compod

一、选择题A（关键专业词汇5题以上）

ialcellwallsarecompodprincipallyofpeptidoglycans,and

reproductionisbybinaryfission.[ion;fission;p;

]

tosyntheticbacteriacontainarangeofbacteriochlorophyllsanddonot

liberatefreeO2duringphotosynthesis.[ynthesisB;.photosynthate;

;e]

ationinvolvesthetransferoflargeportionsofgeneticmaterialbetween

donorandrecipientcellsinmatingpairs.[;;on;D.

endow]

nobacteriaarephotosyntheticprokaryotescontainingchlorophyll,and

alsophycobiliproteinpigmentssuchasphycocyanin.[oglycan;B.

crystalviolet;phyll;]

singlightastheirenergyso余洺轩 urcearetermedphototrophic.[rophic;rophic;trophic;

rophic]

iveextractionofwatercanlowerwater-tables,which,insomeinlands

（内陆）,uake

ative

tionhasallowedtheexpansionofagricultureintomi-aridandeven

.

ence

-waterinstrusion

ng

andplanttranspiration.

ation

auoflossthrough

adyflowsthatdamscaualtertheasonalcyclesof

riparianplantsandanimals.

on

c

cs

and

lture

dfillshavecomplexbottomlayerstotrapcontaminant-ladenwater,

ca草莓奶油蛋糕 lledleachate,leakingthroughtheburiedtrash[

]

nmunicipalsolidwastelandfillistypicallyconstructedabovean

impermeableclay.[te]

r,manyincineratorswereeliminatedbecauofaestheticconcerns,

suchasfoulodors,noxiousgas,andgrittysmoke.[

]

ingwasteheatswaterandthesteamdriveaturbinetogenerate

electricity,whichissoldtoautility.[

]

ionoflandfillsitesisbadonanunderstandingoflocalgeology

conditions.[on]

adoxisthatinitsgaousstate,abundantthoughtitis,is

nD.

alcohol

ed,___comesaboutin

x

ion

xationisaccomplishedby

bacterialivinginassociationwith

leguminousandroot-noduledmonleguminousplants,byfree-livingaerobic

bacteria,andbycyanobacteria(blue-greenalgae).

tic

ical

above

ingtotheauthor,theenergyneededforhighenergyfixationscomes

from

i.

.ve

___isabiologicalprocessinwhichammoniaisoxidizedtonitriteand

nitrate,ificationC.

ication

19.1Howvolatilenitrogenisturnedinto

20.A.

21.2

nutrient

e

e

forplants?

gamittedduringthefirstphaofwastetreatmentareharvested

BwarmCgreenhouDignite

23.3

istheprocessinwhichsoilbacteriaoxidizeammonia(NH3)

quentiallyintonitrite(NO2-)andthennitrate(NO3-).

ration

synthesis

26.4Buttoomuchuntreatedwastesdumpeddirectlyintofishpondcanrobthefishof

n

29.5The

30.A

dream

Bintergrating

Cinterva

D

integrated

farmtypicallyconsistsofcrops,

livestockandfishponds.

Dcarbondioxide

,andendupkillingthefish.

Bnitrogen

Dnitrification

Bdenitrification

genoxide

31.

lisagood

e

e

mary,thelongstorywas

d

forgasolineinspark-ignitionengines.

tute

intoafewntences.

ned

trated

.

led

blemwiththecountryishowtoliftitconomyoutof

ation

ion

ldoes

e

tion

ion

lesscarbonmonoxideandsulfuroxidesthangasoline.

chi

ycrops

bove

.

lcanbeobtainedfrom

rops

o

dioxide

whichwebreatheconsists,byvolume,ofabout78percent

en

ofwater,isanother

shydrogen,producedbythe

petroleum.

olysis,choice

to

ysis,choice

olysis,ative,alternative

选择题B（关键短语5题以上）

ialcellwallsarecompodprincipallyofpeptidoglycans,and

reproductionisbybinaryfission.[of;p;

compod;tute]

esadaptedtolivingunderconditionsofabountifulenergysourceis

designatedasKlected.

