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ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGY
Liu Yanlou
CONTENTS
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER TWO RESEARCH METHODS CHAPTER THREE CONGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER FIVE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER SIX ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER SEVEN SKILLS OF READING CHAPTER EIGHT SKILLS OF WRITING
CHAPTER ONE
Abstract Writing ? Writing in Social Sciences ? Writing in Natural Sciences
READINGS
心理学专业英语基础 心理学·教育学专业英语 改变心理学的40项研究（中文版，英 文版）
RESOURCES
英语字典（牛津，朗文） 现代英汉-汉英心理学词汇
Chapter 1
What is psychology ?
What is psychology ?
1. DEFINITIONS 2. THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP
What is psychology ?
1.DEFINITIONS: The word "Psychology" is derived from two Greek roots:"Psyche",meaning "mind" or "soul" and "Logos",meaning "study of". Psychology, therefore,literally means "study of the mind".
However,a more recent definition by Atkinson al(1991) suggests that psychology is: "The scientific study of behaviour and mental process" et
What is psychology ?
DEFINITIONS: The word "Psychology" is derived from two Greek roots: "Psyche", meaning "mind" or "soul" and "Logos", meaning "study of".
derive：派生 roots：词根 mind：心灵；精神 soul：灵魂；心灵；精神
心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出 来的，psyche的意思是心灵或精神，logos的意思是 对……研究。
Psychology, therefore,literally means "study of the mind".
therefore：因此 literally ：根据字面意思
因此，从字面上来讲，心理的意思就是对于心灵(意识)的 研究。
However,a more recent definition by Atkinson et al(1991) suggests that psychology is: "The scientific study of behaviour and mental process"
suggest：认为，建议，提议
然而，Atkinson（1991）等人提出了一个较新的定义，“心 理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学研究”。 心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。
Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit misleading, since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be studied.
misleading：误导的，令人误解的，引入歧途 subject：主题，科目
然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为 无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义 没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应 该如何研究也存在
巨大的分歧。
What is psychology？
2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM? Psychology developed from 标题内容 areas of study: three main
PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy：哲学
BIOLOGY
Biology：生物学
PHYSICS
Physics：物理学
心理学的来源？ 心理学是从三个主要的研究领域发展而来的：哲学、生物学、 物理学。
PHILOSOPHY
Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.Two more rencent philosop
hical influences on the development of psychology as a science were: 1 Empiricism - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively obrvable, such as behaviour. 2 Positivism - which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.
PHILOSOPHY
Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.
investigate：调查，研究，探讨 outline：概述，提出……的纲要 such as：像，诸如，例如[用于举例]
心理学研究的很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出（概 要）的。比如说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle等。
PHILOSOPHY
Two more recent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were: 1 Empiricism - which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively obrvable, such as behaviour. 2 Positivism - which argued that the methods and principles of science should be
applied to human behaviour.
argue：认为，提出……观点，辩论
当今对于心理学作为科学的发展，对于它的两个哲学性影响是： 1经验主义——认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据，比如 说行为。 2实证主义——认为科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的 研究中。
TIPS：
empiricism:the belief in basing your ideas on practical experience. ? positivism：a kind of PHILOSOPHY that is bad only on real facts which can be scientifically proved, rather than on ideas.
BIOLOGY
Biology has two important influences: 1 Evolution - Darwin's suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour. 2 Physiology - the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, an
d endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.
BIOLOGY
1 Evolution - Darwin's suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals. The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and
understanding of bahaviour.
Evolution：进化论 suggestion：建议，意见，观点 implication：含义，影响，（可引申为意义）
进化论——Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因 理论（遗传学）是由其理论发展而来的，在基因领域的发现， 对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。
BIOLOGY
2 Physiology - the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession, of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.
physiology：生理学 medical profession：医疗职业 significantly：重大地，客观地
endocrine system：内分泌系统
生理学领域尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统的结 构和功能的发现，对于理解行为有重大的贡献。
PHYSICS
A subject that becau of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles. Physicist, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century, with some success.
PHYSICS
A subject that becau of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.
由于这一学科的巨大成功，在心理学领域的许多科学家借鉴 其科学方法和原则，将其作为理想模型。
PHYSICS
Physicist, such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century, with some success.
psychophysics：心理物理学
物理学家，比如说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓 到人类行为与经验（领域），取得了一些成功。 Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科—— 心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。
WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM? Psychology developed from three main areas of study:
PHILOSOPHY
BIOLOGY
PHYSICS
WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED?
WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？
The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a parate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.
WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？
Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father” of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychology’s literature and he began teaching a cour on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.
WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？
The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a parate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the f
irst psychology laboratory in Leipzig.
discipline：学科 Leipzig：莱比锡
1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开 始时间，因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创建了第一个心理学实 验室。
WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？
Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the “founding father” of psychology, although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychology’s literature and he began teaching a cour on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875. 因此，Wundt被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是 William James拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了，用12年 写成的《心理学原理》，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大 的标志性事件。此外，James在1875年就开始在Harvard University教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。
HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?
Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Cognitive psychology Humanistic approach Biological approach
approach：接近；方法；途径
心理学是如何发展的？ 结构主义、功能主义（机能主义）、精神分析、行为主义、认 知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法（生理心理学）
Structuralism
Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himlf, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, nsations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.
Structuralism
One structuralist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic nsations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.
Structuralism
Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himlf, who th
ought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, nsations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.
investigate：调查，研究 pioneered：倡导；作先驱 object：对象，客体 conscious：意识 introspection：内省 images：表象 nsation：感觉 feelings：情感
Structuralism
Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himlf, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be
studied by introspection (looking inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, nsations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals. 结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法，是由冯特本人提 出来的，他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应 该是用内省（向内探查自己的体验）的方法去研究，目 的是将其分解为各个部分（比如说，表象，感觉，情 感），就像化学家研究化学一样。
Structuralism
One structuralist, Titchener, claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic nsations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.
claimed：声称；宣称；断言
结构主义者之一，Tichener声称共有46078种基本的感 觉，联合起来构成了人类意识的结构，但是这种方法在 解释方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主义取代了。
Functionalism
Functionalism-the approach William James advocated. James was influenced by Darwin’s views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for. Many of James’s insights remain valid today, but functionalism was superded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.
Functionalism
Functionalism-the approach William James advocated. James was influenced by Darwin’s views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional, to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for.
advocated：提倡，主张，拥护 What for：为什么；为何目的
这种方法是由William James提出的。James受Darwin观 点的影响，认为意识的工作方式是功能性的，也需要去生 存与适应，因此，我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。
Functionalism
Many of James’s insights remain valid today, but functionalism was superded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.
insight：眼光，洞察力 superde: 取代，代替 valid：有效的，有根据的；正当的
James的很多观点在今天看来仍然是有用的，但是 功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大（有说服 力）的方法取代了。
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria, but in many major books, such as The interpretation of dreams(1900), Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous (and controversial) impact on psychology. Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind, and that our behavior is determined by process of which we are no
