梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
2016年12月大学英语六级考试（第3套）
Part I Writing(30minutes)
Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay on innovation.Your essay should include the importance of creation and measures to be taken to encourage innovation.You are required to write at least150 words but no more than200words.
（本次六级考试全国共考了两套听力，第三套的听力就是前面两套中的一套，故不在这里重复）
Part III Reading Comprehension(40minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this ction,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to lect one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Plea mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the center.You may not u any of the words in the bank more than once.
The tree people in the Lord of the Rings—the Ents---can get around by walking.But for real trees,it’s harder to uproot.Becau they’re literally rooted into the ground,they are unable to leave and go-26-.
When a tree first starts growing in a certain area,it’s likely that the-27-envelope—the temperature,humidity, rainfall patterns and so on—suits it.Otherwi,it would be unable to grow from a edling.But as it-28-,the conditions may change and the area around it may no longer be suitable for its-29-.
When that happens,many trees like walnuts,oaks and pines,rely-30-on so-called“scatter hoarders,”such as birds,to move their eds to new localities.Many birds like to store food for the winter,which they-31-retrieve. When the birds forget to retrieve their food---and they do sometimes—a edling has a chance to grow.The bird Clark’s nutcracker,for example,hides up to100,000eds per year,up to30kilometers away from the ed source, and has a very clo symbiotic(共生的)relationship with veral pine species,most32the whitebark pine.
As trees outgrow their ideal-33-in the face of climate change,the flying ecosystem engineers could be a big help in-34-trees.It’s a solution for us—getting birds to do the work is cheap and effective—and it could give-35-oaks and pines the option to truly“make like a tree and leave.”
A)ages B)breathing C)climatic D)elwhere E)exclusively
F)forever G)fruitful H)habitats I)legacy J)notably
K)offspring L)replanting M)subquently N)vulnerable O)withdraws
Section B
Directions:In this ction，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choo a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.
The American Workplace Is Broken.Here’s How We Can Start Fixing It.
[A]Americans are working longer and harder hours than ever before.83%of workers say they’re stresd about their jobs,nearly50%say work-related stress is interfering with their sleep,and60%u their smartphones to check in with work outside of normal working hours.No wonder only13%of employees worldwide feel engaged in their occupation.
[B]Glimmers(少许)of hope,however,are beginning to emerge in this bruising environment:Americans are becoming aware of the toll their jobs take on them,and employers are exploring ways to alleviate the harmful effects of stress and overwork.Yet much more work remains to be done.To call stress an epidemic isn’t exaggeration.The 83%of American employees who are stresd about their jobs---up from73%just a year before—say that poor compensation and an unreasonable workload are their number-one sources of stress.And if you suspected that the workplace had gotten more stressful than it was just a few decades ago,you’re right.Stress levels incread18%for women and24%for men from1983to2009.Stress is also starting earlier in life,with some data suggesting that today’s teens are even more stresd than adults.
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
[C]Stress is taking a significant toll on our health,and the collective public health cost may be enormous. Occupational stress increas the risk of heart attack and diabetes,accelerates the aging process,decreas longevity, and contributes to depression and anxiety,among numerous other negative health outcomes.Overall,stress-related health problems account for up to90%of hospital visits,many of them preventable.Your job is“literally killing you,”as The Washington Post put it.It’s also hurting our relationships.Working parents say they feel stresd,tired,rushed and short on qualit
y time with their children,friends and partners.in the way
[D]Seven in ten workers say they struggle to maintain work-life balance.As technology(and with it,work emails) eps(渗入)into every aspect of our lives,work-life balance has become an almost meaningless term.Add a rapidly changing economy and an uncertain future to this24/7connectivity,and you’ve got a recipe for overwork,according to Phyllis Moen.“There’s rising work demand coupled with the incurity of mergers,takeovers,downsizing and other factors，”Moen said.“Part of the work-life issue has to talk about uncertainty about the future.”staff什么意思
[E]The factors have converged to create an increasingly impossible situation with many employees overworking to the point of burnout.It’s not only unsustainable for workers,but also for the companies that employ them.Science has shown a clear correlation between high stress levels in workers and abnteeism(旷工)，reduced productivity,dingagement and high turnover.Too many workplace policies effectively prohibit employees from developing a healthy work-life balance by barring them from taking time off,even when they need it most.
[F]The ails far behind every wealthy nation and many developing ones that have family-friendly work policies including paid parental leave,paid sick days and breast-feeding support,according to a
2007study.The U.S. is also the only advanced economy that does not guarantee workers paid vacation time,and it’s one of only two countries in the world that does not offer guaranteed paid maternity leave.But even when employees are given paid time off,workplace norms and expectations that pressure them to overwork often prevent them from taking it.Full-time employees who do have paid vacation days only u half of them on average.