[under;in;;]

dbeexpodtolectionpressuresdifferentfromthoaffectinganr-

lectedorganismlivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictive

environments.

with]

timateplacetheirnumberashighas40%ofthetotalplate-count

population.[as;as;;to]

-lectedorganismxpodtoflushesofsubstrateinanotherwi

uncrowdedenvironmentwouldplaceapremiumonhighgrowthincreaper

unitoffoodratherthanoncompetitiveneAss..p[laceapremiumo;

apremiumto;premiuminto;premiumwith]

ys,governmentsinmostOECDcountriesare

[entfrom;entwith;han;

largeprogrammers

gbackD.

ack

scalesback

back

rpartsofthearea,suchasCalifornia,andtheMurray–Darlingbasinin

Australia,agricultureaccountsforwellover90%ts

tsfor

tsfrom

anttoknowhowOECDgovernmentsarerespondingtotheincread

ponsiblefor

ponsibilityto

to

gradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductionin

itsproductivityandenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.(y

tly)

10.

Soilcompactionisaworldwideproblem.(tion

ate)

11.

Acceleratedsoilerosionisanotherprincipallanddegradation

rtocompaction.(nal

ate)

ntdepletionisanotherprincipalprocessoflanddegradation

withvereeconomicimpactonaglobalscale.(ion

ing)

13.

Despitethevoluminousliterature,landdegradationremainsa

debatable

ion)

issue.(e

14.

Landdegradation,declinesinlandqualityduetonaturalprocess

andanthropicactivities,isamajorglobalissueforthe20

th

century

andwillremainhighontheinternationalagendaevenforthe21

st

century.(eof

)

gradationcanalsobeconsideredintermsofthelossof

actualorpotentialproductivityorutilityasaresultofnatural

oranthropicfactors.(sof;o;dfrom;

stated)

pulationdensityisnotnecessarilyrelatedtoland

degradation.(as),dependingontheirinherentcharacteristicsandclimatic

conditions,rangefromhighlyresistantorstabletoextremely

nsitiveandfragile.(

ore)

gradationisabiophysicalprocessdrivenbysocioeconomic

andpoliticalcaus.(

well)

erwaste-disposaltechnologiesweredevelopedandasvalueschanged,

moreemphasiswasplacedontheenvironmentandqualityoflife.[

atedin]

tderivedfromtheburingisconvertedintosteamandelectricity.

[]

r,thelandfilloftodayisfdairfferentfromasimpleholeintheground

intowhichgarbageisdumped.[cton

o]

rrentlycostupto$1millionperhectaretoprepare.[

]

ecently,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwastedidnotattractmuch

publicattention.[]

radiation,meteoritetrails,andlightningprovidetheh电视剧台词 ighenergy

combinenitrogenwiththeoxygenandhydrogenofwater.

gto

A.

to

on___molecularnitrogen(N2)___twoatomsoffteeNA.

.go…intoB.

get….….into

…..into

griculturalsystemssome12,000species,fromcyanobacteriatonodule-

bacteriaplants,

onsiblefor

estrialecosystemnitrogen,largelyintheformofammoniaornitrates,

byplants,nup

edown

kedown

B.

aretakenup

ticecosystems,nitrogencyclesinasimilarmanner,exceptthatthelarge

rervoirinthesoil____.

lacked

egratedfarmtypically______crops,livestockandfishponds.A.

makeup

consistsof

winterwheatandsummercornhasstillgreatpotentialtoincrea

.

istedof

D.

llamountofresidualnutrientsleftaftertremendouslossthat_____

oyruin

Dviolate

B

damage

C

alsalsosayawomanmay_____acondattackinthenorthernpartof

pectivefor

responsiblefor

kingfor

executedprisoners.A.C.

areharvestedfrom

areD.

allorgansfortransplant

producedfrom

aregottenfrom

fuels

spensableto

vestof

theUSeconomy.

ispensableto

jectedto

theincreainatmospheric

ectedto

ductionanduofethanolfuel

carbondioxideandtoglobalwarming.

in

lt

ngherjoblikethat

valentto

erentfrom

ut

buteto

givingherthesack.

bleton

arateto

arenewablegaousfuelfor

enhasthepotentialtorve

transportionvehicles.

