeshowca,wizardsalways

time,the

markwasfunctioningasaninterfacebetweenhumanandgod-men,through

whichcommunicationbetweenthemwereachieved,soastowizardswereable

make-uptypesinmodern

BeijingoperaandSichuanopera,andmasksudinmoderndressingdance

partyarealldecayingexpressionofancientmasks.

Let’ongeyebrow

andcrystaleyesight,straightnoandopenmouth,andcoldexpressionbutfull

arlythesamewiththebronzehumanheadsculpture

unearthedinSanxingduiSiteinshapedesignandstyle,exceptforbig

ofSanxingduiisnearlythesamesizewitha

realhumanhead,whilethisoneissmallwithaheightonlyequalto1/4of

nzehead

ishollowinthemiddleprobablyforputtingitintoacolumnarobjectfor

lowdesigninthemiddleismuchsimilarwithawooden

carvingheadunearthedinJinshaSiteofsamewayputtingitndintoan

object.

Concerningthepersonalidentityofthebronzehead,someonebelievesitisa

copyfromwizard,someonewouldregarditisanimageofkingandalsothe

ancestor'sdeceadsoul;nomatterwhat’stheresult,itiscertainthatitisthe

ilaritybetweenJinshaand

Sanxingduibronzeheadsculptureclearlyrevealtheirinterconnectionin

religiousbeliefandculture.

kring

sitisanimportant

nowaytolookintoitsoddnesxceptfor

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knowingthatitistheinheritanceofSanxingduiancientShuculture.

Thetwostonekneelingsittinghumansculpturearebestrervedwith

lloflifelike,richfacialexpression,finecarvingeven

racterbuildingis

matureandstable,imageprentationisrichandvivid,andcarvingcraftworks

issimpleandskillful;theyarerareworksinChineancientstonecarvingart.

(Group1intheright)

Jadewasregardedasthesymbolofwealthandsocialimageofupperclassand

llisakindofcreatureliving

tsadvantagesofsmallsizeandeasytocarry,peopleliked

toputitintorviceasacommodityexchangeequivalentanddevelopitasthe

dshellwereonceudasmeaningsof

deashellunearthedin

nbodyupper

sideinthemiddle

part,therearefourshallowtoothingsandagrooverightinthemiddlecentered

by14rowsofsymmetricalshallowgroovesshowingtheashelltoothings.A

holeforhangingpurpoislocatedontopofthecentralgroove,andtheback

deashellixquisitelycarvedwith

crystal-likecolor,prentingusthejadecraftsmenofancientShuStatetheir

contributednewcontenttoChinetraditional

jadecarvinganimalspecies.

highleveloffineart

vecavingisalsocalled“carvingoutofline”,whichisakindof

shallowbasso-relievo,

ofmethodistoremovethesubstanceoutofthepositivelinethroughmillingso

itivelineisslightlyupthesurface,

sitive

linehaveequalsize,etail

containedinthisarticleprovesthehighskillofmakingjadeinJinshaSociety.

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80

Thejadematerialmakingthisarticleisfineandmoisturewithbrilliantcolor

lebodyiswell

otraceofbeingonceud,which

isprobablyudasajaderitualarticle.

Thisjadechilwithconcavesharpedgehasoneflatandstraightside,andon

latside,ithasrichnaturalinclusioncolorslayerbylayer

faceofthearticlealsoretainsmany

denlydistributedscrapes,andthepolishingisfromuptodownandstillclearly

polishingscratchesnormaltosideedgewhicharecontrarytootherscratches

lpsustoknowhowJinshapeople

polishjadewares.

