直接引语和间接引语的讲解
直接引语（Direct Speech）：当我们引用别人的话语时，若引用的是原话，被引用的部分叫直接引语。
间接引语（Indirect Speech）：当我们引用别人的话语时，也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来，这种转述的别人说话的部分叫做间接引语。
典型例句：1. She said ,” I like English very much. “ （直接引语）
（她说：“我非常喜欢英语”。）
典型例句：2. She said she liked English very much. （间接引语）
（她说她非常喜欢英语。）
一、直接引语与间接引语的转化
A. 陈述句的间接引语
直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化，其中人称的变化与汉语的变化是一致的。
例1）John said, “I’ve been late again.”
→ John said that he had been late again.
例2）She said ,”We are very fond of sports.”
→ She said that they were very fond of sports.
B.疑问句的间接引语
1．一般疑问句
一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。
例1）My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music ”
→ My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music.
重要提示：
if 和whether 一般可通用，但
whether可以和or not 连用，if不能。
例：I asked her whether she had visited the muum two days before or not.
2. 反意疑问句
反意疑问句转述为间接引语时，要把它看成是一般疑问句，即句型为陈述句，在句子前面加if或whether，往往后面还要加上or not，常用whether……or not.
例1）She cried, ”You have made a big mistake, haven’t you ”
→ She cried whether I had made a big mistake or not.
3．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whether……or not连接。
例1）She said, Don't you know my telephone number
→ She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not.
例2）Do you like this one or that one Tom asked.
→ Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one.
4．特殊疑问句
间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。
例1）He asked, “How do you like it ”
→ He asked me how I liked it.
例2）She asked me, “What's the matter with you”
→ She asked me what was the matter with me.
例3）”How many books do you have” she asked.
→ She asked me how many books I had.
C. 祈使句的间接引语
1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词，句中plea去掉。
例1）She said to me, “Plea have a rest. “
→ She asked me to have a rest.
例2）”Don't all answer at once”, she said to the pupils.
→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once.
2．带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。
例1）”Let's go for a walk”, said the girl.
→ The girl suggested going for a walk.
例2）The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.”
→ The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom.
D. 感叹句的间接引语
1．直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。
例1）”What a clever boy you are!” My teacher said to him.
→ My teacher told him what a clever boy he was.
→ My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy.
例2）She said,” How interesting the film is !”
→ She said that how interesting the film was.
2．有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。
例1） “Help! “he cried.
→ He called for help.
例2）”Happy Christmas!” he said.
→ He wished me a happy Christmas.
E. “Would you plea …… “ 如何变为间接引语
“ Would you plea …… “虽然是个一般疑问句，但它表示的是”请求”,变为间接引语时，一般用动词不定式来表示。
句型：主语+ ask / invite +宾语+不定式
例1）”Would you plea have lunch with me tomorrow ” Mr Zhou asked me.
→ Mr Zhou asked / invited me to have lunch with him the next day.
二、间接引语中的词语变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
A. 时态的变化
直接引语转化为间接引语时，主句动词的时态若是过去时，间接引语的时态要变为相应的过去时态。
直接引语中的时态 | 间接引语中的时态 |
一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
一般过去时、现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
过去完成时 | 过去完成时（不变） |
一般将来时 | 过去将来时 |
现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
现在完成进行时 | 过去完成进行时 |
shall | should |
should | should（不变） |
will | would |
would | would（不变） |
may | might |
might | might（不变） |
can | could |
could | could（不变） |
| |
例1）She said ,” I like maths very much.” (一般现在时)
→ She said that she liked maths very much. (一般过去时)
例2）He said, “ I’ve never en this man .” （现在完成时）
→ He said that he had never en that man. （过去完成时）
例3）Joe said ,” I’m listening to music in my room.” （现在进行时）
→ Joe said that he was listening to music in his room. （过去进行时）
重要提示1 ：当引语表示一般真理或客观事实时，转化为间接引语时时态不变，并且要使用一般现在时。如：
例1）He asked, “ which star is the biggest ”
→ He asked which star is the biggest .
例2) The teacher told us ,”The earth goes around the sun.”
→ The teacher told us the earth goes around the sun.
重要提示2：当直接引语有确定的过去时间时，时态不需变化。
