直接引语和间接引语的讲解
直接引语(Direct Speech):当我们引用别人的话语时,若引用的是原话,被引用的部分叫直接引语。间接引语(Indirect Speech):当我们引用别人的话语时,也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来,这种转述的别人说话的部分叫做间接引语。
例句:1. She said ,” I like English very much. “ 她说:“我非常喜欢英语”。(直接引语)
2. She said she liked English very much. 她说她非常喜欢英语。 (间接引语)
一、直接引语与间接引语的转化
A、人称
人称变化可以遵循如下顺口溜“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化,如:
She said. “My brother wants to go with me.”
→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人“你”所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称,如:
He said to Kate,"How is your sister now?"
→He asked Kate how her sister was then.
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化,如:
Mr. Smith said,“Jack is a good worker.”
→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.
B、时态
直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的调整。其基本法则和我们刚刚学过的宾语从句的时态变化一致,也就是说从句时态要和主句时态一致。如果从句是过去时,主句要向后退一格时态,变成一种过去时。
1. She said. “I have lost a pen.” →She said she had lost a pen.
(现在完成→ 过去完成)
2. She said. “We hope so.” →She said they hoped so.
(一般现在 → 一般过去)
3. She said,“He will go to e his friend。”
→She said he would go to e his friend. (一般将来 → 过去将来)
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。如:
“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth”, the teacher
told me.
→ The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变。如:
Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”
→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
如:
Xiao Wang said,“I was born on April 20, 1980.”
→Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。如:
He said, “I get up at six every morning.”
→He said he gets up at six every morning.
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:ought to,had better,ud to)和已经是
过去时的形式时,(例:could, should, would, might)不再变。如:
Peter said,“You had better come have today.”
→Peter said I had better go there that day.
C. 陈述句的间接引语
直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句,引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时,间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所
变化,其中人称的变化与汉语的变化是一致的。
例1)John said, “I’ve been late again.”
→ John said that he had been late again.
例2)She said ,”We are very fond of sports.”
→ She said that they were very fond of sports.
D.疑问句的间接引语
1.一般疑问句
一般疑问句改为间接引语时,要用陈述语序,并要加连词if 或 whether,其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。
例1)My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music ?”
→ My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music.
重要提示:
if 和whether 一般可通用,但
whether可以和or not 连用,if不能。
例:I asked her whether she had visited the muum two days before or not.
2. 反意疑问句
反意疑问句转述为间接引语时,要把它看成是一般疑问句,即句型为陈述句,在句子前面加if或whether,往往后面还要加上or not,常用whether……or not.
例1)She cried, ”You have made a big mistake, haven’t you ?”
→ She cried whether I had made a big mistake or not.
3.否定的一般疑问句和选择问句
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时,用whether……or not连接。
例1)She said, Don't you know my telephone number
→ She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not.
例2)Do you like this one or that one Tom asked.
→ Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one.
4.特殊疑问句
间接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句,注意从句必须用陈述语序,主句谓语动词常用ask。
例1)He asked, “How do you like it ?”
→ He asked me how I liked it.
例2)She asked me, “What's the matter with you?”
→ She asked me what was the matter with me.
例3)”How many books do you have?” she asked.
→ She asked me how many books I had.
E. 祈使句的间接引语
1.直接引语为祈使句时,间接引语往往用复合宾来表示,其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(动词不定式)。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词,句中plea去掉。
例1)She said to me, “Plea have a rest. “
→ She asked me to have a rest.
例2)”Don't all answer at once”, she said to the pupils.
→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once.
2.带有let的祈使句(表示请求,建议或命令),可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。
例1)”Let's go for a walk”, said the girl.
→ The girl suggested going for a walk.
例2)The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.”
→ The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom.
F. 感叹句的间接引语
1.直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时,多采用宾语从句结构,既可用what或how引导,也可用that引导。
例1)”What a clever boy you are!” My teacher said to him.
→ My teacher told him what a clever boy he was.
→ My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy.
例2)She said,” How interesting the film is !”
→ She said that how interesting the film was.
2.有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思,采用适当的动词变为陈述句,不需用间接宾语来转述。
例1) “Help! “he cried.