2010年考研真题及参考答案英语一（考研英语2011年真题）

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Section I U of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text.Choo the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　In 1924 American National Rearch Council nt to engineer to supervi a ries of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior

　　The idea aro becau of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output ro when lighting was incread, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity ro . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon emed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itlf

　　After veral decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surpri store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting

　　It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ ro compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to ri for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any ca，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down

　　1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored

　　2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off

　　3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof

　　4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous

　　5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]asssments

　　6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work

　　7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in ca that [D]so long as

　　8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]ntiment [D]illusion

　　9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant

　　10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by

　　11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed

　　12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to

　　13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source

　　14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading

　　15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In conquence [D]As usual

　　16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly

　　17. [A]failed [B]cead [C]started [D]continued

　　20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting

　　Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions：

　　Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

　　Text 2

　　Over the past decade, thousands of patents have en granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an ast allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。

　　Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would u particular ca to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the ca is known, is “a very big deal”， says Dermis'D, Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents” Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face becau it was the federal circuit itlf that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank ca, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund asts. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themlves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cas opposing the practice。

　　The Bilski ca involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the ca would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling。

　　The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a ries of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C Wegner, a par tend attorney and professor at Washington University Law School。

　　26. Business-method patents have recently aroud concern becau of

　　[A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with ast allocation

　　[C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over authorization

　　27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski ca?

　　[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions [B] It involves a very big business transaction

　　[C] It has been dismisd by the Federal Circuit [D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S。

　　28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3)most probably means

　　[A] loss of good will [B]increa of hostility

　　[C]change of attitude [D] enhancement of disunity

　　29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents

　　[A] are immune to legal challenges [B] are of ten unnecessarily issued

　　[C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increa the incidence of risks

　　30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

　　[A]A looming threat to business-method patents

　　[B]Protection for business-method patent holders

　　[C]A legal ca regarding business-method patents

　　[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patents

　　Text 3

　　In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials who are unusual informed, persuasive, or we connect. The idea is intuitively compelling but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread。

　　The suppod importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "tow-step flow of communication". Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone el. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, tho lect people will do most of the work for them. The theory also ems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone el paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people call drive trends。

　　In their recent work, however, some rearchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally suppod. In fact , they don’t em to be required of all. The rearchers' argument stems from a simple obrvation about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-who outsize prence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precily the non-celebrating influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are suppod to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of the people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential, prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people。

　　Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the rearchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be。 31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to

　　[A] analyze the conquences of social epidemics

　　[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas

　　[C] exemplify people’s intuitive respon to social epidemics

　　[D] describe the esntial characteristics of influentials

　　32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”

　　[A] rves as a solution to marketing problems

　　[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends

　　[C] has won support from influentials

　　[D] requires solid evidence for its validity

　　33. What the rearchers have obrved recently shows that

　　[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions

　　[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

　　[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public

　　[D]most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention

　　34. The underlined phra “the people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who

　　[A]stay outside the network of social influence

　　[B]have little contact with the source of influence

　　[C]are influenced and then influence others

　　[D] are influenced by the initial influential

　　35. What is the esntial element in the dynamics of social influence?

　　[A]The eagerness to be accepted [B]The impul to influence others

　　[C]The readiness to be influenced [D]The inclination to rely on others

　　Text 4

　　Bankers have been blaming themlves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone el the accounting standard-tters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous loss, and it’s just not fair. The rules say they must value some asts at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch。

　　Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now ems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-tters, esntial to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromid. And, unless banks carry toxic asts at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. The gave banks more freedom to u models to value illiquid asts and more flexibility in recognizing loss on long0term asts in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against tho who “question our motives。” Yet bank shares ro and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the u of judgment by management。”

　　European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewi. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did ”not live in a political vacuum” but” in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules。

　　It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued asts. Today they argue that market prices overstate loss, becau they Largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not ll asts for fear of booking loss, yet are reluctant to buy all tho suppod bargains。

　　To get the system working again, loss must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic asts will not work unless banks mark asts to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-tters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions。

　　36. Bankers complained that they were forced to

　　[A]follow unfavorable ast evaluation rules [B]collect payments from third parties

　　[C]cooperate with the price managers [D]reevaluate some of their asts

　　37.According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in

　　[A]the diminishing role of management [B] the revival of the banking system

　　[C]the bank’s long-term ast loss [D]the weakening of its independence

　　38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to

　　[A] keep away from political influences [B] evade the pressure from their peers

　　[C] act on their own in rule-tting [D]take gradual measures in reform

　　39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they

　　[A]misinterpreted market price indicators

　　[B]exaggerated the real value of their asts

　　[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts

　　[D]denied booking loss in their sale of asts 　40、The author’s attitude towards standard-tters is one of

　　[A]satisfaction [B]skepticism [C]objectiveness 　2010英语真题参考答案

　　一、完型填空

　　1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6. B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.D

　　11.C 12.A 13.A 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.D

　　二、阅读理解

　　Text2 CDCBD

　　Text3 BDACC

　　Text4 AACCD