《语言学》考试说明（英教）
2012年5月
班 级：10英教1-2班
考试时间：2012-6-21
考核方法：闭卷
时 间：120分钟
题型：
I. 单项选择 (1’*15=15’)
II. 定义 (2’*5=10’)
III. 正误判断 ’*10=15’)
IV. 术语比较 (4’*4=16’)
V. 填空 ’*10=15’)
VI. 问答 (5’+8’+8’+8’=29’)
课程内容
第一章
1. 记忆
phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, mantics, pragmatics
2. 概念辨析
descriptive vs. descriptive, synchronic vs. diachronic, co三节三爱
mpetence vs. performance, langue vs. parole
3. 应用
1） 能够判断理论语言学（即microlinguistics）与应用语言学(即macrolinguistics)各学科的
研究范围；
2） 能够分析各种语言现象体现的语言功能。
4. 思考
人类语言的design features包括哪些分别指什么可以结合实例对各点进行说明。
第二章
1. 记忆
phoneme, allophone, phonetics的分支
2. 概念辨析
vowels vs. consonants, phone vs. allophone vs. phoneme, phonetics vs. phonology, broad transcription vs. narrow transcription
3. 理解
1） schewa
2） supramental features
3） syllable structure (nucleus/peak, rhyme, coda)
4. 应用
能够根据发音部位/方式判断所描述的辅音/元音，或相反。
第三章
1. 记忆
morpheme, allomorph, morphology, root, affix
2. 运用
1） 能够判断词所属的类别，如变形词/不可变形词，实词/虚词等
2） 能够判断出现的function words
3） 能够利用各种造词法造出新词，能够根据新词的组成方式判断属于哪种构词法。
4） 能够区分屈折/派生，bound/free
5） 理解free/bound与root/affix之间的关系等
3. 思考
1) 屈折与派生的区别
2) word, morpheme, phoneme, syllabl野营用英语怎么说
e之间的关系
第四章
1. 记忆
Syntax, basic eleme风格用英语怎么说
nts of a phra
2. 概念辨析
Deep structure vs. surface structure
3. 应用
能够画出简单的树形图
第五章
1. 记忆
synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, polymy, 语义三角的组成部分
2．概念辨析
denotation vs. connotation, n vs. reference
3. 掌握
1）可以判断关于意义的观点属于哪个语言学流派
2）能够准确判断一组词语之间的关系(synomnymy, anotnymy, hyponymy, poloymy, homonymy, hyponymy)并判断它们属于哪类具体的语义关系(如stylstic/dialectical/emotive/
collocational difference?; complementary/gradable/conver antonymy)
4. 思考
成分分析法的定义及其优点。
第六章
1．记忆
pr我好想你英文
agmatics, context
2．概念辨析
pragmatics vs. mantics
3 掌握
1） 能够判断一个句子的illocutionary point （如reprentative, directive, commissive等）
2） 能够判断句子因为违反了哪条合作原则而产生隐含意义
1. Conceptual meaning Logical, cognitive, or denotative content |
Associative Meaning 2. Connotative Meaning What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. 3. Social Meaning What is communicated of the social circumstances of language u. 4. Affective Meaning What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. 5. Reflected meaning What is communicated through association with another n of the same expression. 6. Collocative meaning What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. |
7. Thematic meaning What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. |
|
QUESTIONS: True or fal
1. The only function of language is to exchange information.
2. English is more difficult than Chine.
3. Black English is not standard and should be reformed.
4. Children acquire their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction
5. Language operates by rule.
6. Speakers of all language employ a range of style and a t of jargons.
7. Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who u them.
8. Language can slowly change.
Design features of language
.1 Arbitrariness
2 Duality
.3 Creativity
4 Displacement
► DESIGN FEATURES: features which help define human languages
1:arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning
Ex. desk
le bureau
la mesa
(2) arbitrariness at the syntactic level
Ex. 1-2
▪ He came in and sat down.
▪ He sat down and came in.
▪ He sat down after he came in.
(3) arbitrariness and convention
► Onomatopoeia
► Sound quence —— concept
Ex. A sneaky snake slips away swiftly.
DUALITY: “the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are compod of elements of the condary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization”
1.3.3 Creativity
Ale家长心得体会
rt: So are you saying that you were the best friend of the woman who was married to the man who reprented your husband in divorce
Andr: In the history of speech, it has never been uttered before.
Neil Simon, The Dinner Party
► CREATIVITY: Language is resourceful becau of its duality and its recursiveness.
► DISPLACEMENT: Human languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
Main branches of linguistics
1.7.1 Phonetics
1.7.2 Phonology
1.7.3 Morphology
1.7.4 Syntax
1.7.5 Semantics
1.7.6 Pragmatics
Functions of language
1.5.1 Informative
1.5.2 Interpersonal function
1.5.3 Performative
1.5.4 Emotive function
1.5.5 Phatic communion
1.5.6 Recreational function
1.5.7 Metalingual function
Main branches of linguistics
1.7.1 Phonetics
1.7.2 Phonology
1.7.3 Morphology
1.7.4 Syntax
1.7.5 Semantics
1.7.6 Pragmatics
► PHONOLOGY studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and quencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.
► MORPHOLOGY is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation process.
SYNTAX is about principles of forming and understanding correct English ntences.
Syntax: a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of ntences
