托福写作词汇的选择和替换
在ETS规定的托福独立作文评分标准中，有一项是针对词汇和表达的：
五分标准：Displays consistent facility in the u of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.
四分标准：Displays facility in the u of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or u of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning
大家注意到上文红色字体的要求了吗？翻译成中文即为：展示句法的多样性和词汇量。本文将从高中词汇3500的替换和托福写作高频词的替换来谈谈托福写作词汇的选择和词汇量的展示。
一、高中词汇3500的替换
很多同学在托福写作中抱怨不知如何达到评分标准中关于展示词汇量的要求，如何在作文中展示自己的词汇量呢？其实做法很简单，我们只需要在正确的语境下选择正确的词汇，以及在适当情况下替换一些同义词即可。说的通俗一些就是在表达相同意思时，多多替换同义
词，尽量不使用重复词汇。做到上述两项的前提是要有一定的词汇量，这里的词汇量指大学英语四\六级或更高一级的词汇，假使考生们词汇使用仍停留在高中3500的范围，是没有办法达到标准的。下面10个高中3500的词汇是需要被换掉的。
1. think---- assume, hold, maintain, argue, claim, deem, reckon
比如在表达个人观点时，中文里说“我认为”，英文里最简单，最常见的是“I think”。如果通篇作文在表达“我认为”的时候都使用“I think”，这就叫做没有展示出词汇量，我们应该选择“think”的同意表达来进行替换，比如：assume, hold, maintain, argue, claim, deem, reckon。
以上词汇均为动词，使用时一般后面用宾语从句：
· I deem it wi to say that the advantages of Internet outweigh its disadvantages.
2. good---- positive, beneficial, effective, constructive, superior
再比如，写作时高频使用到“好”这个形容词，英文里最简单的表达是“good”，可替换的同义词有：positive, beneficial, effective, constructive, superior。
以上词汇均为形容词，看几个具体例子：
· It is a beneficial practice to t up kindergartens near the communities.
有益处的
· This enables us to find constructive ways to cope with the challenge.
建设性的
3. bad——negative, harmful, damaging, deteriorating, inferior
Bad涵盖一个很广泛的“坏的”概念，语境不同则需要更为准确选择恰当词汇。例句中的第一句表达的是“低等的，劣质的”的坏；第二句中用deteriorate的现在分词做形容词表达“日益恶化的”。
· The inferior medical facilities in some rural areas are harmful to the treatment.
· Measures need to be carried out to improve the deteriorating environment.
4. get——obtain, gain, acquire, achieve, have access to
下面这两句表达了相同句意，但词汇量展示完全不同。第一句使用了satisfy和get;第二句中satisfy替换为cater for，而get这个简单词汇则替换为更为准确和地道的have access to。所以第二句中的选词更准确，词汇量有展示，且使用表达地道。
· Air transport can satisfy the basic needs of tho people who can hardly get the daily necessities.
· Air transport can cater for the basic needs of tho people who have almost no access to tho daily necessities
5. make——enable, cau, lead to
Make在口语中可大量灵活使用，但在写作中则需要更为书面化的语言来替换。
· Removing itlf from the Chine market would enable Google to u its superior technology to create tools for urs to circumvent Internet censorship.
谷歌撤离中国可以使它得以运用自己的技术专长为用户开发出能绕开互联网审查的工具。
6. have——own, posss
own, posss皆有“拥有”之意，posss还有“持有”和“掌握”的意思。且看例句：
E.g. Students with overas study experience posss competitive advantages in the job market.
7. help——assist, facilitate , act as a contributing factor to
该词可替换的选择很多，assist, facilitate皆为及物动词，且非常书面化，后面直接跟宾语，有“协助，促进”的意思。也可用如下短语，该短语也可转化为contribute to来使用：
& Cooperation acts as a significant contributing factor to the development of society.
8. u——utilize, exploit, take advantage of
替换后的三个词均有利用之意，其中动词短语应该是大家比较熟悉的表达，口头和书面表达均可用；前两个动词则更书面化，皆有“利用，使用”之意。
The local government may take advantage of the fiscal revenue brought by tourism to improve the living standard of the locals.
9. many ---- plenty of, a large number of, numerous, a wealth of, a host of
E.g. A large number of foreign visitors are flooding into our country.
10. more and more ---- the number of … is on a ri
---- A growing/increasing/expanding number of
试比较下列两个句子中more and more和替换表达之间的区别：
E.g. 1. More and more people think that more and more TV advertiments waste us more and more time.
E.g. 2. A growing number of people hold that the time wasted on increasing TV comme
rcials is on a ri.
例句1有三处地方用到more and more，用词不仅简单，而且重复，整个句子显得呆板无变化。
例句2分别将三个more and more替换成a growing number of , increasing, on the ri，不仅用词准确，且富于变化。
二、托福写作高频词的替换
在前面讲解中，大家了解到托福作文选词的重要性，从这次开始我们讲一讲托福写作中一些高频词汇如development, important, people, reason, advantage, disadvantage, should, ignore, focus on, solve, change, oppo的替换。这些词使用频率很高，但不能每次出现都用一样的表达，需要向考官展示的词汇量就在这里露一手吧！
1. people—individuals, citizen, the public, tho who… advocate, opponent
Individuals指个体复数
Citizen是公民
the public是大众或公众
tho who…可看成句型，意为“那些…的人
advocate这里作名词，重音在第一个音节，意为：支持者，提倡者
opponent反对者
下面来看例句：
A large number of individuals are more apt to ek informal support from family and friends.
