Pun 双关语
1.1Definition:
A pun (or paronomasia) is a phra that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding words for humorous or rhetorical effect.
A pun may also cau confusion between two ns of the same written or spoken word.
1.2Three conditions for the construction of pun:
1,Double Context (双重情景)
2,Hinge(铰链，同音异义词或多义词)
3,Trigger(触机，即促成双关语形成的关键因素)
“My Faith is gone!” cried he, after one stupefied moment. (Howthorne, Young Goodman Brown)
The double context in this example is that on one hand Faith is dying of a rious dia, while on the other hand, the husband believes that God can save his wife.
The trigger is that God does not make His power felt and Faith is dead.
The hinge is the word “Faith”. With the same pronunciation, it can not only refer to a lady called “Faith” but also the “strong belief” held by the husband. It fits both of the contexts.
1.3The major types of pun
双关指的是借助语言文字上的同音异义或同形异义现象使一个词语或句子具有两种不同的意思。在英语中，同音异义或同形异义词是构成双关的最简便的方法，在语义上，它是一种模棱两可，显而易见的词汇歧义。使用多义词，以便在话语中暗示该词有两种或多种词义；或使用同音异义词来创造使用者所需要的效果。
双关有如下三种表现形式：
1)Homophonic [,hɔməu'fɔnik] puns 谐音双关
.
The homophonic pun, a common type, utilizes the exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] of word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.
A homophonic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but posss different meanings and sounds. Becau of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.
谐音双关指的是借助话语在发音上的完全相同或相似而构成的双关。这种双关在英语中首先巧妙的运用同音异形异义词，紧扣双重语境，诗人产生由表及里的联想，增添不同的感情色彩，能收到语言新鲜活泼、诙谐有趣、滑稽幽默、生动形象的修辞效果。
例句：
1.On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday prey on you.
星期天他们为你祈祷，星期一他们却向你榨取。
2.Seven days without water makes one weak (week).
七天不喝水，虚的拉不动腿。
2)Homographic [,hɔməu'ɡræfik] puns 词义双关
. Homonymic puns, another common type, ari from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.
A homonymic pun may also be polymic, in which the words must be homonymic and also posss related meanings, a condition which is often subjective. However, lexicographers define polymes as listed under a single dictionary lemma (a unique numbered meaning) while homonyms are treated in parate lemmata.
3)语义双关是利用同形异义词(homonyms)或者利用一词多义（ polymy )的特点，紧扣双重语境，表达两层意思，造成诙谐的效果。语义双关的先决条件是一词多义。它有两种情况：一是某词只出现一次，其字面意义与内涵不同；二是某词出现多次，因意境的不同而词义不同。英语的幽默也常常靠双关这种语音手段来实现。它的表现形式有两种，一种是同形异义词homonyms；一种是一词多义polymy .
Homonyms ['hɔmənims] ：
Why is an empty pur always the same?
Becau there is never any change in it.
钱包为什么老是瘪的？
因为它里面从来就没有零钱。
Polymy [,pɔli'si:mi, pə'lisəmi, 'pɔlisi:mi]
We eat what we can and what we can’t we can.
我们能吃的就吃，不能吃的就做成罐头。
Asteismus
4)岐解双关（asteismus) 即后者在回答前者的话时有意（无意）地曲解原意，造成不同理解，进而形成岐解双关。
1.A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen ,order!”
The entire class yelled “Beer!”
一位教授敲着桌子喊道：“先生们，安静！”
全班同学异口同声地喊“啤酒”。
“We would like very muchto have you fordinner,”as the cannibal said to the captured mis-sionary.)
嗜食人肉的生番对被俘虏的传教士说:“我们想设宴招待你(吃掉你。)”to have you for dinner是个有歧义的结构,也构成双关。既可理解为to invite you to dinner,又可理解为to eat you for dinner.
“Fourth floor” ,shouted the pasnger to the elevator.
“Have you are ,son.”
“How dare you call me`son'?”
“Sir ,I called ,or whatever .I ve brought you
Up ,anyway.”
对话一开始乘客就出言不逊,对电梯管理员很不礼貌。而管理员并没有以牙还牙对他吼叫,而是借助谐音双关对他反讥,待他听出并提出质问时,管理员表面上是在澄清事实,实则借助to bring you up(把你带上来;把你抚养长大)的歧义构成双关语再次奚落、挖苦他,让他品尝“哑巴黄连”的滋味。
1.4双关语的语义范围
双关语为世界各国人民所喜爱和使用。在汉语中，双关语的例证比比皆是。
双关语既可用于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可以用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。
（一）广告
Give your hair a touch of Spring.
给你的头发洒满春色,让你的头发富有弹性。
（二）笑话
What’s the difference between a soldier and a young girl?
One powders the face ,the other faces the powder.
一个士兵和一个年轻姑娘的区别是什么？
一个往脸上抹粉，一个面对火药。
（三）谜语
1.What is black and white and red all over.
这则谜语的谜底是newspaper .black 和white 是表示颜色，而谜语中的red (read)则是read的过去分词，与红颜色（red)发音相同。巧妙的同音而不同义，构成了谜语。
2.What is that which, though black itlf, enlightens the world?
谜底是：ink.
Enlighten字面的意思 是：“照亮”，其内涵是“给人以智慧或启迪”。墨水（ink)自身乌黑但它却照亮了世界。
3. What weather does mice most dislike?
--When it is raining cats and dogs.
"Cats and dogs"是倾盆大雨的意思。
Exercis
1. Then there was a man in the restaurant.
“You’re not eating your fish,” the waitress said to him
“Any thing wrong with it?”
