allusion

LogicalFiguresofSpeech

“寓言”与“汉语”

“汉语”“寓言”的词源来源于《庄子》。《庄子寓言》：“寓言十九，藉外论之。”郭象的注解“十九”

说：“十言而九见信。”可见，庄子认为寓言的特点是假借另外的事物以说明道理，寓言说理的成功率非

常大。可惜，庄子没有强调寓言的故事性，以致古人把寓言理解得过于宽泛，甚至把寓言等同于一般的比

喻或者抒发理想的作品。在先秦诸子百家的著作中，有许多当时流行的优秀寓言，如：《亡鈇》、《攘鸡》、《宋

人揠苗》、《矛盾》、《郑人买履》、《守株待兔》、《刻舟求剑》、《画蛇添足》等。“寓言”与“西文”

西方寓言主要有四大类型：1、fable型：以伊索寓言为代表，大多是拟人化的动物故事。如：<狼和小羊>。

fable这个词有寓言、童话、神话的含义。2、Parable型:以《圣经》寓言为代表,大多是人物故事,富有宗教

色彩。如:《浪子回头》。Parable这个词就有寓言、比喻的含义。3、Allegory型：一种长篇大的双重结构

的文体，如班扬的小说《天路历程》，斯宾塞的长诗《仙女王》。4、MoralityPlay型。这四个类型概括起来

可称为Allegorictales.

RY:Theword"allegory"isfromtheGreekword"allegoria",whichmeans"speakingotherwi".

Allegoryisastoryinverorprowithadoublemeaning:aprimaryorsurfacemeaning,anda

,an

abstractioninthatofaconcreteimage,itcanberead,understoodandinterpretedattwolevels--the

literallevelandthepolitical,ng.

efavorablyudinmoral

Itisafigurativereprentationofsomeabstracttruthbytheuofsymboliclanguage.

Inallegories,an's

Pilgrim'sProgress,thenamesofthecharactersare"Christian","-man","-good",the

namesofplaceslike"CityofDespond","VanityFair","CelestialCity",scaneasilyetheunderlyingninthepropernames.

ry,fableandparableareallfigurativeways

oftellingstoriesaboutfictionalcharactersandeventswiththepurpoofteachingorillustratingamoral

allegorymaybelongandelaborate,usuallystatesthemoral

rycallyshowstheapplicationofamoralprecepttoafamiliarsituation.

readeroftentakesanallegoryat

,anallegory,whichinvolvesbothliteralandfigurativereadings,should

n,gory

partakesoftheambivalenceandindeterminacy,allegoryismoredifficultforthereadertounderstand

on

1、暗指，间接提到;2、引用典故，典故,引喻(1)Theactofalluding;indirectreference:

影射；暗指：暗指的行为；间接提及：间接批评了国家领袖

Withoutnamingnames,thecandidatecriticizedthenationalleadersbyallusion.没有指出姓名，候选人

(2)Aninstanceofindirectreference:典故；引用：间接提及的例子：

geNoteatallude诗中的经典神话典故

AllusionderivesfromtheLatinword"allusio",whichmeans"playingwith".Itisusuallyacasual,briefand

implicitreferencetoafamoushistoricalorliteraryfigureorawell-knownhistoricalevent,mple,

(1)Shesatthereallnightassilentasthesphinx.

(2)Ifyoutakehisparkingplace,icalfiguresorevents.

Allusionsmayresultfromfairytales,myths,legendsandfables,theBible,famousliteraryworks,

Inliterature,animpliedorindirectreferencetoaperson,event,orthingortoapartofanothertext.

Allusionisdistinguishedfromsuchdevicesasdirectquoteand

imitation

or

parody

.Mostallusionsare

badontheassumptionthatthereisabodyofknowledgethatissharedbytheauthorandthereader

andthatthereforethereaderwillunderstandtheauthor'onstobiblicalfiguresandfiguresfromclassicalmythologyarecommoninWesternliteratureforthisreason.