ThisjadeBiwithcollarisbiginsize,neatinfabrication,andbrightandsmoothin

ightandsoil,ithastwodifferentcolorsrespectivelyonitsYing

ybecaudbythisfactthatthisarticleisshallowly

buried,andcladdingsoilislittleoritisdisclodwithoutsoilburying,thusthis

sidehasdiversifiedcolorsduetodirectsunlight;whiletheoppositesidehas

advereffectkeepingjadeowncolor—eggwhite,however,thebrownand

essisproved

hisarticlewasunearthed,twobeauty

stoneswereplacedonit,wheretwowhitplaqueswereformeddueto

ferentcolorlusterintheYing

andYangsideofthejadeBiprentstherichchangeofjadeduetouneven

inclusionofmineralsinjadematerialaswellasthesupperpowerandcharmof

thenature.

outeredgerusuallyhas3or4toothingprotruding,orhasdecorativetoothings

eng,ascholarintheQinDynastyonce

mis-notedinhisbookGuYiTuKao(AncientJadeGraphicsStudy)thatjade

ngBi(YaBi)isan

archaeologicaltermdevelopedbyXiaNai,whichiswidelyudtonamesuch

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81

imately,toothingBiwasoriginatedfromtheNeolithic

Age’sDawenkouCultureandprosperousinLongshanCulturetotheShangand

r,thiskindoffourgroupsoftoothingsin

collarhas

themwere

exquisitelymadeandtheywereprobablyaprevailingkindofjadewareinShu

othingBiisbiginsizeandheavyin

faceiswellpolishedanditmaybealocalproductsinceitisfullof

locality.

Let’sjustlikeapieceofwillowleafwithden

substance,moistureandexquisitebrightness,noforeignsubstancepenetration;

saprotrudingridgeinthe

middlejustliketheleafnerve;sharpandthinsharpedgesarelocatedontheir

side,ridgeandsidestransitionisroundandnatural,makingthewholeclassic

andelegant.

Viewingitsshapedesign,ithasnotclearpartforfixinghandle,prentingthe

primitiveformofaspear,whichdiffersalotfrombronzespearinChengduPlain

r,itsleaf-likeshapeisinheritedbylater

bronzespear.

Jadebracelet:alargenumberofexquisitejadebraceletshavebeenfoundin

almakingjade

braceletwerewelllectedandroundspotandsurfacewereexquisitely

ndofarticlehasbeenfoundfrequentlyintheNeolithicAge

grave,ore,sameasthat,jade

braceletinJinshaSitemaybeakindofornamentalwearinginfinger.

Now,herewecometotheoriginofLogoofChineculturalheritage--"Sunand

ImmortalBird”edasthelogoofChinecultural

heritage,itisthestate-leveltreasuredculturalrelicaswellasthemostvaluable

inourmuum.

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82

OnFebruary25,2001,“SunandImmortalBird”goldornamentalwasunearthed

noutsidediameter12.5cm,inside

diameter5.29cm,thickness0.02cmandweight20gandgoldcontentashighas

94.2%,

roundprofile,thepatterndesignisarrangedrespectivelyinsideandoutsidewith

idepatternincludes12equidistantarctooth-like

outsidepatternconsistsoffour

dsarechin-upwithstretchedlegsandflyingpoina

gfromthered

underlay,theinnercirclelookslikearotatingburningballorthesun;birds

shapedintheoutercircleeasilyremindusofsunrelatedimmortalbirdsin

legend;badonthis,wegiveitthename“SunandImmortalBird”gold

hmicroscopeobrvationto“SunandImmortalBird”gold

ornamental,weknewthatitwascastwithnaturalgolddusttoroundformfirst,

andthenthroughrepeatedlyhammeringandfolding,andfinallythroughcarving

on-sharptools,

traceofrepeatedscratchandcuttingwerekeptarounditssideedges.

Ourancientancestorswereexperiencingthemightypowerofthesunthrough

sunriandsunt,ptothe

estorsliked

toassociatethesunwiththebird,whichcanbesupportedbymanyChine

itiveChinefairytales,ithassunbird,plusalotof

storiesrelatedtothesunknowntoussuchas“KuaFu'sracewiththesun”and

ekingsandemperorsalsolikedtoassociatetheirnameswiththe

sunandimmortalbirdphoenix.

