高三英语语法复习纲要
语法入门——英语的句子成分
注释：1.还有一个不常用的句子成分是“同位语”，用以对前面的名词做进一步的解释或说明。
2. 常用的系动词包括: a) be (am, is, are, was, were)
b) get, become, turn, grow, go
c) look, sound, smell, taste, feel
d) remain, keep, stay
3. 了解主、谓、宾三个句子成分之间的关系是理解被动概念的关键。
一．定语从句复习纲要
【基本概念】
定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分；用一个完整的句子充当定语称为定语从句。所谓“完整的句子”的基本条件是必须具有主语和谓语。
定语从句位于它所修饰的名词、代词之后。
【专用术语】
先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
关系代词：which ；that ； who ； whom ；who
关系副词：when ； where ； why
【关键知识】
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的语法作用：
1．代表先行词的意思。定语从句修饰哪个词，关系代词或关系副词就是那个词的意思。
2．在定语从句中充当句子成分。关系代词which、that、华蟾素胶囊
who在定语从句中可充当主语或宾语，whom 只能充当宾语，who 充当定语；关系副词when 在定语从句中充当时间状语，where充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
例1：
With the pay that he received and saved, he went on with his studies at university.
关系代词that代表先行词pay的意思，并在定语从句中充当received和saved的宾语。如果我们只看定语从句，其实就是he re白杨树图片
ceived and saved the pay，只是宾语the pay由关系代词that代替而已。
例2：
By 1919,scientists who had been watching the stars supported his work and he quickly became world-famous.
关系代词who代表先行词scientists的意思，在定语从句中充当句子的主语。应该能够看出，定语从句实际是scientists had been watching the stars，主语scientist由关系代词who所代表。
例3：
The student who globe I borrowed did not come to school today.
who在定语从句中充当globe的定语, who的实际意思等于“the student’s”或“his”。who globe在定语从句中作borrowed的宾语，修饰the student的定语从句为I borrowed the student’s globe。
例4：
The train had divided in the station where it had stopped.
关系副词where在代表先行词的意思时等于“at the station”或“there”。如果只看定语从句，则是it had stopped at the station，显而易见at the station 是从句的地点状语，所以where 被称为关系副词。
例5：
I can remember the time when it was difficult to make international phone calls.
关系副词when 的实际意思是“at that time”或“then”，定语从句为it was difficult to make international calls at that time(then)，when所代表的at that time(then)在定语从句中作时间状语。
从例4青霉素过敏怎么办
、例5中我们可以看出，关系副词where、 when由于在定语从句中充当时间或地点状语，因此我们在理解它们代表先行词的含义葛根种植
时，应当加入一个与其意思相配合的介词。
【相关知识及其运用】
1．系代词which 和that 的区别
关系代词which只能指代“事、物”，不能指代“人”；that既能指代“人”，也能指代“事、物”。
下列情况只能用which，不能用 that：
①①在非限制性定语从句中只能用which。
A satellite is an object, either natural or man-made, which travels in an orbit
round another object in space.
Which引起的是非限制性定语从句，只对先行词object做补充说明，没有限定先行词词义范围的作用。在书写形式上，非限制性定语从句和先行词之间用逗号隔开。
②关系代词充当介词的宾语，尤其是当介词前置到先行词之后时，只能用which。
There is a rocket motor on the satellite by which the direction of the satellite can be changed if necessary.
如果我们只看定语从句并且将其恢复为正常的句子顺序，当然更容易理解：the direction of the satellite can be changed by a rocket motor (by which) if necessary。厚字开头的成语
介词连同关系代词which一起前置到先行词之后是极为常见的语言现象。理解这类句子的关键在于抓住介词在定语从句中的正常位置。
The old Olympic Games from which the modern games came began around the years 776 BC in Greece.
定语从句：…the modern games came from the old Olympic Games…（from which）
One subject to which country music often returns is “the good old days”.