However,someauthors,suchas

and

JamesJoyce

,deliberatelyuobscureandcomplex

rly,anallusioncanbeudasa

straightforwarddevicetoenhancethetextbyprovidingfurthermeaning,butitcanalsobeudinamore

complexntomakean

ironic

commentononethingbycomparingittosomethingthatisdissimilar.

ThewordisfromthelateLatinallusiomeaning“aplayonwords”or“game”andisaderivativeofthe

Latinwordalludere,meaning“toplayaround”or“torefertomockingly.”Hyperbole:

Hyperboleisthedeliberateuofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.

Insteadofsayinginplainlanguage"Sheisaprettygirl"or"Helaughedheartily"wecouldexpressthe

sameideasmoreemphaticallybysaying"Sheistheprettiestgirlintheworld"or"Healmostdiedlaughing."

Effectivehyperbole,however,

handsofexperiencedwritersitcanbeudtoachievevariousliteraryeffects:tointensifyemotion,to

elevateapersonorthingtoheroicormythicalstatus,er,itsform,too,

canvaryfromaphra,antence,mesawhole

ificationoffeelingoremotion

Examplesofthevariousformsandusaregivenbelow.

(1)Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.()

(2)edslowly,withtheblood

poundinghistemples,andawildincommunicablejoyinhisheart."I'mthehappiestmanintheworld,"hewhisperedtohimlf."I'mthehappiestmanintheworld."(AlbertMaltz:"TheHappiestManintheWorld")

(Jes,unemployedforsixyears,atgettingthis

dangerousjob,whichmightcosthislifeatanytime,ismademorepoignantbytheexaggerated

descriptionofhisfeelings.)

(3)Forshewasbeautiful---herbeautymade

Thebrightworlddim,andeverythingbeside

Seemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.

(y:"TheWitchofAtlas")

sum.

(4)Hamlet:IlovedOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmy

(peare:Hamlet)

(5)Wasthisthefacethatlaunchedathousandships,

AndburntthetoplesstowersofIlium?

SweetHelen,makemeimmortalwithakiss!...

Oh,tho校人烹鱼 uartfairerthantheeveningstar,

(ChristopherMarlowe:Faustus)

(6)Icouldataleunfoldwholightestword

Wouldharrowupthysoul,freezethyyoungblood,

Thyknottedandcombinedlockstopart

Likequillsuponthefretfulporpentine.

(Shakespeare:Hamlet)

Makethytwoeyes,likestars,startfromtheirspheres,

Andeachparticularhairtostandonend,

(7)Macbeth:Whathandsarehere?Ha!Theypuckoutmineeyes.

multitudinousasincarnadine

Makingthegreenonered.

(Shakespeare:Macbeth)

WillallgreatNeptune'soceanwashthisbloodcleanfrommyhand?No;thismyhandwillratherThe

ElevationtoHeroicorMythicalStatus

(8)Theysaid,whenhestooduptospeak,starsandstripescamerightoutintheskyandoncehespoke

id,whenhewalkedthewoodswithhisfishing

rod,Killal,thetrout,wouldjumpoutofthestreamsintohispockets,fortheyknewitwasnouputtingup

afightagainsthim;and,whenhearguedaca,hecouldturnontheharpsoftheblesdandthe

sthekindofmanhewas,andhisbigfarmupatMarshfield

anthracite---thatwasDan'lWebsterinhisprime.

(tBenet:"TheDevilandDanielWebster")

(underground:hecouldmoveHeavenandHellwithhiswords.)

(9)Andherushedintothewigwam,

SawtheoldNokomisslowly

SawthelovelyMinnehaha

Rockingtoandfroandmoaning,

Lyingdeadandcoldbeforehim;utteredsuchacryofanguish,

Andhisburstingheartwithinhim

Thattheforestmoanedandshuddered,

Andtheverystarsinheaven

Shookandtrembledwithhisanguish.

(llow:"Hiawatha")HumourorRidicule

Incontrasttoelevationtoheroicormythicalpropositions,hyperboleforhumourorridiculemakesuof

getsofattackmayrangefrompersonsorthingstosubjectslikebureaucracyorautomation.