Inadditionto“SunandImmortalBird”goldornamentalinJinshaSite,thebronze

standingfigurewascappedwithsunbonnet,andbird-likepatternsalsowere

rly,Sanxingduialsounearthed

alargenumberofculturalrelicsinconnectionwiththesunandbirds,suchas

sun-likebronzewareandbronzeimmortaltreewithninebirds,t

royalnameofancientShuStateis“Kaiming”,whichhasthemeaningofsunri

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83

inChine,therefore,ChangQuintheDongjinDynastynamedhischorography

ofSichuanasHuaYangGuoZhi(HistoryofHuayangState).Sun-related

patternsalsowasfoundinthecoffinunearthedinChengduShangyejie

Boad-CoffinTomb,ore,worship

,alargeamountof

archaeologicalstudiesprovethatworshiptothesunisthecommonbeliefof

alrelicsinassociationwiththesunandbirdhave

beenfoundinwiderangeofterritoryfromnorthtosouthandeasttowestand

hwest,birdpatterdrawninpotteries

ofYangshaoCultureiscarryingabigrounddot,whichisthesun;insoutheast,

HemoduSiteunearthed“doublebirdscarryingthesun”borncarvingand

“doublebirdssingingtothesun”ivorycarving,LingjiatanSiteunearthed

octagonstarjadeplateandsunpatternjadeeagle,andinLiangzhuCulture,sun

andbirdpatternwerefoundfrequentlyinsomekingshipandreligiousarticles,

suchasjadeBiandCong;innortheast,birdstandinguponheadalsowasfound

ingravesofHongshanCulture;ineast,sunrelatedsymbolswerecarvedin

potteryZununearthedinDawenkouSite;incentralplains,ErlitouSite

unearthedapotterysquareDinghavingrotatingsunpattern;insouthChinaand

southwest,akindofdecorativesunpatterwerefrequentlyfoundinbronzedrum

mecametotheHanDynasty,wefoundmorecultural

relicshavingconnectionwithsunandbird,suchasMawangduiHanTombNo.1.

Theabovementionedmaterialobjectsaretherealpictureprovingthatsunand

sunbirdworshipisthecommonreligionofancientChine.

Sunwasalsoworshippedbymanyancientnationsoftheworld,suchas,

EgyptianHORUS,GreekApolloandIndianIndra,etc.,andMayasungod

rtoChineancient,theworldancient

nationsalsolikedtoassociatebirdwiththesun,suchasEgyptianeaglegodis

alsosungod,andMayan'ssungoldisassociatedwithcrow,etc.

Whydidancientnationsliketoassociatebirdwiththesun?birdisfreeflyingin

intheskyhadbeenalwaysa

entpeople’smind,

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84

gsunclost

withbirdisancientChinefairytale—“Goldcrowcarryingthesun”knownbe

everybody.

Withitsmeaningfullookandfeel,precistructuralcomposition,beautifully

flowingpatternstogetherwithrichrhythm,itcondendancientpeoples’

profoundphilosophicalandreligiousthinking,endlessimagination,

extraordinaryartisticcreativityandexquisitecraftworks,reprentingthesubmit

clockwi

raysoflightandfourcounterclockwiflyimmortalbirdsarecarryingourancient

people'slovetothesunandtheirhopeforbrightness.“SunandImmortalBird”

isthesymbolofhope,thespiritofChinesolidificationforprogressand

aroundthesun,fourbirdsarebringing

aboutluckandhappinessaswellasvitalforcetomodernChina.

Episode5LookingintoJinsha

DiscoveryofJinshaSitereplicatesasplendidcivilizationprosperous3000years

mayaskwhocreatedthisprosperoushistory,whoaretheheroes

makingthemiracle,wheretheycamefromandwheretheywent?With

developmentofarchaeologicalrearchonJinshaSiteforfiveyears,some

questionshavebeenrevealedandsomestillunknown.