38.

gasoline,bothmethanolandethanolreducetheamountofcarbon

dioxide,whichisgoodforourenvironment.

edto

ering

dmusttakecarenotto

，of

gardto

of

theearth

，on

，to

itsnaturalresources.

e，of

二、配对题（核心专业词汇8题以上）

l乙醇，酒精

o纤维素

ane甘蔗

ysis水解（作用）

olysis电解

oltaics太阳能电池

monoxide

一氧化碳

lation蒸馏

ock家畜，牲畜

enperoxide

过氧化氢

真菌

ote真核生物

oglycan肽聚糖

fission

二分裂

自养的

ophic

trophic异样的

acteria

蓝细菌

c好氧的、需氧的

phyll

叶绿素

细菌叶绿素

iochlorophyll

iration植物蒸腾

-arid半干旱

rs含水层

n腐蚀，侵蚀

ish补充，填满

ation

退化

人类学

pology

hication富养化

ination

污染

tory

调整的

板结

tion

ainable不可持续的

ication

酸化

不透性的

eable

eablemembrane非渗透性膜

ic

ge

e公顷

地质的

清除

e涡轮

y水银

有沙的

on

固定

共生

氨化作用

硝化作用

葡萄糖

氮

硝酸

光合作用

tic

fication

ication

e

en

acid

ynthesis

cally

需氧地，好氧性的

enperoxide过氧化氮

putandzeroemission零输入和零排放

on浮游植物

o

分解

-arid不干旱的

ewater饮用水

粪肥

-product副产品

三、是非题（重点专业知识句子3题以上）（F表示错误，T表示正确）

monoxideisharmfultomankind'shealth.[T]

lcanbeobtainedfromoilcrops.[F]

gencanbecombinedwithhydrogeninafuelcell.[T]

lproducedfromcornisarenewableenergysource.[F]

cellworksmainlybadontheoptoelectronicffec.[T]

iaaretermedprokaryoticbecautheylacknuclearmembranes.[T]

rganotrophsarereferredtoasautotrophs.[F]

essurvivinginuncrowdedbutpossiblyphysicallyrestrictive

environmentsisdesignatedasK-lected.[F]

ericallypredominantbacteriainsoilareStreptomycetes.[F]

houtmostoftheworld,industryistheleadingconsumptiveurof

water.[F]

awalsforagriculturalpurposcurrentlyaccountforovertwothirds

totalabstractioninallOECDcountries.[F]

cticeofexploitingundergroundwaterforagricultureisntialforthe

protectionofnaturalresources.[F]

gradation,isthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivity

andenvironmentalregulatorycapacity.[T]

gradationisaphysicalprocessdrivenbysocioeconomicandpolitical

caus.[F]

ratedsoilerosionisanotherprincipallanddegradationprocess

enttimes,thedisposalofmunicipalsolidwasteattractedmuchpublic

attention[F]

ys,noneofcountriesofareasdumpssolidwastesoutsideofthecityor

village[F]

llshadbeentheprimarymethodofwastedisposalbecauofthelowest

[T]

costandthesimplesttechnologyuntilthethreatofgroundwatercontaminationwas

recognized.[T]

ergyfixationisthemainwayofnitrogenfixation.

ingtothetextthecondstepofbiologicalfixationisthatthefreeN

atomscombinewithoxygentoformtwomoleculesofnitrate.[F]

enisdirectlyabsorbedbyplantrootsandincorporatedintoamino

acids,whichpassthroughthefoodchain.[T]

omonasbacteriaandnitrobacteraretwogroupsofmicroorganismsthat

involvedintheprocessofnitrification.[T]

ingtothetext,nitrogencyclesinaquaticsystemsinasimilarmanner

withterrestrialecosystem.[F]

sareimportanttotheenvironmentbecautheytakeincarbondioxide

andreleaanothergas–oxygen.[T]

ockmanurecontainslargeamountsofammoniagasthatmustbeturnedbackintostablenitratebeforeitcanbeabsorbedasnutrientbyplant.