定语从句：…country music often returns to one subject…(to which)
下列情况只能用that，不能用which:
①当先行词是不定代词时。
I’m sure there is nothing that a woman can’t do.
that a woman can’t do是修饰不定代词nothing的定语从句，that 不能用which 代替。
下列试题专门考查这一知识点。
Finally, the thief handed everything ______ he had stolen to the police.
A. which
B. what
C. whatever
D. that
被定语从句所修饰的先行词为不定代词everything，正确答案是D。
②当先行词受到形容词最高级、序数词、the only等修饰时，只能用that。以下试题
的意图便是考查此项内容。
The cond book _____ I want to read is Travel in China.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. as
The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother language.
A. which
B. who
C. that
D. it
Guilin is the most beautiful place _____ people all over the world want to visit.
A. where
B. which
C. what
D. that
以上三题的答案均为that。
2.关系代词和我最敬佩的人作文500字
关系副词的区别
下面的两组练习是检验我们对关系代词和关系副词理解的经典练习
练习一：1）We will never forget the days ________ we spent together.
2) We will never forget the days ________ we played football together.
练习二：1）Do you still remember the place _______ you father ud to live.
2) Do you still remember the place _______ we visited last year.
练习三：1）I don’t believe the reason ________ he was late.
2) I don’t believe the reason ________ he gave us.
3.all+定语从句同what 引起的名词性从句的区别。
在语言实践中，all (that) I need的意思等于what I need，但两种表达方式的句子结构不同。all (that) I need中all是先行词，（that） I need是修饰all的定语从句，that
代表all的含义，并在定语从句中充当宾语，所以可以省略。
what I need 是名词性从句，可以充当主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。what的作用相当于the thing which，故what I need 的意思为the thing which I need，which是引起定语从句的关系代词。由于两种表达方式的意思相同，句子结构上又有相似之处，因此容易混淆。
以下两道高考试题专门考查这一知识。
All______ is needed is a supply of oil.
A. the thing
B. that
C. what
D. which
答案为B。that代表不定代词all的含义，在定语从句中充当主语，不能省略，也不能用which代替。
To get the job started, ______ I need is your permission.
A. only what
B. all what
C. all that
D. only that
答案为C。
4.as引起的定语从句。
可以把as称作特殊的关系代词。这是因为，as在引起定语从句时其语法作用除了代表先行词的含义和充当定语从句的主语、宾语外，它还有自己的特殊含义---- “像……那样”。
_____ is known to all, China will be an _____ and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time.
A. That; advancing
B. This; advanced
C. As; advanced
D. It; advancing
汉语译文：像大家所知道的那样，中国将在二、三十年后成为一个先进的强大的国家。
答案为 C。关系代词as代表China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time全句的意思；在定语从句中充当主语；同时还有“像……那样”的含义。
5. that引起的定语从句和强调句的区别。
强调句的基本句式是：It is(was)+强调部分+that+句子的其他部分。强调句中的that 同定语从句中的that看似相同，其实没有丝毫共同之处。以下两道高考试题便是从这个角度出发，考查两者之间的区别。
Was it in this palace______ the last emperor died?
A. that
B. in which
C. in where
D. which
凡强调句都可以恢复为正常语序的句子。如果将本试题恢复本来面目：The last emperor died in this palace，便很容易看出所强调的是地点状语。
答案为A.
It was not until 1920______regular radio broadcasts began.
A. while
B. which
C. that
D. since
句子的本来面目：Regular radio broadcasts did not begin until 1920，很明显是not…until…句型的强调句。
答案为C。
6.定语从句和that引起的同位语从句的辨别。
同位语从句的语法作用，是用一个完整的句子对它前面名词的具体内容做进一步的阐述；而定语从句的语法作用是对其前面的名词加以修饰或限定，以缩小这个名词的概念范围。
同位语从句有以下显著的特点：
①同位语从句往往在特定的名词之后。常接同位语从句的名词有：idea; fact; truth;