Part1MiracleofProsperity

HuaYangGuoZhi·ShuZhi(HistoryofHuayangState·HistoryofShuState)

hasrecordedanimportantnotestellingusthelargeboundaryofancientShu

State,ishistorical

recordtrustable?

Infact,beforethediscoveryofJinshaSite,alotofimportanthistoricalspots

belongingtolateShangDynastytotheWesternZhouDynastyhadbeen

hcarefulrearch

ontheexistingarchaeologicalinformation,theirculturalcontentswerefound

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85

muchsimilartothatinJinshaSite,whichcanbecertainthattheyarecultural

heritagesbelongingtoanequalperiodofJinshatime.

In1980s,largeGan-lanwoodenstructurebuildingsandlargeamountof

conical-bottompotteriesandBuwasdiscoveredinShiErQiaoSiteinChengdu

proper,soonafter,thisdiscoverywaxpandedfromwesttoeastincluding

FuqinCommunitySite,FangchijieSite,JunpingjieSite,ZhihuijieSite,Yandaojie

Site,MinshanHotelSite,MinjiangCommunitySiteandHuangzhongcunSite,

historicalsitesareextendedmorethantenmilesandneighboring

eachotherwithsimilarculturalcontents,ofwhich,ShiErQiaoSiteisthebiggest

inexcavationarea,largestinquantityofculturalrelicsoutofearthandmost

reprentativeforall,therefore,ageneralnamecalledShiErQiaoShangand

ZhouSiteisgiventoallhistoricalsitesmentionedabove.

ThewoodstructuralbuildingcomplexinShiErQiaoSitecanbethetypical

ldingrelicsoccupiesanareaof

10,000m2,wherelargewoodbuildingelementsandbuildingmaterialwere

distributedincertainorder,esofbuildstructurehave

beenfound,oneistraditionalbargepole–ingto

distributionofanchoringholesinthegroundbeam,theoriginallengthcanbe

about12m,anditwasthefoundationsiteofalargebuildingbelongingtoJinsha

lengthcanbelongupto30m,ureofthiskindofbuildingis

totfoundationbypunchingsharp-endwoodpilesintotheearthtoforma

,izesizevariedgroundbeamson

thetopofpunchedwoodpilestoformgrid-likefoundationstructure,andlay

gismadewithtwosidesslope,

elivinggroundhigherthanoutdoor

ndofbuilding

structurewasspeciallysuitableforChengduPlain,wheretherewerealotof

riverandfrequentfloodsaswellashumidweather.

AtthetimewhenShiErQiaoSitewasbeingexcavated,alotofculturalrelics

alsowerefoundinotherrelativesitesinChengduproperanditsneighboring

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areas.

ThispieceoflargebronzeLeiwasunearthedinChengdusuburbandithasa

nekneelingfigureunearthedinChengduFangchijieSite

isacopyofmanystonekneelingfiguresunearthedinJinshaSite,exceptitis

e-likestonewaresunearthedinShiErQiaoSitealsoarethe

samewiththatunearthedinJinshaSiteandprobablyhavesamekindof

application.

ChengduYangzishanStereobateSitediscoveredin1950sis3-tiersquare

ebottomlengthandwidtharerespectively103.7m,widthfor

firsttierandcondtierrespectively18m,andthirdtierwidthandlength

respectively31.3,totalheightover10m,te

reatpossibilityofbeingudas

a

alsothebiggestsacrificestereobateforreligionpurpofoundwithinthe

countryasoftoday.

XinfanShuiguanyinSitefoundin1950sisanculturalrelicsspotbelongingtothe

ShangandZhouPeriodswhichiarlierfoundandlargerareaexcavated.

PotteriesunearthedinthissitearenearlythesamewiththatfoundinJinsha

Site.