(10)Isatforawhile,frozenwithhorror;andthen,inthelistlessnessofdespair,Iagainturnedthepages.

Icametotyphoidfever---Ireadthesymptoms---discoveredIhadtyphoidfever,musthavehaditfor

twenty-sixletters,andtheonlymaladyIcouldconcludeIhadnotgotwashoumaid'sknee.()

(Thisisahumorousdigatthehypochondriac---apersonwhoalwaysthinksheissufferingfromsomerealorimaginarydia.)

(11)Andatlast,asadueandfittingclimaxtotheshamelesspercutionthatpartyrancourhadinflicted

uponme,ninelittletoddlingchildren,ofallshadesofcoloranddegreesofraggedness,weretaughtto

rushontotheplatformandcallmePA!(MarkTwain:"RunningforGovernor")(AhitattheextentAmericanpoliticianswillgotoslanderanothercandidate.)

(12)Itis,however,"deep-freezing"gis

tasteslikethemossoftundra,eappearancechanges,oftentimes.

Handsomecomestiblesyouputdowninthesummercomeoutlookingverymuchlikethecorpsof

woollymammalsrecoveredfromthelastIceAge.(PhilipWylie:"ScienceHasSpoiledMySupper")

Hyperbole,however,ssmenandmanufacturersuit,

too,eaimistoadvertitheirgoodsinasattractiveawayas

possible,soastoinducecustomerstobuytheirproducts,tenoughin

suchadvertimentstosayathingissimply"good":itmustbeperfect,colossal,spectacular,

out-of-this-world,superb,gorgeous,fantastic,"big"becomeslarge,giant,ultra-large,king-size,

amples:

understatement(低调说法；曲言)：如一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄的说法，用来表达不愉快的事情时，

效果委婉，听者易于接受。smelly（有味道，即stinking,发臭）。

1）轻描淡写(用rather,quite,pretty,almost,abit代替very)

She’ndwasabituptbyhis

son’alittleannoyedwhenshefoundhervaluablevabroken.

2）用反说代替正说(常用含蓄的否定的方式，常使用no,not,never,none,little,hardly等)

n’chersaidhewasn’tverybrightandthathewasn’tworthteaching.

rmistakesarenotuncommon.

3）弦外之音(

婉转

说法，用于代替直言不讳)

uldhavebeenhereearlier.

●litotes

afigureofspeech,aconsciousunderstatementinwhichemphasisisachievedbynegation;examples

arethecommonexpressions“notbad!”and“nomeanfeat.”muchoftheircharacteristicstoicalrestraint.

LitotesisastylisticfeatureofOldEnglishpoetryandoftheIcelandicsagas,anditisresponsiblefor

Thetermmeiosismeansunderstatementgenerally,andlitotesisconsideredaformofmeiosis.

●Meiosis

understatementforrhetoricaleffect(especiallywhenexpressinganaffirmativebynegatingitscontrary)

同义词：

litotesOvertones

Inan,theminvolvetherervationofthe

speaker'ismsare

usuallyudtoglorifyanunpleasantortabooedsubjectinordertoavoidhurtingthefeelingofsomeone.

rast,overtonesareudto

intensifyorincreatheideaontheaudience'akerexpectstheaudiencetounderstand

,infact,inthatgivencontext,thefollowingntences:

uldhavebeenhereearlier.(meaning:Youarelate.)

couldsingbetter.(meaning:Idonotsingwell.)haverhittheplace.)

cehasbeenheresince1915,andnohurricanehaverbotheredit.(meaning:Nohurricane

yonewouldbelievethatnews!(meaning:Noonebelievesit.)

robbinghecomesnexttodrinkingandSabbathIrony

amanindulgeshimlfinmurder,verysoonhecomestothinklittleofrobbing;andfrom

Itisalanguagedevice,eitherinspokenorwrittenform(verbalirony),inwhichtherealmeaningis

concealedorcontradictedbytheli工程挂靠协议 teralmeaningsofthewords,orinatheatricalsituation(dramatic

irony),inwhichthereisanincongruitybetweenwhatixpectedandwhatoccurs.

