direct speech and indirect speech
直接引语间接引语
一． 什么是直接引语和间接引语
引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。
Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。（直接引语）
Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。（宾语从句是间接引语）
二．它们的区别
两者的符号不同
直接引语前有逗号“，”
直接引语后有双引号 “”
三．如何把直接引语变成间接引语
1 直接引语出现的第一人称，无论是主格、宾格，根据意思改变人称。如：
He said: “My mother is a teacher.”---------
He said his mother was a teacher.
2. 若主句谓语动词是一般过去时， 直接引语变成间接引语要调整时态。请看下表：
直接引语 | 间接引语 |
现在时 现在完成时 现在进行时 过去时 过去完成时 将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 过去进行时 | 过去时 过去完成时 过去进行时 过去完成时 不变 过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去完成进行时 |
| |
2、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
指示代词 | this/the | that/tho |
时间状语 | now | then |
today | that day |
tonight | that night |
this week (month…) | that week (month…) |
yesterday | the day before |
last week (month…) | the week (month…)before |
two weeks (month)ago | two weeks (months)before |
tomorrow | the next day |
next week (month…) | the next week (month…) |
地点状语 | here | there |
动 词 | come | go |
bring | take |
| | |
3. 句型的调整
(1)直接引语是疑问句时
直接引语如为疑问句，改为间接引语时，须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序。其人称、时态等相应的变化同上。
巧记：if(或whether)替引号，陈述语序要记牢。时态、人称和状语要变化，千万别把它忘掉。
1、直接引语是一般问句
变为间接引语时，须用连接词whether或if将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语，可以加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, them, us等。
She said, “Is your father an engineer?” 她说：“你父亲是工程师吗?”
→She asked me whether my father was an engineer.她问我说我父亲是否是工程师。
The teacher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework?”老师对李明说：“你做完作业了吗?”
→The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老师问李明是否已做完作业了。
2、直接引语是特殊问句
如果直接引语为特殊疑问句, 改为间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what, where, when, who, how many作为连接词将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。
巧记：直接去引号，陈述语序莫忘掉。助动do(does)、did，要去掉。
“What do you do every Sunday morning?”my friend said to me.我的朋友问我说，每星期天上午你做什么?
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning. 我的朋友问我每星期天上午我做什么。
“Where have you been, Li Ming?”the teacher asked. 老师问道：“你上哪里去了，李明?”
→The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been. 老师问李明曾去过哪儿。
注意： 直接引语里是：What's wrong with……?/What's the matter? /What's the trouble?/What has happened?/等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。
He said to her“What’s the matter with you?”他问她“你怎么了？”
He asked her what was the matter with her. 他问她怎么了。
四、直接引语是祈使句
巧记：去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。
转述祈使句时，要使祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有plea一词,改为间接引语时，就将plea去掉。成为：told (asked, ordered, warned)someone (not)to do something结构。
He said,“Sit down, plea.” 他说：“请坐。”
→He asked me to sit down. 他让我坐下。
The teacher said, “Don’t talk in class! ” 老师说：“上课不要讲话! ”
→The teacher told us not to talk in class!老师要我们上课不要讲话。
The captain said to his men,“Fire! ”上尉对他的士兵们说“开火！”
→The captain ordered his men to fire. 上尉命令他的士兵们开火！
The policeman said to the children,“Don't play football in the middle of the street.”警察对孩子们说：“别在马路中间踢足球。”
→The policeman warned the children not to play football in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子们不要在马路中间踢足球。
练习：
I. 请选出正确的答案：
1. “You’ve already got well， haven’t you？” she asked.
→She asked ________.
A. if I have already got well， hadn’t you
B. whether I had already got well
C. have I already got well
D. had I already got well.
2. He asked ， “ Are you a Party member or a League member？”
→He asked me _________.
A. am I a Party member or a League member
B. was I a Party member or a League member
C. if I was a Party member or a League member
D. whether was I a Party member or a League member.
3. He asked， “How are you getting along？” →He asked _______.
A. how am I getting along
B. how are you getting along
C. how I was getting along
D. how was I getting along
4. He asked me ________ with me.
A. what the matter is B. what the mater was
C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter
5. He said， “Don’t do that again.” He _____ me _______ that again.
A. said to me； not to do B. said to me； don’t do
C. told me； don’t do D. told me； not to do
6. Can you make sure ___________？
A. that he will come here today B. when he will come here today
C. will he come here today D. whether will he come here today
7. Do you happen to know ________？
A. where is her address B. in which place is her address
C. what her address is D. the place her address is
8. Excu me， but can you tell me ___________？
A. where can I get to the library B. where I can get to the library
