翻译的定义和涵：〔Definition and Connotation〕
Translation is an art/ a science/ a craft?
翻译是“把—种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来〞〔?现代汉语词典?〕。
1.美国的?韦氏新大学辞典?给翻译的定义是：翻本钱族语言或另一种语言(to turn into
one’s own language or another language)。
2.联语言学家巴尔胡达罗夫在?语言与翻译?中说，翻译是“把一种语言的连贯性话语在
保持共容即意义的情况下改变为细节决定成败
另一种语言的连贯性话语的过程〞。
c.英国著名翻译教育家纽马克(Peter Newmark)那么认为，翻译是按作者的创作意图把
一篇文章的意思用另一种语言描述出来的过程(It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended in the text.) (A Textbook of
Translation)。
我国著名革命家兼文学家瞿秋白说：“翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确地介绍结中国读者，使中国读者所得到的概念等于英俄日德法……读者从原文得来的概念……〞等等。
唐朝(618—907)贾公彦在?义疏?中对翻译作了明确的界定：“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。〞宋代(960一1279)法云(I 088~1158)在其所编?翻译名义集?自序中进一步指出：“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义那么。〞这就是说，翻译即将一种语言——源出语(the source language)转换成另一种语言——目的语(the target language)或曰承受语(the receptor language)，而意义保持或大抵保持不变。
著名英国学者约翰逊博士(Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1709~1784)对翻译也作过类似的界说；To translate is“to change into another language, retaining the n〞。时至今日，关于翻译的定义虽有种种不同提法，但仍保持上述根本框架，只是日趋全面、完整和系统。
1)“翻译〞溯源
1.Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the clost natural equivalent
of the source language, first in terms of meaning and condly in terms of style. (Eugene A.
Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)
所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
2.80年代后期，我国首部翻译学专著的作者、翻译家、翻译理论家黄龙教授用英语写
到：Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textual material in one
language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language 关于朋友的诗句
(TL)
翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言〔目的语〕的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言〔源语〕的文本材料。
(3) A translation should give a plete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have al假期随笔
l the ea of the original position. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)
译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质一样。译文应和原作同样流畅。
2) 翻译的本质
(1) Some professional translation take considerable pride in denying that they have any theory of translation—--they just translate. In reality, however, all person engaged in the plex task of translatin
g poss some type of underlying or covert theory, even though it may be still very embryonic and described only as just being“faithful to what the author was trying to say.〞〔Nida〕Note: 1. underlyin水瓶白羊
g or covert: basic, inner; concealed, not open, cret 2. embryonic: in an early stage of development
一些职业翻译工作者相当得意地称他们没有翻译理论——他们只顾埋
头翻译。然而，事实上，所有从事翻译这项复杂工作的人都具有或隐或掩的理论，尽管这种理论尚处在萌芽状态，或者被轻描淡写地说成“忠实于作者想要说的〞。〔奈达〕
(2) It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended in the text. mon n tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may e it as plicated, artificial and frau野炊作文
dulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. The translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. And since this is so, the first business of the translator is to translate. (Peter Newmark) Note: fraudulent: deceitful or dishonest
翻译，就是像原作者把思想变成文字那样，把一个文本的意思译成另一种语言。常识告诉我们翻译应该是简单的，就如一个人能够用一种语言自如表达，也能够用另一种语言自如表达一样。但从另一方
面来说，你也许会觉得翻译是复杂的、做作的以及虚假的保护眼睛的壁纸
，因为在使用另一种语言的时候，你实际上在扮演一个非你的角色。翻译不可能是简单的复制，或者，也不可能是如出一辙的原本。既然如此，译者的第一任务就是翻译。(纽马克)
3) 翻译的标准
Translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describe them–here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified;
Secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage;
Thirdly, an art, 冰豆腐
which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired level of the translation;
Lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ce黄酒酿造技术
as, preferences are expresd, and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences. (Peter Newmark)
Note: entail: make sth. necessary; involve
首先，翻译是一门科学，它需要对事实的认知、核查，需要懂得描述这些事实的语言---- 错误的容，错误的事实，应该得以鉴别。
第二，翻译是一种技巧，它需要恰当的语言和孔子有多少弟子
约定俗成的用法。
第三，翻译是一门艺术，它识优辨劣，是一种创造性的、凭直觉的，有时是闪烁灵感的翻译。
最后，翻译是一种风格，它弥合了分歧，显示了个人的偏爱，形形色色精彩纷呈的译文折射了译者的特点。〔纽马克〕
2．中国几位翻译家的理论〔influential translation principles〕：
严复：信达雅---faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.
The“three character guide/principle〞is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.
傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity/clo in spirit/alike in spirit/spiritual similarity.
Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation/sublimation/reach the acme/point of perfection.