Verbalironyarisfromasophisticatedorresignedawarenessofcontrastbetweenwhatisandwhat

ormofindirectionthatavoids

overtpraiorcensure,asinthecasualironyofthestatement“Thatwasasmartthingtodo!”(meaning“veryfoolish”).

Dsitisoftencreated

bytheaudience'sawarenessofafateinstoreforthecharactersthattheythemlvesareunawareof,as

whenAgamemnonacceptstheflatteringinvitationtowalkuponthepurplecarpetthatistobecomehis

hortstoryisalsoanexampleofdramaticirony,asisthe

moresubtlyachievedeffectofAntonChekhov'sstory“LadywiththeDog,”inwhichanaccomplishedDon

Juanengagesinaroutineflirtationonlytofindhimlfducedintoapassionatelifelongcommitmentto

awomanwhoisnodifferentfromalltheothers.

ThetermironyhasitsrootsintheGreekcomiccharacterEiron,acleverunderdogwhobyhiswit

raticironyofthe

Platonic

dialogues

ngignoranceandhumility,Socratesgoesaboutaskingsillyand

obviousquestionsofallsortsofpeopleonallsortsofsubjects,literaryuofironyisusuallyconsideredsarcasm.

Innuendo:(暗讽）Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomething

disparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不赞美)mple,the

estsomethingunpleasant.

Euphemism:(讳饰)Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensiveexpressionforonethatmayoffend

edawayinhissleep.(passaway:die)thepersonorsubjectmentioned,asin:

Amildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundaboutwayatsomethingdisparagingoruncomplimentaryto

(1)"Istoppedatpage412,with407pagestogo."(GoreVidal,admittingthatheliterallycouldn't

makehimlffinishabookhewasreviewing.---TheAtlantic,Aug.1981)

(2)"takehisreadingsina

bathroom."(DavidParks:)ratherthanwarm.)

(Theauthorishintingattheinaccuracyoftheweatherman'theriscold,

Oxymoron:(矛盾修饰）Itisacompresdparadox,formedbytheconjoining(结合)oftwocontrasting,

contradictoryorincongruous(不协调)termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混乱)andproud

humility(侮辱).

AnOxymoronisacompresdparadox,formedbytheconjoiningoftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruousterms,asin

---bitter-sweetmemories

---proudhumility:thisreferstothequalityofbeinghumble,butnotrvilethethingsarethrownaround.

---orderlychaos:chaos(confusion,disarray)exists,butthereissomemethodororderintheway

Anunderstandingofoxymoroncanhelpustoappreciatemorefullytheimpliedcomplexityofdescriptions

radox,anOxymoroninitiallysurprisonewithitsincongruityofterms,whichreally

hidesacertaintruth,onwasoncewidelyudinpoetry,especiallyinthe

resomewell-knownexamples:

(1)Juliet:Orpentheart,hidwithaflow'ringface!

Dideverdragonkeepsofairacave?

Beautifultyrant!fiendangelical!

Dove-feather'draven!wolfish-raveninglamb!

Despidsubstanceofdivinestshow!

Justoppositetowhatthoujustlyem'st,

Adamnedsaint,anhonourablevillain!

(Shakespeare:RomeoandJuliet)cousin.)

(JulietishereexpressinghermixedfeelingsaboutRomeo,whenshehearshehaskilledTybalt,her

Atonce,asfarasangelsken,heviews

Thedismalsituationwasteandwild:

Adungeonhorrible,onallsidesround,

Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible.

Asonegreatfurnaceflamed;yetfromthoflames

(JohnMilton:"ParadiLost")thereforemoretorturous,forthesufferersburnedindarkness.)

(InthisdescriptionofHell,MiltonmeanstosaythattheflamesinHellemittednolightandwere

Inamodernexample,letuhowRusllBaker,anAmericancolumnist,usittoridiculethe

Americanswhowillspendbillionsonspacerearchwhileneglectingbasicsocialimprovementsonearth:

(3)rmagnificentbungler.