[G]Our modem workplaces also operate bad on outdated time constraints.The practice of clocking in for an eight-hour workday is a leftover from the days of the Industrial Revolution,as reflected in the then-popular saying,“Eight hours labor,eight hours recreation,eight hours rest.”
[H]We’ve held on to this workday structure—but thanks to our digital devices,many employees never really clock out.Today,the average American spends8.8hours at work daily,and the majority of working professionals spend additional hours checking in with work during evenings,weekends and even vacations.The problem isn’t the technology itlf,but that the technology is being ud to create more flexibility for the employer rather than the employee.In a competitive work environment,employers are able to u technology to demand more from their employees rather than motivating workers with flexibility that benefits them.
[I]In a study published last year,psychologists coined the term“workplace telepressure”to describe an employee’s urge to immediately respond to emails and engage in obssive thoughts about returning an email to one’s boss,colleagues or clients.The rearchers found that telepressure is a major cau of stress at work,which over time contributes to physical and mental burnout.Of the300employees participating in the study,tho who experienced high levels of telepressure were more likely to agree with statements asssing burnout,like“I’ve no energy for going to work in the morning,”and to report feeling fatigued and unfocud.Telepressure was also correlated with sleeping poorly and missing work.
[J]Harvard Business School professor Leslie Perlow explains that when people feel the pressure to be always “on,”they find ways to accommodate that pressure,including altering their schedules,work habits and interactions with family and friends.Perlow calls this vicious cycle the“cycle of responsiveness”:Once boss and colleagues experience an employee’s incread responsiveness,they increa their demands on the employee’s time.And becau a failure to accept the incread demands indicates a lack of commitment to one’s work,the employee complies.
[K]To address skyrocketing employee stress levels,many companies have implemented workplace w
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ellness programs,partnering with health care providers that have created programs to promote employee health and well-being.Some rearch does suggest that the programs hold promi.A study of employees at health insurance provider Aetna revealed that roughly one quarter of tho taking in-office yoga and mindfulness class reported a 28%reduction in their stress levels and a20%improvement in sleep quality.The less-stresd workers gained an average of62minutes per week of productivity.While yoga and meditation(静思)are scientifically proven to reduce stress levels,the programs do little to target the root caus of burnout and dingagement.The conditions creating the stress are long hours,unrealistic demands and deadlines,and work-life conflict.
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人[L]Moen and her colleagues may have found the solution.In a2011study,she investigated the effects of implementing a Results Only Work Environment(ROWE)on the productivity and well-being of employees at Best Buy’s corporate headquarters.
[M]For the study,325employees spent six months taking part in ROWE,while a control group of334 employees continued with their normal workflow.The ROWE participants were allowed to freely determine when, where and how they worked---the only thing that mattered was that they got the job
done.The results were striking. After six months,the employees who participated in ROWE reported reduced work-family conflict and a better n of control of their time,and they were getting a full hour of extra sleep each night.The employees were less likely to leave their jobs,resulting in reduced turnover.It’s important to note that the incread flexibility didn’t encourage them to work around the clock.“They didn’t work anywhere and all the time---they were better able to manage their work,”Moen said.“Flexibility and control is key,”she continued.
36.Workplace norms pressure employees to overwork,deterring them from taking paid time off.
37.The overwhelming majority of employees attribute their stress mainly to low pay and an excessive workload.
38.According to Moen,flexibility gives employees better control over their work and time.
39.Flexibility resulting from the u of digital devices benefits employers instead of employees.
40.Rearch finds that if employees suffer from high stress,they will be less motivated,less productive and more likely to quit.
41.In-office wellness programs may help reduce stress levels,but they are hardly an ultimate solution
to the problem.
42.Health problems caud by stress in the workplace result in huge public health expens.
43.If employees respond quickly to their job assignments,the employer is likely to demand more from them.
44.With technology everywhere in our life,it has become virtually impossible for most workers to keep a balance between work and life.
45.In America today,even teenagers suffer from stress,and their problem is even more rious than grown-ups’.
Section C
Directions:There are two passages in this ction.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B)，C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the center.
Passage One
下拉菜单英文Questions46to50are bad on the following passage.
Dr.Donald Sadoway at MIT started his own battery company with the hope of changing the world’s energy future.It’s a dramatic endorment for a technology most people think about only when their smartphone goes dark. But Sadoway isn’t alone in trumpeting energy storage as a missing link to a cleaner,more efficient,and more equitable energy future.落寞的英文
Scientists and engineers have long believed in the promi of batteries to change the world.Advanced batteries are moving out of specialized markets and creeping into the mainstream,signaling a tipping point for forward-looking technologies such as electric cars and rooftop solar panels.
The ubiquitous(无所不在的)battery has already come a long way,of cour.For better or wor,batteries make possible our mobile-first lifestyles,our screen culture,our increasingly globalized world.Still,as impressive as all this is,it may be trivial compared with what comes next.Having already enabled a communications revolution,the battery is now poid to transform just about everything el.
