外文文献翻译（附原文）
外文译文一：
产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例
Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown
[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.
摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。
关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展
产业集群
产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。对软件公司为什么倾向于集聚的原因进行了分析,发现聚集特别着重于转会信息和知识的转变方面。[5]事实上,尽管关于产业集群的研究已经通过经济发展、战略管理、知识共享,技术溢出的检验,但是很少有制度系统给产业集群带来的竞争优势进行
研究。李维所介绍的, [6]产业集群分为两种类型:垂直整合集群与横向集成集群。第一种集群是“由相关联的买卖关系的产业组成的”,第二种集群是“可能有最终产品的共同市场,使用常见的技术或劳动力技能,或要求相似的自然资源”。[6] 本文所检验的软件工业园所指的是第二种集群类型的一部分。
参考文献：
[1]Porter ME.The competitive advantage of nations.New York:Free Press;1990.
[2]Doeringer PB,Terkla DG.Business strategy and cross-industry clusters. Economic Development Quarterly 1995;9:225–37.
[3]Leveen J.Industry Cluster Literature Review.Available from:www.planning.unc.edu/cours/261/leveen/litrev.htm.
[4]Connecticut Industry Clusters.State of Connecticut.Department of Economic and Community Development. Available from :v/ecd/cwp/view.asp?a?1100&q?249794.
[5]Heeks R.Software strategies in developing countries 1999.Working paper ries.Available from:/intradoc/groups/public/ documents/NISPAcee/UNPAN015540.pdf.
[6]Industry Clusters.University of North Carolina.Available from:www.planning.unc.edu/cours/261/leveen/.
外文原文一：
Competitive advantage in an industry cluster:The ca of Dalian Software Park in China
Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla Griffy-Brown
[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.
Abstract: This paper explores the competitive advantage of Chine software parks for promoting industrial development. The industry clusters provide competitive advantage becau they are rooted in local institutional systems. Taking the ca of Dalian Software
Park in China, this analysis is conducted qualitatively bad on Porter’s ‘‘diamond’’ model, SWOT framework and interview results. Industry clusters, which encompass a ries of inter- connected firms in designated geographic concentrations, show competitive advantages for industrial development with substantial resources rooted in local institutional systems including government, industry and academia aspects. In order to successfully navigate the economic paradigm shift from mass manufacturing production to innovative new product development in China, it is esntial that the competitive advantages of industry clusters are strengthened and sustained in order to enhance industrial development, generate innovation and increa regional economic growth.
Keywords: Competitive advantage；Industry cluster；Local institutional systems；Dalian Software Park；China；Technology parks；Innovation；Regional growth
Industry cluster
“Industry cluster’’ is a current concept in economic development, also popularized by Port
er[1].As a recognized expert in global economic strategies, he discuss the power of industry clusters to advance regional economies. He writes: The concept of ‘‘clusters,’’ or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers, related industries, and institutions that ari in particular locations, has become a new way for companies and governments to think about economies, asss the competitive advantage of locations, and t public policy. However, there has been no exact definition of ‘‘industry cluster’’ until now. Recent rearch by Doeringer and Terkla[2]and Leveen[3]examine the literature regarding industry clusters and identify them as‘‘geographical concentrations of industries that gain performance advantages through co-location’’.‘‘Geographical concentration’’is the key that defines the basic but distinctive characteristic of an industry cluster.As a specialized concentration of firms and industries in a region, they usually have common markets, and share common suppliers, trade, or education institutes, and intangible things like know-how and information; similarly, they also may face similar opportunities and threats. There are many industry cluster development models in countries around the world. For example, in the U.S., Silicon Valley (California) and Route 128(Massachutts)are well-k
nown industry clusters. The former is famous for microelectronics, biotechnology, and venture capital markets while the latter is well known for its software, computer, and communications hardware [4].
The reasons why software firms tend to cluster were analyzed, with a special focus on the transfer of infor-mation and knowledge [5]. In fact, although rearch about industry clusters has been examined from the perspectives of economic development, strategic management, knowledge sharing, and technology spillover, there is little rearch that address the competitive advantage offered by industry clusters that are bad on institutional systems.
As introduced by Leveen[6],industry clusters can be classified into two types :vertically integrated clusters and horizontally integrated clusters. The first type of cluster is ‘‘made up of industries that are linked through buyer-ller relationships’’; the cond one ‘‘includes industries which might share a common market for the end products, u a common technology or labor force skills, or require similar natural resources’’ [6].The soft
ware parks that we examine in this paper can be considered part of the cond type.