Hecan'tevengettotheofficewithoutundergoingtheagoniesofthe

damned,butgivehimalittlemetal,afewchemicals,somewireandtwenty

orthirtybilliondollarsand,vroom!Thereheis,uponarockaquarterofa

millionmilesupinthesky.(TheNewYorkTimes,July21,1969)

(TheoxymoroniffectivebecauitcontraststhemagnificenceofthedeedofAmericanslandingon

themoonwiththeblundersandinadequaciesofAmericansinauthority,andtheirindifferencetoearthly

socialproblems.)

a)adj+noun

b)adj+adjc)adv+adj

Anoxymoroncanformedinvariousways,themostcommonbeingthefollowing:

alivingdeath,conspicuousabnce,tearfuljoy,jarringconcord.

coldpleasantmanner,poorrichguys.

dullybright,mercifullyfatald)verb+adv

hastenslowly,shinedarklye)noun+noun

alove-haterelationship

Asinparadox,theappreciationofanoxymoroncomesfromtryingtofindthehiddentruth,thesubtle

significanceinotherwiconflictingimagesorideas.

Analogy

(ExtractedfromTheRhetoricalDevicesbyFQH)

Analogyisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphor,whichusuallyconcentratesonone

pointofremblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofremblance.

helatterfiguresrveto

heighteneffectwithvividimagery,analogyischieflyudforthepurpoofpersuasionorfortheexplanationorexpositionofanidea.

Theanalogycanbedevelopedthroughasmanyparallelsimilaritiesasthewritercanthinkof,toconvince

thereaderthatbecauthethingsarealikeinsomanyrespects,aconclusiondrawnfromonesuggestsasimilarconclusionfromtheother.

(1)Thechess-boardistheworld;thepiecesarethephenomenaoftheuniver;therulesofthegame

thathisplay

isalwaysfair,oweknow,toourcost,thatheneveroverlooksamistake,ormakes

anwhoplayswell,thehigheststakesarepaid,withthat

sortwhoplaysillis

checkmated---withouthaste,butwithoutremor.()ManwillsucceedonlyifheplaysbythelawsofNature.)

(ManvsNature-whowillwin?Huxleyustheanalogyoftwoplayersinachessgametoexplainthat

(2)havesomething

thatremblesthecircuitof6000-plustransistorsthatmustbeimprintedonasiliconwaferone-venth

achtransistorwithalayerofinsulationandconnectthemallwithathinpathof

eisasingledefect,equivalentinscaletoaone-footpotholeinthestreetsofManhattan,

thewholec明暗五调子 hipwillbeuless.(Time,2.11.81)

(Inthisanalogy,thecomplexityandprecisionneededinmakingmicroprocessorsixplained.)

However,tis,whileananalogy

tsouttopersuadeortoexplain,mesananalogycanbe

carriedtoofar,ingananalogy,therefore,weshouldbeclear

abouttheimplicationsdrawnfromparallelcomparisons,butweshouldguardagainstunrerved

therhand,inwritinganalogies,weshouldhaveanof

proportion,andnotcarryacomparisonbeyondlogicalandreasonableboundaries.

Paradox

Aparadoxisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitems

lf-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingand

studymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.

findingoutwhoRomeois,expressherfeelingsinthisway:

(1)Nur:HisnameisRomeo,andaMontague,

Theonlysonofyourgreatenemy.

Juliet:Myonlylovesprungfrommyonlyhate

Tooearlyenunknown,andknowntoolate!

Prodigiousbirthofloveitistome,

ThatImustlovealoathedenemy.

AgoodexampleofaparadoxisinthispassagefromShak车辆年检时间规定 espeare'sRomeoandJuliet,whenJuliet,

Thowhoareunfamiliarwiththeplaywouldthinkthestatement"Myonlylovesprungfrommyonly

hate"ratherstrange,forhowc四的四字成语 ouldonelovewhatonehates?Butknowingthestorytheywouldfindthe

paradoxisudmosteffectivelytoexpressJuliet'smixedfeelingsattheenormityofheract:thatshe

hasfalleninlovewiththesonofthe创意产品设计 familyshehasbeenbroughtuptohate.