The wireless age is expanding to include not just our phones,tablets,and laptops,but also our cars,hodensity
mes,and even whole communities.In emerging economies,rural communities are bypassing the wires and wooden poles that spread power.Instead,some in Africa and Asia are eing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.
Today,energy storage is a$33billion global industry that generates nearly100gigawatt-hours of electricity per year.By the end of the decade,it’s expected to be worth over$50billion and generate160gigawatt-hours,enough to
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人attract the attention of major companies that might not otherwi be interested in a decidedly pedestrian technology. Even utility companies,which have long viewed batteries and alternative forms of energy as a threat,are learning to embrace the technologies as enabling rather than disrupting.
Today’s battery breakthroughs come as the world looks to expand modem energy access to the billion or so people without it,while also cutting back on fuels that warm the planet.Tho simultaneous challenges appear less overwhelming with increasingly better answers to a centuries-old question:how to make power portable.
To be sure,the battery still has a long way to go before the nightly recharge completely replaces the
weekly trip to the gas station.A battery-powered world comes with its own risks,too.What happens to the centralized electric grid,which took decades and billions of dollars to build,as more and more people become“prosumers,”who produce and consume their own energy onsite?
No one knows which---if any---battery technology will ultimately dominate,but one thing remains clear.The future of energy is in how we store it.
46.What does Dr.Sadoway think of energy storage?
A)It involves the application of sophisticated technology.
B)It is the direction energy development should follow.
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C)It will prove to be a profitable business.
D)It is a technology benefiting everyone.
47.What is most likely to happen when advanced batteries become widely ud?
A)Mobile-first lifestyles will become popular.
B)The globalization process will be accelerated.
C)Communications will take more diver forms.
D)The world will undergo revolutionary changes.
48.In some rural communities of emerging economies,people have begun to.
A)find digital devices simply indispensable
B)communicate primarily by mobile phone
C)light their homes with stored solar energy
D)distribute power with wires and wooden poles
49.Utility companies have begun to realize that battery technologies.
A)benefit their business
B)transmit power faster
C)promote innovation
标量D)encourage competition
50.What does the author imply about the centralized electric grid?
A)It might become a thing of the past.
B)It might turn out to be a“prosumer.”
gbr是哪个国家的缩写C)It will be easier to operate and maintain.
D)It will have to be completely transformed.
Passage Two
Questions51to55are bad on the following passage.
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人More than100years ago,American sociologist W.E.B.Du Bois was concerned that race was being ud as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people.He spoke out against the idea of“whi
te”and“black”as distinct groups,claiming that the distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.
Science would favor Du Bois.Today,the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning.In an article published in the journal Science,four scholars say racial categories need to be phad out.
“Esntially，I could not agree more with the authors,”said Svante Paabo,a biologist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.In one example that demonstrated genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines,the full genomes(基因组)of James Watson and Craig Venter,two famous American scientists of European ancestry,were compared to that of a Korean scientist,Seong-Jin Kim.It turned out that Watson and Venter shared fewer variations in their genetic quences than they each shared with Kim.
Michael Yudell,a professor of public health at Drexel University in Philadelphia,said that modem genetics rearch is operating in a paradox:on the one hand,race is understood to be a uful tool to illuminate human genetic diversity,but on the other hand,race is also understood to be a poorly defined marker of that diversity.
Assumptions about genetic differences between people of different races could be particularly dange
rous in a medical tting.“If you make clinical predictions bad on somebody’s race,you’re going to be wrong a good chunk of the time,Yudell told Live Science.In the paper,he and his colleagues ud the example of cystic fibrosis,which is underdiagnod in people of African ancestry becau it is thought of as a“white”dia.
So what other variables could be ud if the racial concept is thrown out?Yudell said scientists need to get more specific with their language,perhaps using terms like“ancestry”or“population”that might more precily reflect the relationship between humans and their genes,on both the individual and population level.The rearchers also acknowledged that there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be uful in scientific rearch:as a political and social,but not biological,variable.
“While we argue phasing out racial terminology(术语)in the biological sciences,we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism,although filled with lots of challenges,remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities(差异)between groups.”.Yudell said
雅思官网打不开51.Du Bois was oppod to the u of race as.
A)a basis for explaining human genetic diversity
B)an aid to understanding different populations
C)an explanation for social and cultural differences
D)a term to describe individual human characteristics
52.The study by Svante Paabo rved as an example to show.
A)modem genetics rearch is likely to fuel racial conflicts
B)race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity
C)race as a biological term can explain human genetic diversity
D)genetics rearch should consider social and cultural variables
53.The example of the dia cystic fibrosis underdiagnod in people of African ancestry demonstrates that
A)it is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosis
B)it is important to include social variables in genetics rearch.
C)racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions
D)discrimination against black people may cau negligence in clinical treatment
