形容词和副词
一、形容词
形容词修饰名词/不定代词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。一般放所修饰名词前作定语,也可独立作表语/宾补等
1、作定语: ① this is an interesting story。 ② kitty is a clever cat.
2、作表语: ① Yao Ming is very tall。 ② our classroom is big and bright。
3、作宾补: ① don’t make your hands dirty. ②we’re trying to make our school beautiful。
可将形容词分成性质形容词+叙述形容词,不一定都放在名词前面.
1、直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。 例如:hot 热的。
2、叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用
程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(错)He is an ill man。 (对)The man is ill. (错)She is an afraid girl. (对)The girl is afraid.
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以—thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词后。 例如:something nice
二、以-ly结尾的形容词
1、大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词.但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely。 (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2、有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
① The Times is a daily paper。 ② The Times is published daily.
三、用形容词表示类别和整体
1、某些形容词加上定冠词可泛指一类人,谓语用复数。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry。———— The poor are losing hope.
2、有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词复数连用。the British,the English,the French,the Chine. -——-The English have wonderful n of humor。
四、多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,顺序:限定词—-数词——描绘词—-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -—出处——材料性质,类别)
① a small round table ② a tall gray building &nb协调近义词
sp; a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school an expensive Japane sports car
五、形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种.
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾—er,—est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法 | 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
一般单音节词未尾加—er,—est | tall(高的) great(巨大的) | taller greater | tallest greatest |
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以— le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st | nice(好的) ;large(大的) able(有能力的) | Nicer;larger abler | Nicest;larg汶川大地震时间
est ablest |
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾辅音字母,再加-er,-est | big(大的) hot (热的) | bigger hotter | biggest hottest |
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,—est | easy(容易的) busy(忙的) | easier busier | easiest busiest |
少数以-er,—ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est | clever(聪明的) narrow(窄的) | cleverer narrower | cleverest narrowest |
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。 | important(重要的) easily(容易地) | more important more&nb猜一字
sp; easily | Most important most easily |
| | | |
2、 不规则变化
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
good(好的);well(健康的) | better | best |
bad (坏的);ill(有病的) | wor | worst |
old (老的) | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
much/many(多的) | more | most |
little(少的) | less | least |
far (远的) | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
| | | |
形容词变副词方式:
1、在形容词词尾直接加—ly,构成副词。如: usual-usually, bad—badly等。
[注]:不是所有以-ly结尾的单词都是副词,某些名词后加-ly可以转化为形容词。
如:sisterly, brotherly, friendly, comradely, lovely等。
2、以“辅音 字母+ y”结尾的单词,变y为i,再加-ly,如:hea vy-heavily, happy—happily等 ,
并且要注意这些单词的变化:polite-politely, true—truly, terrible-terribly等。
二、副词
是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,在句子中作状语或表语的一类词.
一、 分类:
时间副词(now, today, early, sometimes, already等);
地点副词(outside, inside, upstairs, here, there, home等);
方式副词(quickly, loudly, suddenly, fast, luckily等);
程度副词(very, quite, rather, too, much, so等);
疑问副词(when, where, why, how, how long, how often等);
关系副词(when, where, why, how等)
一、副词的位置:
1、 在动词之前。 2、在be动词、助动词之后。3、 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。
We could e very clearly a strange light ahead of us。
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well。
二、副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接.
Plea write slowly and carefully.
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错)I very like English。 (对)I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don’t know him中药龙骨
well enough。 2、There is enough food for everyone to eat。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
as+形容词或副词原级+as
1、在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2、当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式. as +形容词+ a +单数名词; as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is。 2、 I can carry as much paper as you can.。
3、用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
2、Your room is the same size as mine.
4、倍数+ as + adj。 + as〈=> 倍数+ then + of
① This bridge is three times as long as that one.
② This bridge is three times the length of that one。
Your room is twice as large as mine。 Your room is twice the size of mine.
比较级形容词或副词+than
You are taller than I。 They lights in your room are as bright as tho in mine.
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级.
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother。 (对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is clever than his brother.