[T]

[F]

ntlyproductivefarmswithzeroinputandzeroemissionarepowered

bywaste-gobblingbugsandhumaningenuity.[T]

四、句子翻译题（重点难、长句子3题以上）

srawmaterialscanbeudformethanolproduction,includingnaturalgas,coal,wood,andmunicipalsolidwastes.

[许多种原料可用于甲醇生产，

包括天然气、煤炭、木材和城市固体废物。]

olcanbeobtainedfromwoodorwoodycropsbymeansofawood

gasificationprocessfollowedbycompressionandmethanolsynthesis.[甲醇

可以由木材或木本作物经过气化、压缩、合成三个阶段制得。

]

thereasonforthisdifferenceisthatthevolumeofhydrogenfuelis

aboutfourtimesgreaterthanthatforthesameenergycontentofgasoline.

[这种差异的原因之一是：在能量相同的情况下，氢燃料的体积约为汽油的

四倍。]

orlimitationinusingbiomassformethanolproductionistheenormous

quantitiesneededforaplantwithsuitableeconomiesofscale[利.用生物质

生产甲醇主要的局限性就在于一个具有相当经济规模的工厂对于生物质

的巨大需求量。]

iallythesamedifferentiationgiveninthetermslithotrophic

and

organotrophicisprovidedbythetermsautotrophicandheterotrophic,

respectively.[实际上，“无机营养型”和“有机营养型”这两个词间的区别

可以分别用“自养型”和“异养型”这两个词来表达。

]

igatechemolithotrophsuthesamebasicphysiologicalpathway(the

CalvinCycle)foundinmostotherorganismsinmetabolizingtheirowncell

constituents..[专性化能无机营养菌采用与其他大多数相同的基本的生理

途径（即Calvin循环），这些生物都利用这种途径代谢自身细胞成分。]

nationG+isgiventocellsthatretaincrystalvioletfollowing

subquentexposurestoKIsolution,alcohol,andcounterstain,andG-forcells

fromwhichthecrystalvioletreadilydestains.[那些浸泡在碘溶液、酒精和革

兰氏试剂后细胞内含有结晶紫的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌，反之，细胞内结晶

紫消褪的为革兰氏阴性菌。]

-lectedorganismxpodtoflushesofsubstrateinanotherwi

uncrowdedenvironmentwouldplaceapremiumonhighgrowthincreaper

unitoffoodratherthanoncompetitiveness,aswouldbethecaofaK-

lectedorganism.[当r选择性微生物处于营养丰富而且其他竞争性微生

物不多的环境时，它们会更加倾向于利用好现在的食物来快速繁殖，而不

是像K选择性微生物那样倾向于增强其竞争力。]

-uinagricul彭读音 turehasmarkedeffectsontheenvironment,notallofthem

adver.农业用水对环境有显著的影响，但这些影响并不全是负面的。

OECDgovernmentsrespondingtotheincreaddemandforwaterin

agriculturalproductionandthegrowingpublicawarenessoftheimpactof

agricultureontheenvironment?经合组织各国如何应对增长中的农业生产

用水需求和农业对环境影响的公共意识。

exploitationofgroundwateraquifersforfarmingcontinuestogrow

apace-notonlyinaridandmi-aridregionsbutinmanyhumidareasaswell.

但是无论干旱、半干旱地区还是在一些潮湿的地区，为农业进行的地下水

蓄水层的开发持续增长。

gradationcanalsobeconsideredintermsofthelossofactualor

potentialproductivityorutilityasaresultofnaturaloranthropicfa土cto地rs.