Respectivelyin1959and1980,twobatchesofcellarstoredbronzewaresofthe

ShangandZhouDynastieswereunearthedinZhuwaijie,PengxianCounty,

includingmaintypesofLei,ZunandZhiveslsfromChinaCentralPlainsor

castlocallyinShuState,reprentingthesummitofbronzemakingtechnology

ofthatage,alsorevealingtheinterconnectionsbetweenShuStatecultureand

theShangandZhouculture.

ThepowerfulandsplendidJinshaKingdominperiodofShiErQiaoCulturehas

ex

oftoday,culturalhistoricalspotshavingsimilarfeatureswithShuculturehave

beenfoundinareaastwardstowestHubaiProvince,northwardstosouth

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87

ShannxiProvinceandsouthwardstosouthwestSichuanProvince,suchas

Ya’anShaxiSite,HanyuanMajiashanSite,LangzhongPingshangSite,

ZhongbaSiteandShaopengzuiSitelateperiod,andZhongbaodaoSite,

ChaotianzuiSite,HonghuataoSite,andShannxiBaojiRujiazhuangSite,etc.

Theyarewidelydistributed.

ThephenomenaprovesnotonlytheprofoundinteractionbetweenShu

culturereprentedbyJinshaandthemiddlereachestheChangjiangRiver,but

alsotheclocontactandexchangewiththeShangandZhouculturenorthto

didcivilizationoriginatedfromtheinlandofChengduPlainin

lateShangDynastytotheWesternZhouDynastyfacilitatedShuStatewithan

open,progressiveandpowerfulpolitical,economicalandreligiouscultural

pattern.

Viewingonmanyhistoricalsiteswithsameages,currently,JinshaSitehas

largerscaleandhighgrade,wherewefoundcertainplanningandfunctional

partition,specificlayoutstructureforeachpartition,alargenumberof

high-gradedritualarticlesandspecialculturalrelicsspotinconnectionwith

gonthe

scaleandgradeofJinshaSiteitlf,itisthetoponeamongallhistoricalsitein

ChengduPlaininvariousaspectssuchaslargestarea,richculturalrelics

ore,wecandrawthe

conclusionthatJinshawastheancientShuState’spolitical,economical,

religiousandculturalcenteraswellasthecondcapitalcityduring

1200BC~thisperiod,theco-existenceofhistoricalsitesin

SichuanBasinanditsneighboringareawithJinshaSite,theyaresupportingthe

unshakeablepositionofJinshaSiteontheonehand,theyalsoworktogether

withJinshatoreplicateastrongandmagnificentancientShuStateduringlate

ShangDynastytotheWesternZhouDynastyontheotherhand.

Part2Miracleoforigin

Whenwelearnedthegrandness,splendorandmagnificenceofJinshaKingdom,

questionswereabouttoarou,wheredidthiskingdomcomefrom?Fromthe

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88

heavenorfromtheearth?Infact,ChengduPlainenjoysaprolonghistory,

whereShupeopleinlegendwerelivinggenerationbygenerationlonglongtime

ago.“Shu”isnotonlyanameofanethnicgroupbutalsoanameofastate.

Accordingtolegendary,ShustatepasdCanCong,YuFu,BaiGuan,DuYu,

KaiMingandsoondynasties,butthereallookofancientShuStateisonly

foundinillusorymanyfairytales,h

decades'hardworkingcontributedbygenerationsofarchaeologists,thebasic

pathofthedevelopmentofancientShuStatehasbeengraduallydisclod.

Badontheexistingarchaeologicalachievements,thislandofShuentereda

civilizedsocietyaarlyas4000/Cultureistheknown

andtheearliestNeolithicAge’scultureinChengduPlain,whichwasnamedwith

LongmaTownBaodunSiteinXinjinCounty,belongingtoaperiodabout

2800BC~1700BC,equaltoLongshantimetoearlyXiaDynastyinChinacentral

plains.

