2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语（二）
Section I U of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choo the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Happy people work differently.They're more productive,more creative,and willing to take greater risks.And new rearch suggests that happiness might influence___1__firms work,too.
Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent rearch paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D(rearch and development).That's becau happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.
The rearchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.cities'average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in tho areas.
__7__enough,firms'investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But it is really happiness that's linked to investment,or could something el about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out,the rearchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest—like size,industry,and sales—and for indicators that a place
was__11__to live in,like growth in wages or population.The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for the things.
The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms,which the authors__13__to"less codified decision-making process"and the possible prence of"younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by ntiment."The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms em to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than in places with happiness inequality.
__17__this doesn't prove that happiness caus firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view,the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility.It's not hard to imagine that local culture and ntiment would help__19__how executives think about the future."It surely ems plausible tha
t happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,"said one rearcher.
1.[A]why[B]where[C]how[D]when
2.[A]In return[B]In particular[C]In contrast[D]In conclusion
3.[A]sufficient[B]famous[C]perfect[D]necessary
4.[A]individualism[B]modernism[C]optimism[D]realism
5.[A]echo[B]miss[C]spoil[D]change
6.[A]imagined[B]measured[C]invented[D]assumed
7.[A]Sure[B]Odd[C]Unfortunate[D]Often
8.[A]advertid[B]divided[C]overtaxed[D]headquartered
9.[A]explain[B]overstate[C]summarize[D]emphasize
10.[A]stages[B]factors[C]levels[D]methods
11.[A]desirable[B]sociable[C]reputable[D]reliable
12.[A]resumed[B]held[C]emerged[D]broke
13.[A]attribute[B]assign[C]transfer[D]compare
14.[A]rious[B]civilized[C]ambitious[D]experienced
15.[A]thus[B]instead[C]also[D]never
16.[A]rapidly[B]regularly[C]directly[D]equally
17.[A]After[B]Until[C]While[D]Since
18.[A]arrives[B]jumps[C]hints[D]strikes
19.[A]shape[B]rediscover[C]simplify[D]share
20.[A]pray for[B]lean towards[C]give away[D]nd out
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
It's true that high-school coding class aren't esntial for learning computer science in college."Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory cours,said Tom Cortina,the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science.
"However",Cortina said,"early exposure is beneficial."When younger kids learn computer science,they learn that it's not just a confusing,endless string of letters and numbers—but a tool to build apps,or create artwork,or test hypothes.It's not as hard for them to transform their thought process as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal."Giving more children this training could increa the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,"Cortina said.
Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college,where introductory computer-science class are packed to the brim,which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.
The Flatiron School,where people pay to learn programming,started as one of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a career change.The high-schoolers get the same curriculum,but"we try to gear lessons toward things they're interested in,"said Victoria Friedman,an instructor.For instance,one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies bad on your mood.
The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover,so the"Ruby on Rails"language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market."But the skills they learn—how to think logically through a problem and organize the results—apply to any coding language,"said Deborah Seehorn,an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
Indeed,the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpo of the class.The kids are going to be surrounded by computers—in their pockets,i
n their offices,in their homes—for the rest of their lives.The younger they learn how computers think,how to coax the machine into producing what they want—the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.
21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.
[A]complete future job training
[B]remodel the way of thinking
[C]formulate logical hypothes
[D]perfect artwork production
22.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers,Flatiron has considered their____.
[A]experience
[B]academic backgrounds
[C]career prospects
[D]interest
23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.
[A].help students learn other computer languages
[B].have to be upgraded when new technologies come
[C]need improving when students look for jobs
[D]enable students to make big quick money
24.According to the last paragraph,Flatiron students are expected to____.
[A]compete with a future army of programmers
[B]stay longer in the information technology industry
[C]become better prepared for the digitalized world
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[D]bring forth innovative computer technologies
25.The word"coax"(Para.6)is clost in meaning to____.
[A]challenge
[B]persuade
[C]frighten
[D]Misguide
Text2
Biologists estimate that as many as2million lesr prairie chickens—a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.But just some22,000birds remain today,occupying about16%of the species'historic range.
The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened."The lesr prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,"said USFWS Director Dani
el Ashe.Some environmentalists,however,were disappointed.They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as"endangered,"a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued that the"threatened"tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new,potentially less confrontational conrvation approaches.In particular,they called for forging clor collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated95%of the prairie chicken's habitat.
Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not procute landowner or business that unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird,as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and business that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with2new acres of suitable habitat.The fund will also be ud to compensate landowners who t aside habitat.USFWS also t an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of67,000birds over the next10years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies(WAFWA),a coalition of state agencies,the job of monitoring progress.Overall,the idea is to let"states remain in the driver's at for managing the species," Ashe said.
Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric.Some Congress members are trying to block the plan,and at least a dozen industry groups,four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court.Not surprisingly,industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far;enviornmentalists doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,"says biologist Jay Lininger.
26.The major reason for listing the lesr prairie as threatened is____.
[A]its drastically decread population
[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage
[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists
[D]the insistence of private landowners
27.The"threatened"tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____.
[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure
[B]would involve fewer agencies in action
[C]granted less federal regulatory power
[D]went against conrvation policies
28.It can be learned from Paragraph3that unintentional harm-doers will not be procuted if they_____.
[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation
[B]volunteer to t up an equally big habitat
[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job
[D]promi to rai funds for USFWS operations
29.According to Ashe,the leading role in managing the species lies in_____.
[A]the federal government
[B]the wildlife agencies
[C]the landowners
[D]the states
30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_____.
[A]industry groups
[B]the win-win rhetoric
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[C]environmental groups
[D]the plan under challenge
Text3
That everyone's too busy the days is a cliché.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't em sufficient.The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read:"Give up TV"or"Carry a book
with you at all times". But in my experience,using such methods to free up the odd30minutes doesn't work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning or el you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need.The modern mind,Tim Parks,a novelist and critic,writes,"is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted;it is that one is actually inclined to interruption".Deep reading requires not just time,but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact,"becoming more efficient"is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximized means you approach it instrumentally;judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading,by contrast,depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it
as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focud reading—uful,sometimes,but not the most fulfilling kind."The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,"writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and"we feel a pressure to fill the different-sized bottles(days,hours, minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled,we will have wasted them".No mind-t could be wor for losing yourlf in a book.
So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly,scheduling regular times for reading.You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-t,but in fact,Eberle notes,such ritualistic behaviour helps us"step outside time's flow"into"soul time".You could limit distractions by reading only physical books,or on single-purpo e-readers."Carry a
book with you at all times"can actually work,too—providing you dip in often enough,so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business,before dropping back down.On a really good day,it no longer feels as if you're"making time to read",but just reading,and making time for everything el.
31.The usual time-management techniques don't work becau_____.
[A]what they can offer does not ea the modern mind
[B]what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
[C]what people often forget is carrying a book with them
[D]what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
32.The"empty bottles"metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to_____.
[A]update their to-do lists
[B]make passing time fulfilling
[C]carry their plans through[D]
pursue carefree reading
33.Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps_____.
[A]encourage the efficiency mind-t
[B]develop online reading habits
[C]promote ritualistic reading
[D]achieve immersive reading
34."Carry a book with you at all times"can work if_____.
[A]reading becomes your primary business of the day
[B]all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
[C]you are able to drop back to business after reading
[D]time can be evenly split for reading and business
35.The best title for this text could be_____.
[A]How to Enjoy Easy Reading
[B]How to Find Time to Read
[C]How to Set Reading Goals
[D]How to Read Extensively
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Text4
Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new21st-century road map to success,a latest poll has found.
Across generational lines,Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life,including getting married,having children,owning a home,and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public rvices and a faster pace of life,to agree that couples should be financially cure before getting married or having children,and to maintain that children are best rved by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.
From career to community and family,the contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the aring Great Recession,tho just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life,from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.
Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.While youn
ger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for tho starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe tho"just getting started in life"face a tougher good-paying job,starting a family,managing debt, and finding affordable housing.
Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider,a27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.Even now that he is working steadily,he said. "I can't afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own,so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen."Looking back,he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young."I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn't have college degrees,"Schneider said,"I don't think people are capable of that anymore."
36.One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.
[A]trying out different lifestyles
[B]having a family with children[C]
working beyond retirement age[D]
tting up a profitable business
37.It can be learned from Paragraph3that young people tend to____.
[A]favor a slower life pace
[B]hold an occupation longer
[C]attach importance to pre-marital finance
[D]give priority to childcare outside the home
38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will____.
[A]become increasingly clear
[B]focus on materialistic issues
[C]depend largely on political preferences[D]
reach almost all aspects of American life
39.Both young and old agree that____.
[A]good-paying jobs are less available
[B]the old made more life achievements
[C]housing loans today are easy to obtain
[D]getting established is harder for the young
40.Which of the following is true about Schneider?
[A]He found a dream job after graduating from college.
[B]His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.
[C]His parents'good life has little to do with a college degree.
[D]He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for
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