退化也可依自然或人为因素造成的实际或潜在的生产力或效用损失考虑。

ntdepletionisanotherprincipalprocessoflanddegradationwithvere

economicimpactonaglobalscale.养分消耗是在全球范围内另一个对有严

重的经济影响的土地退化主要过程。

gradationisthedeclineinlandqualityorreductioninitsproductivity

andenvironmentalregulatorycapac土ity地.退化指土地质量下降或者生产

率、环境自身调节能力降低。

nmunicipalsolidwastelandfillistypicallyconstructedabovean

impermeableclaylayerthatislinedwithanimpermeablemembraneand

includesmechanismsfordealingwithliquidandgasmaterialsgeneratedbythe

contentsofthelandfill.[一个现代化的城市固体废物填埋场建造在非渗透性

的粘土层之上，这粘土层再衬上一层非渗透模型的膜，并包括能够处理填

埋物产生的气和液体的装置。

llshavehistoricallybeentheprimarymethod字体隶书 ofwastedisposalbecau

thismethodisthecheapestandmostconvenient,andbecauthethreatof

groundwatercontaminationwasnotinitiallyrecogn垃iz圾ed填.埋历来是垃圾

处春天的什么 理基本方法，因为这种方法最便宜、最方便，并且开始它产生的地下水

污染也未被意识到。

r,manyincineratorswereeliminatedbecauofaestheticconcerns,

suchasfoulodors,noxiousgas,andgrittysmoke,ratherthanforreasonsof

publichealth.然而，许多焚烧厂审美方面的考虑而非公共健康原因被淘汰

了，比如恶心的气味，有害气体和含有沙石的烟。

enisanesntialconstituentofprotein,whichisabuildingblockofall

livingtissue.氮是蛋白质的基本的组成部分，它是所有活体组织的基石。

henitrogencompoundsareinvolvedinanotherphaofthenitrogen

cycle:theprocessofammonification,nitrification,anddenitrification.所

有这些氮化物进入氮循环的另一个阶段：氨化作用，硝化作用和反硝化作

用。

tessuggestthatlessthan8.9kgN/hacomestoEarthannuallyinthis

wo-thirdsofthisamountcomesasammoniaandone-thirdas

nitricacid.估计表明，每年地球上每公顷有不足8.9千克的氮元素以这种方

式被固定下来。其香菇炒蛋 中约三分之二以氨的形态，三分之一以硝酸的形态。

thewatercontributesorganicmatteranddeadorganismsthatundergo

decomposition,releasingammoniaandnitrates.水中的生物提供有机物质和

死亡的有机体经分解释放出氨和硝酸盐。

ticecosystems,nitrogencyclesinasimilarmanner,exceptthatthelarge

rervoirinthesoilislacking.除了大型水库土壤中（进行的氮循环）外，

水生生态系统缺乏与（与陆生生态系统）相似的方式进行的氮循环。

manurecouldberesponsiblefornearlyhalfoftheN

2

Oemissionin

agricultureinEurope,accordingtosomeestimates;theremaindercomingfrom

inorganicnitratefertilizer.

据某些估计，在欧洲农业上几乎一半的氧化亚氮排放来自于动物粪便；其

余来自无机硝酸盐肥料。

ortantadditionofacondproductioncycleofnutrientsfromfish

wasteshanhancedtheintegrationprocess,andimprovedthelivelihoodsof

manysmallfarmersconsiderably.

这个来自鱼类废物的营养物的第二生产周期作为重要补充增强了一体化

进程，并明显地改善了许多小农户的生活。

r,mostofthemanure,whenexpodtotheatmosphere,losupto

halfitsnitrogenasammoniaandnitrogenoxides,beforetheycanbeturned

intostablenitratethatplantsuasfertilizer.

然而，大多数粪便暴露在空气中时，在转变成能被植物利用的稳定的硝酸

盐之前，有近一半的氮素以氨气和氧化氮的形式损失掉。

五、段落翻译题（专业相关摘要，1题15分老师出）