阅读与写作期末考试简答题
1. what are the rules of punctuation?P4 标点符号的规则
The following are a few basic rules which all students learning to write should remember:
a. U a period (full stop) at the end of a complete ntence, however short it is.在完整的句子后面用句号无论句子多短。
b. Do not u a comma to join two coordinate claus; u a comma and a conjunction, or a micolon.别用逗号链接两个并列句，要用逗号加一个连词或者用分号。
c. Make your commas different from your periods. A comma has a little tail (,); a period is a dot (.), not a circle (。), which is ud in written in Chine.使你的逗号和句号区别开来，逗号是一个小尾巴，句号不是一个点也不是小圈，小圈那是写在中文上的。
d. U a question at the end of a direct question; do not u one at the end of an indirect question.用问号在直接问句的后面，别用在间接问句的后面。
e. U the exclamation mark only after an emphatic interjection or words that express very strong emotion. Do not overu it用感叹号只能放在一个着重感叹词或表达非常强烈情绪的单词后面，别过度使用它。
f. Put direct speech between quotation marks. The subject and verb that introduced a quotation may be put before, after, or in the middle of the quotation.放直接引语在引号之间，主语和动词集引入的引文可以放在之前，之后或者放在引文的中间。
2. How many types of levels and words?P7 单词的类型
The words that are often ud may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into 3 types: formal, common, and informal. 单词经常用的可能被分开，由体裁的视角分成3个类型：正式的，普通的和非正式的。
a. Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or “big words”.正式的单词可能也被叫做是书面词或者文学词或者大词
b. Most of words in the paragraph, however, are tho that people u every day, and ap
pear in all kinds of writing. Becau of this, they are called common words.大部分单词在段落中然而那些事人们每天都在用的，出现在所有类型的写作中。因为这样，他们被叫做普通单词。
c. Informal words ldom appear in formal writing, and literal works their main u is to record people’s thoughts and dialogs. They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are Saxon origin.非正式单词很少出现在正式的写作中，文学作品他们主要用处是记录人们的思想和对话。他们通常是短的单词只要一个或两个音节大部分都是撒克逊起源。
3. which is the definition of the idioms?P15 谚语的定义
An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meaning of the words that form it. Idioms are frequently ud in speech and writing. They help to make one’ language sound natural and idiomatic.一个谚语是一个固定的一组单词有着特别的意义它是不同于单词组成的意思。谚语经常用在演讲和写作。他们帮忙使一个语言听起来自然和通顺。
4. what is the basic structure of a grammatically complete ntence?P34 从语法上讲一个完整的句子的基础结构
A grammatically complete ntence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite) verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link-verb, and there must be a predicative or complement. A complete ntence begin with a capital letter and ends with a period.一个语法完整的句子是一个包括至少一个主语和一个谓语动词，如果动词是及物的，那必须有一个宾语，如果动词是系动词，那必须有一个表语或补语。一个完整的句子由大写字母开始，由句号结尾。
5. What are the types of ntences according to their u? P37
句子的类型
According to their u, ntences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. A declarative ntence makes in asrtion or a statement. An interrogative ntences asks a question. An imperative ntence express a command or a request.
An exclamatory ntence express a strong feeling or emotion, such as surpri, pain, or joy.根据他们的用途，句子是陈述句，疑问句，祈使句或感叹句。一个陈述句是作为一个主张或者一个陈述。一个疑问句是问一个问题。一个祈使句是表达一个命令或者要求。一个感叹句是表达一个强烈的感觉或情绪，例如惊讶，痛苦和欢乐。
6. From a rhetorical point of view, what are the types of ntence?P39 从修辞的观点，句子的类型
From a rhetorical point of view, ntences are loo, periodic, or balanced.从修辞观点来看，句子是松散句，圆周句或平行句。
a. a loo ntence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; in other words, it puts first things first, and lets the readers know what it is mainly about when they have read the first few words.一个松散句把主要的观点放在所有补充的信息的前面。换句话说，它先放第一个东西，让读者知道主要讲什么当他们读最开始的那些单词的时候。
b. the rever arrangement makes a periodic ntence: the main idea is expresd at or
near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached.相反的排列制成了圆周句，主要的观点被表达接近于最后了，它不是语法完整的直到末尾才是。
c. When a ntence contains two parallel claus similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced ntence.当一个句子包含两个平行的从句在结构上当时意思是对比的，它就是平行句。
7. What are the criteria of effective ntences?P44 一个有效句子的条件标准是什么
a. unity: unity is the first quality of an effective ntence. A unified ntence express a single complete thought. It does not contain ideas that are not cloly related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itlf.一致性。一致性是有效句子的第一个特质。一个统一的句子表达了一个单独的完整想法。它没有包含不是很近相关的想法，也不表达不完整的想法。
b. coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. A ntence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationships unmista
kably clear. It is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, ten, and mood.