The advocates insist that the school uniform can foster a n of belonging, while the opponents argue that students’ creativity will be restrained.
2. Development——progress, progression, advancement, improvement, growth, flourish, prosperity, boost
Develop——improve, promote, enhance, strengthen, upgrade, boost
“发展，进步”，名词词性和动词词性时分别的替换词
progress, progression皆为名词，意为“进步”
advancement名词，advance动词，意为“高级，向上的运动”
improvement名词，improve动词，意为“改善”
promote 动词：促进，提升
enhance动词，enhancement 名词：加强，增强
flourish动名词同形：繁荣兴旺
boost动名词同形：繁荣兴旺
例句：International tourism can promote the growth of the local economy.
3. 重要的----Important, significant, esntial, critical, crucial, vital
以上词汇均为形容词，都有“重要的，意义重大的，核心的”的意思，建议考生轮流替换着使用，尽量不重复使用同一个词。
重视----highlight, emphasize, focus on, attach importance to, give priority to
以上词汇和表达皆为动词或动词词组，意为“突出，强调”。后三个是动词+介词的动词词组，所以与动词搭配的“on”和“to”都是介词，请大家注意在介词后要接名词或动名词成分，使用时请写符合语法规则的句子。看例子：
E.g. The government should attach importance to the construction of infrastructure which is esntial to the public.
4.忽视，轻视----Ignore, neglect, overlook, turn a blind eye to /be blind to, fail to take into account
以上词汇中的前三个是动词，皆为“忽视，疏忽”之意；后几个为词组，具体来看：
turn a blind eye to是动词词组，意思是对….视而不见
to be blind to 是形容词词组，意思同上
两者后的“to”都是介词，后接名词或动名词成分。看例子：
E.g. We cannot turn a blind eye to the negative influence of technological advancement.
最后一个动词词组fail to take into account直译为没有把…纳入考虑，意译为忽视。看例子：
E.g. The report fails to take into account all the mitigating factors.
5. reason—cau, factor, contributor, trigger
以上词汇均为名词，作“原因，理由”讲，建议大家轮流替换使用。看例子：
E.g. One of the major contributors to the unemployment is the fierce social competition.
6.应该----should
以下是should的替换，可以看成是句型，出现在1,2,4个句型中的“to”是动词不定时的标
志，所以后面要用动词原形：
It is sb’s responsibility to do sth. 做…是某人的责任
It is necessary for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做…是必要的
need to be done 需要被…
be suppod to do sth. 应该做…
E.g. It is the government’s responsibility to upgrade the public transportation at all cost.
7. advantage--merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength
disadvantage--demerit, defect, drawback, downside, weakness
好处、坏处或者是优势、劣势，这些概念常常用在托福作文里，最高频的用法就是advantage和disadvantage，但实际上我们还有很多选择。
首先来看advantage的替换：merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength，这些词汇均为名词
Merit 优点，功绩
Virtue 美德，优点
Benefit 益处，好处
Upside 有利面，优点
Strength 长处
接着看disadvantage的替换：demerit, defect, drawback, downside, weakness，这些词汇均为名词
Demerit 缺点，短处
Defect 缺点，不足之处
Drawback 不利条件
Downside 不利方面
Weakness 弱点
来看例子：
E.g. In contrast, the merits of Internet outweigh its demerits.
8.起…作用
该表达在托福作文中也是超高频出现的，这里介绍三种类似表达：
√ Play a (an) … role/part 动词短语，这一种是最常用的说法，直译为扮演…角色，引申为起到…的作用role/part的前面可按需要添加表示程度的形容词。看例子：
E.g. So I feel like psychology is just going to play a major role.
√ Exert a (an) … part in … 动词短语中的Exert是“发挥，产生，施加”的意思
& Students as teaching mesnger exert important part in teaching management.
√ Perform a function动词短语，起到作用
E.g. The posterior hypothalamus performs the function of defen against cold.
9. 影响
√Have an effect on对…有影响
E.g. Professional writers realize that they cannot hope to have an effect on the reader precily as they wish without care and practice in the u of words.
√Exert a … influence on…
E.g. This reform will exert influence onChina’s financial ctor for as long as 20, or even 30, years.
√Exerci a (an)… impact on…
E.g. The over-farming exercis a damaging impact on endangered animals.
10.反驳，驳斥（综合写作）
下列词汇主要用在综合写作部分，表示反驳，驳斥的意思
contradict，challenge, conflict with, deny, oppo, is oppod to, cast doubt on, counter, refute
顺便再附送一个综合作文的模板：
Both reading and listening materials focus on ___话题____. The author anticipates that ______阅读材料立场__________, while the speaker prents his/her opposite thoughts.
As the reading passage declares, ___阅读分论点1_______. In contrast, the professor stress _______听力分论点1________. Thus, the assumption of the author is verely weakened.
Second, the reading passage maintains that ____阅读分论点2________. Again, this is retorted by the lecture, which asrts that ____听力分论点2________. Obviously, this forms a sharp contradiction against what is stated by the writer.
Finally, the author takes it for granted that ____阅读分论点3________. Yet the professor insists that ________听力分论点2__________.
