feminist

Feministmovement

Thefeministmovement(alsoknownastheWomen'sMovement,Women'sLiberation,orWomen's

Lib)referstoariesofcampaignsforreformsonissuessuchasreproductiverights,domestic

violence,maternityleave,equalpay,votingrights,xualharassment,

goalsofthemovementvaryfromcountrytocountry,tiontofemalegenitalcuttinginSudan,ortotheglassceilinginWesterncountries.

Firstwave

Thefirstwavereferstothefeminismmovementofthe18ththroughearly20thcenturies,which

ssuchasVirginiaWoolfareassociatedwiththeideasofthe

ookARoomofOne'sOwn,Woolf"describeshowmensocially

andpsychicallydominatewomen".Theargumentofthebookisthat"womenaresimultaneously

victimsofthemlvesaswellasvictimsofmenandareupholdersofsocietybyactingasmirrors

tomen".[4]Sherecognizesthesocialconstructsthatrestrictwomeninsocietyandusliteraturetocontextualizeitforotherwomen.

Theterm"first-wave"wascoinedretrospectivelyafterthetermcond-wavefeminismbeganto

beudtodescribeanewerfeministmovementthatfocudasmuchonfightingsocialandculturalinequalitiesasfurtherpoliticalinequalities.[5]

InBritain,theSuffragettescampaignedforthewomen'svote,whichwaventuallygranted−to

somewomenin1918andtoallin1928−asmuchbecauofthepartplayedbyBritishwomen

duringtheFirstWorldWar,nitedStatesleadersofthis

y,whoeachcampaignedforthe

abolitionofslaverypriortochampioningwomen'mportantleadersinclude

LucyStone,OlympiaBrown,anfirst-wavefeminisminvolvedawide

rangeofwomen,somebelongingtoconrvativeChristiangroups(suchasFrancesWillardand

theWoman'sChristianTemperanceUnion),othersremblingthediversityandradicalismof

muchofcond-wavefeminism(suchasStanton,Anthony,MatildaJoslynGageandtheNational

WomanSuffrageAssociation,ofwhichStantonwaspresident).IntheUnitedStatesfirst-wave

feminismisconsideredtohaveendedwiththepassageoftheNineteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution(1919)grantingwomentherighttovote.[citationneeded]

Secondwave

Thecondwave(1960s-1980s)t

onwhathadbeenachievedintheFirstWave,de

Beauvoirisassociatedwiththiswavebecauofherideaofwomenas"theother".Thisideawas

touchedoninthewritingofWoolf,andwasadaptedtoapplynotonlytothegenderrolesof

womeninthehouholdoratwork,irtthetoneforlaterFeministtheory.[6]

Thecondwaveoffeministactivitybeganintheearly1960s家常红烧牛肉 andlastedthroughthelate1980s.

WhathelpedtriggerthiscondwavewasthebookwrittenbyBettyFriedan."Thekeyeventthat

markedthereemergenceofthismovementinthepostwarerawasthesurpripopularityofBetty

Friedan'gasahouwifeandmother(thoughshehad

hadalongstor黄瓜水饺 yofpoliticalactivism,aswell),Friedandescribedtheproblemwithnonamethe

dissatisfactionofeducated,middleclasswivesandmotherslikeherlfwho,lookingattheirnice

homesandfamilies,wonderedguiltilyifthatwasalltherewastolifewasnotnew;thevague

nofdissatifactionplaguinghouwiveswasastapletopicforwomen'smagazinesinthe

edan,insteadofblamingindividualwomenforfailingtoadapttowomen'sproper

role,blamedtheroleitlfandthesocietythatcreatedit"(Norton,MaryBeth,ApeopleANationpg865.2005HoughtonMifflinCompanyNewYork.)

Duringthiement

encouragedwomentounderstandaspectsoftheirownpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticized,and

t-wavefeminismfocuduponabsoluterightssuch

assuffrage,cond-wavefeminismwaslargelyconcernedwithotherissuesofequality,suchas

theendtodiscrimination.[5]Thefeministactivistandauthor,CarolHanischcoinedtheslogan

"ThePersonalisPolitical"whichbecamesynonymouswiththecondwave.[7][8]Second-wave

feministssawwomen'sculturalandpolitica预测的英文 linequalitiesasinextricablylinkedandencouraged

womentounderstandaspectsoftheirpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticizedandasreflectingxistpowerstructures.

Thirdwave

TheThirdwaveofFeminism(1990s-current),inasbothacontinuationandarespontotheperceivedfailures重男轻女打一地名 ofthecondwave.[9]

Inadditionto"responding"totheSecondWave,theThirdWavewaslessreactive,andhada

ginist

MovementassuchgrewduringtheThirdWave,toincorporateagreaternumberofwomenwho

maynothavepreviouslyidentifiedwiththedynamicsandgoalsthatwereestablishedatthestart

criticizedasmereacontinuationoftheSecondWave,theThirdWavemadeitsownuniquecontributions.

Intheearly1990s,amovementaroinrespontotheperceivedfailuresofcondwave

feminism,ithasbeenter金字偏旁 medthe"t仙人掌是花吗 hirdwave".Itisalsodescribedasarespontothebacklash

stleadersrootedin

thecondwavelikeGloriaAnzalda,bellhooks,ChelaSandoval,CherreMoraga,AudreLorde,

MaxineHongKingston,andmanyotherfeministsofcolor,calledforanewsubjectivityin

ughttonegotiateprominentspacewithinfeministthoughtfor

cusontheinterctionbetweenraceandgender

remainedprom长方脸 inentthroughtheHill-Thomashearings,butbegantoshiftwiththeFreedomRide

ivetoregistervotersinpoorminoritycommunitieswassurroundedwithrhetoricthat

y,therallyingoftheyoungistheemphasisthathasstuckwithinthirdwavefeminism

Socialchanges

ThefeministmovementaffectedchangeinWesternsociety,includingwomen'ssuffrage;theright

toinitiatedivor欢迎光临的意思 ceproceedingsand"nofault"divorce;andtherightofwomentomakeindividual

decisionsregardingpregnancy(includingaccesstocontraceptivesandabortion);andtherighttoownproperty.[19][20]

FeminismhasaffectedmanychangesinWesternsociety,includingwomen'ssuffrage,broad

employmentforwomenatmoreequitablewagesandaccesstouniversityeducation.