语言学Linguistic
各章重点,学习资料整理
1.1What is language？
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
1.2Design features of language
①Arbitrariness任意性： The property of language by which there is in general no natural (i。e。 logical） relation between the form of a single lexical unit and its meaning。
②Duality二重性Language consists of two levels of structures. The lower (condary） level is a definite t of meaningless sounds, which combine to form meaningful units which constitute a higher (primary) level。
③Creativity创造性 Language is creative in the n that its urs can understand an
d produce ntences they have never heard before。
④Displacement移位性 By displacement is meant that language can be ud to refer t虎和猴相冲吗
o things that are not prent (in time and space） at the moment of communication。
1.3Functions of language
①Informative信息功能 Language rves an informative function when it is ud to express the speaker’s opinion, to state a fact， or to reason things out。
②Interpersonal function人际功能 Language rves to establish and maintain social relations between people.
③Performative行事功能 Language can be ud to do things， to perform action.
e。g. “I surrender。” “I’ll do it tonight.” “I declare the meeting open。" “ I ntence you to three years in prison。”
④Emotive function感情功能 The u of language to reveal the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
e。g. “Ouch！", “I'm terribly sorry about… ” （alternatively called expressive function)
⑤Phatic communion寒暄交谈 The u of language to establish or maintain a comfortable social contact between people without involving any factual content。
E。g。 greetings, farewells， and talking about the weather.
⑥Recreational function娱乐功能 The u of language for the sheer joy of using it. E.g。 singing， poetry writing.
⑦Metalingual function元语言功能 The u of language to make statements about language itlf. The language about which they are made is called the object language.
1.4What is linguistics?
The scientific study of language。
1.5Microlinguistics
①Phonetics语音学 The study of the nature， production， and perception of sounds of speech, in abstraction from the phonology of any specific language。 Variously divided into acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics, and auditory phonetics。
②Phonology音系学 The study of the sound systems of individual languages and of the nature of such systems generally.
③Morphology形态学 Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words。 It studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word—formation process.
④Syntax句法学 The branch of linguistics which studies the rules g戴罪立功
overning the combination of words into ntences.
⑤Semantics语义学 The study of meaning.
⑥Pragmatics语用学 The study of the meanings that ntences have in particular contexts。
1.6Language and culture
Language is an indispensable carrier of culture。 Culture finds a better reprentation through language u.
1.7Maximal Ont Principle (MOP)最大节前辅音原则
Which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the ont rather than the code.
1.8Important distinctions in linguistics
①Descriptive vs。 prescriptive描写vs。规定
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes linguistic facts obrved； it is prescriptive if it lays down rules for grammatical correctness。
②Synchronic vs。 diachronic共时vs。历时
The study of language as its exists at a particular point in time is synchronic.
③Langue vs. parole语言vs.言语
A distinction made by the Swiss linguist Ferdi爱的语言经典话
nand de Saussure(索绪尔1857—1913）. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.
④Competence vs。 performance语言能力vs。语言运用
Competence is the speaker-listener's knowledge of his language and performance is the actual u of language in concrete situations。
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
1.IPA:International Phonetic Association（国际语音学协会）。
2.The theory of cardinal vowels
Cardinal vowels： A t of vowels established by Daniel Jones as fixed and unchanging reference points for the description of vowels in any language。 By convention， the eight primary cardinal vowels are numbered from one to eight：
8个基本元音：
记住:p34, p35， p36三个表格.