PillareconomiesofthesocietyinBaodunCultureperiodwereprimitive

toutstandingfeatureinthisperiod

isappearanceoflargenumberandcertainlyscaledancienttownfoundation

cienttownfoundationsiteisstretchedsouthfromXinjinBaodun,

northtoGuanghanSanxingdui,westfromDujiangyanMangchengandeastto

Chengdu,whichisancienttownfoundationsitelocatedintheplaincorearea.

Eachancienttownwasbuiltonhigherterraceortablelandamongflowsofrivers

withstandardizedlayoutandwelldesignstructureoccupyinganareaof10～

uilding

sitesforritualpurpowerefoundwithinsomeancienttownsites,andcity

functionincludeddefen,water-control,economicandcultural,politicaland

coveryofancienttownfoundationsiteswhichis

relativelyindependentandlargerthanthatofaclanrevealsthatChengduPlain

areahadenteredintotheinitialhistoricalstageofcivilization.

ThisisabighoubelongingtoBaodunCulturediscoveredwithPixianancient

townsite,withalengthof50m,

wasbuiltalongnorthwest-southeastdirection,sameasthedirectionofthetown.

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89

Thishouwasbuiltwithgravelasitswallbaandwoodpilebeingpunched

ybebuiltbywoodcolumnwithbamboofence,then

ningsoilinsideroomfor

humidityprevention,nopartitionwall,fiveplatformsinthemiddlewithspaceof

3m,excavationsmallfoundationpitaroundeachplatform,andburyingden

stheroundbambooisudforencasing,and

backfillgravelinsideencasingandrenderingwithmudtobuildplatform.

Accordingtocleandepositinstratumaroundthehouandfewhouhold

relicsandnohouholdaccessories,weguessthishouisnotanordinary

residentialhousing;instead,

neighboringarea,allsmallhousweredistributecenteredaroundthisbig

hou,andtheirdoorallwereopentoit,tellingtheimportanceofthebighou.

Thepotteryandstonewarescamefromeightancienttownsites,theyare

typicalarticleofBaodunCulture,whichprentstheirproductionandliving

conditions.

About4000yearsago,ancientShucivilizationenteredanewstage,during

whichtypicalSanxingduiculturewasformallyshapedbelongingto

1700BC~1200BC,equaltotheXiaandShangDynastiesinChinacentralplains.

ItsdistributionareawascenteredatSanxingduiSite,coveringmostareaof

SichuanProvinceandwestHubaiandsouthShannxi.

Thelargecitywallsystem,denlydistributedbuildingfoundationsites,grand

sacrificesitesandexquisiteculturalrelicsinSanxingduiSitegiveusavivid

pictureofitsglorypastandsplendidcivilization.

Badontheexistingarchaeologicalachievements,timewhenSanxingdui

Kingdombegantodecayisabout1200yearsago;anditwasjustthattimethat

numberofculturalrelicsandcultural

informationunearthedinJinshaSite,38kilometersawayfromSanxingduiSite,

nformationreveals

thatJinshacivilizationinheritedtheeliteofSanxingdui,badonwhichitmade

ryJinshacivilizationactuallywastheresultfrom

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SanxingduiKingdommigrationtothesouth.

Part3Miracleofloss

About600BC,nthe

existingarchaeologicalinformation,theprosperousandbusyvillageswere

turnedtobewastedtobegraveyard,andsacredsacrificesitesalsochangedto

tShustateonceagainbeganitsjourneytomigrateto

somewhereunknown.

Actually,Jinshacivilizationhadnotwashedawaybyhistory,instead,its

inheritedcivilizationhadbeendeeprootedandpasdovergenerationby

numberofhistoricalsitesandrelicsbelongingtothe

WarringStatesPeriodinChengduPlainclearlypictureascrolloflateShu

geboat-coffin,exquisitelacquerwoodware,odd

andcoolShustyleweaponaswellas“BashuGraphicsLanguage”still

archaeologycultureforthisperiodiscalledlateShuculturebelongingto

600BC~300BC.

