2019年全国卷
D
During the rosy years of elementary school (小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They ro in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found mylf.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status ekers. The likables’plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have emed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant conquences. Tho who were highest in status in high school, as well as tho least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status bad on student surveys (调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had tho who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date — sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other rearch, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is
likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for tho outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the cond paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular. B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills. D. The caus of dishonorable behavior.
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice — You Won’t Finish Last B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best — You Can Make It D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
2019年全国卷
D
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the pa
st two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re clo to a solution (解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, prent it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “The kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of.