Theboat-coffinfuneralcustombeginningfromlateJinshaperiod,pottery

conical-bottomcalyxprevailedinJinshaSiteaswellaslargernumberof

discoveringofearlyWarringStatesPeriodrevealusagenerationorientation

whereJinshaKingdomwasgoing.

AncientliteralrecordoncenotedastoryabouthowDuYuhandedoverhis

edoverhispositiontoKuMingwasforfighting

againstflood.

AbronzekettleunearthedinChengduBaihuatanMiddleSchoolin1950shas

carvedapieceofexquisitepicturenamed“YanLeYuLieTu”whichpicturesus

sofwood

coffintombsandboat-coffintombsbelongingtotheWarringStatesPeriodoutof

earthgiveusfurtherconfirmeditsfeaturesofShustateatthattime.

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ChengduShangyejieBoat-coffinTombandXinduMajiaWoodCoffinTombare

reprentativeandmostimportantamonggravediscoveriesbelongingtothat

ritual

articlesunearthedinXinduMajiaWoodCoffinTombmostlyareregulatedand

combinedarticles,whichmaybethestandardritualarticlesudbytheKingof

graveshapeandunearthedrelicshavefeaturesofChu

Culture,whichismeaningfulforexploretheculturalrelationshipofShuandChu.

Boat-coffinwasmadeofanentirepieceofwoodchiledtocanoeshapeto

oat-shapehaving

uShangyejieBoat-coffin

Tombdiscoveredin2000wasthegraveyardofaroyalfamilyofancientShu

StateKaiMingDynastyortheKinghimlf,belongingtotheearlyWarring

veasawholeishugeandmagnificentwithanelegantgrave

ve

pithasalengthof30.5m,vecurrently

rerves17oflargeboat-coffin,singlewoodcoffinandotherburyingappliance,

ofwhich,thebiggestboat-coffeehasalengthof18.8manddiameterof1.5m.

Thoughthegravewasbeenstolenformanytimes,alargenumberoflacquer

wares,ejie

Boat-CoffeeTombistheNo.1boat-coffeeco-buriedtombsintheworld,

p

discoveryofShangyejieBoat-CoffeeTombwasawardedChinaTopTen

ArchaeologicalDiscoveryandNationalRerveofCulturalRelicsinthesame

,ShangyejieBoat-CoffeeSiteMuumisunder

processofconstruction,anditisnotlongforyoutogotherehavealook.

ItiasyforustounderstandthelongstandinghistoryofancientShustate

knowthatinheriteddepositofculturemakestheprosperityofJinsha,andwhen

historywalksoverit,316BC,theQinDynasty

incorporatedBashu,sincewhichtheancientShucivilizationandsocietyflowed

intodiversifiedandintegratedbigfamilyofChinecivilization.

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Part4MiracleStillUnknown

ThediscoveryofJinshaKingdomwhoinheritedSanxingduiandinterfacedlate

wearehappyatwhatwediscoveredthecontinenceofSanxingduicivilization

andoriginofShucultureprosperousintheWarringStatesPeriod,weare

hyears’archaeologicalexcavation,

somemiraclesofJinshaKingdomhavebeendisclod,butstilltherearealot

unknownwaitingforusfurtherexploration.

[Takeyouraudiencestopassthroughthemagicsquare(miracleofJinsha)]

asoftoday,“Jinsha"asanameofplacehasbeenkept

unchangedsinceitxistence1000yearsagointheFiveDynasties

(907~960AD).HowdidthenameofJinshaoriginate?Forit’saplaceof

producinggoldorprocessinggold?Whatthespecificyeardidthisname

comeintoexistence?

uttherelationshipbetweenJinshaandSanxingdui?Similarities

ofmanyculturalrelicsrespectivelyunearthedinJinshaSiteand

this

phenomenonrevealstheirclotiesandrelationship,stillweare

unknownaboutthedetailshowtheirbloodlinkworks?Replacementof

kingshiporchangeofdynasty?

t-bottompotteriesareprevailinginSanxingduiSite,while

conical-bottompotteriesinJinshaSite?What’sthestorybehind?

nxingduiSitebelongtoKingYuFuandJinshaSitebelongto

KingDuYuwhoarelegendaryfigures?

ancientShucivilizationbuiltbyancientShupeoplewasignored

byhistory,instead,itwaspartoffairytales?

llhasbeennotfoundinJinshaSiteasoftheprent,isthereany

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inthissite?Ifnegative,wasitanopencityatthattime?

’sthedifferenceinweatherbetweenJinshatimeandtoday?When

didtheweatherbegantochange?Whylivewildanimalsofsamespecies

unearthedinJinshaSitearenotavailableinnowadaysChengduarea?

hegeneralplanningofJinshaKingdom?Whereistheimperial

residentialpalaceforKingofShu?Howaboutitsroadtraffic?Whereare

thehandicraftandsmeltingworkshops?

rethegraveyardsforJinshanobleclass?Wherearetheheavy

bronzewaresownedbyrulingclass?IsittruethatJinshapeoplearenot

abletoproducelargebronzeware?

thebodyconditionsofJinshapeople?facialfeatures?average

lifespan?

resunearthedinJinshaSiteareallmadeofnaturalalluvialgold

oesthegoldmakinggoldwarescome

from?HowdidJinshapeopleprocessthisgold?Whatobjectsdogold

horn-typeware,goldtriangleware,gold∏-shapedwaredecoratefor?

heusageofSunandImmortalBirdgoldornamental?

hmeasurementbyscientists,bronzeoreresourcesinJinshaare

complicated,someubronzeresourcesfromSanxingdui,somearethe

samewithpartfromChinacentralplain,andsomeareneworeresource,

whereistheexactplaceofneworeresource?

jectisthestandinghumanfigureholdinginhishands?

jadewaresalwayshaverichcolorsinthesurface,whichisrarein

otherplaceswithinChina,wheredoesthevirginjadecomefrom?

’sthedifferenceinwaysofsacrificebetweenJinshaandChina

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centralplains?Howaboutthecontentsofsacrifice?

uttheobjectivesJinshapeopleoffersacrificefor?

reisnoliteralwordsinBuJiafoundinancientShuculture?Isit

truethatancientShuculturehasnoliteralwords?

esthesomewhatspookyhairstyleofthestonekneelingsitting

figurestandfor?ItsnationalityandID?

JinshaKingdomdecay?Wherediditgo?

reanyforeignfactorsinfluencingJinshaculture?

utthedetailsaboutthetrafficrouteforexchangebetween

JinshaKingdomwithSoutheastAsiainJinshatime?

utthedetaisaboutthetrafficrouteforexchangebetweenJinsha

KingdomwithChinacentralplainsandthelowerreachesofthe

ChangjiangRiver?

jadeCongbelongingtoLiangzhuCultureflowtoShuland?

etheamazingdiscoveriesbeingexcavatedinJinshaSiteinthe

future?

Conclusion

ughlyunknownstateanda

missinghistoryofcivilizationareapproachingusfollowingthepathofmodern

scoverywouldbemoreastonishingunderneaththethick

earth?Whatnewquestionwouldoccuraswearemovingonestepclor?No

answers,r,westillbelieve,themiraclesofJinshawillbe

slowlypulledawaywithmoreandmoreamazingnewswithassistanceoffurther

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archaeologicalsurvey.

It’dbealongstory

ingtheendofthis

discoveryjourney,weprepareyoualotpremiumperformanceaddingyourtour

avetimeandinterest,youarewelcome

toexperienceourinteractiveactivities,orwatch4DspecialeffectfilmBackto

Jinsha.

etoourmuumagain,eyournexttime.

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