Pompeii, the last day
cerelTwo thousand years ago, the Roma Empire, the greatest empire the world ever known, was shaking to its core by the worst natural disaster to strike the ancient world. In less than 24 hours, the city of Pompeii and at least 5,000 of its people were wiped from the face of the earth. The killer was the volcano, Mount Vesuvius. But how it destroyed them and why so many died was far a long time a mystery. Today, Pompeii lies in ruins. But amid the crumbling walls and faded paintings, tantalizing clues have been unearthed. Casts of victims buried in the ash prerve their dying moments. Precious objects tell intermit details of their lives and the writings of a young man, who watched it happened, expod the full of horror what killed him. From this evidence, we can reconstruct the intertwining lives of some people and tell the chilling and startling story about the last ever day.
Pompeii lies in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius but this volcano has been quiet for over fifteen hundred (1,500) of years. The people even don’t know it’s a volcano. The 24th of August AD 879 start like any other day. Julius Polybius is one of Pompeii’s wealth residents. On that morning, he was preparing to redecorate his front room. Outside, a slogan was on his wall, tells us he had political ambitions. Polybius’s daughter, Julia, is ven months pregnant. Her condition will determine the whole family’s fate.
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Minor earth trends plagued the city, the one of the signs that for Vesuvius is stirring. But none of the 20,000 people who live there can read the signs.雅思英语学习班
Gladiators are the sporting heroes at that time and free to roam the street. Hard-and-fined love notes in some city walls. Life was in change forever but now they concentrated on doing what they do best, making money.
This business is run on human urine. It’s so valuable that the Emperor is even put a tax on it. It’s a fullery. Clothes are brought here to be cleaned. They u urine becau the acid gets rid of grea things. It’s the slaves, of cour, who do the dirty work. The remains, at least a dozen fulleries have been found in Pompeii. This one was owned by a man who called Stephanis. Slaves do all the chores, even sleeping with their masters.
The land around Pompeii is fertile rich with mineral, spewed out by the volcano thousands of years before. But the giver of life also brings death.
Deep underneath the ground, a weak spot in the earth’s crust, molten rock or magma has been leaking. A thick plug of rock in the neck of the volcano blocks is exit. As the underground pool of magma grows, so the explosive pressure amounts. The land swells and earth tremors become more
frequent. Trouble is brewing in paradi. Around 1 pm on the 24th of August AD 879, Vesuvius roars back to life. Trapped in a superheated pressure cauldron for 1,500(fifteen hundred) of years, the molten rock has turned not to lava but to foam，ejected at supersonic speed, forms a churning column that ris into the sky.
The people of Pompeii have never en anything like this before. There is no word in Latin for volcano. Becau they have no idea of what’s happening, many who could flee, stay.
fanrenJust minutes after the eruption, the column of superheated rock and gas has climbed up 15km into the sky. It’s easily visible across the bay in Maisino, home to one of the few people might understand what’s going on. Gaius Speani Cycondus or Pliny The Elder is the commander of the Roman Navy, but his real passion is studying nature. But it’s his nephew, Gaius, who’ll one day provide the vital clues to understanding the whole event.
The top of the column los its upward thrust as it climbs and then across the sky. Normally there’s offshore wind which would force the column of ash out across the bay but not today. Instead, the wind drives the cloud directly over Pompeii, stealing its daylight, plunging it into a living nightmare. They do not know it but the decisions they make now will ultimately al their fate. As the cloud of as
h skews the sun, day turns to night but this wor to come. Propelled high into the atmosphere, the boiling rock mixes with air, cools, solidifies and then begins to fall. It takes about half an hour for the fallout to reach Pompeii. Cooled but still full of air, the magma has formed pumice stones. But mixed with the pumice, there’s something much more deadly. Cold den rocks have been torn from inside of the volcano, falling at 200km/hour, they strike with deadly falls. One hour after the eruption has begun, the crisis is deepening.
Thousands take to the streets, flee. This is the time for decisive action. Slaves are expected to protect their master’s lives and property, but as fears and panics are spread, slaves flee knowing that if they are caught they could be put to death. By mid-afternoon the Vesuvius has already thrown 100 million tons of pumice and ash on Pompeii. As it collects, its threat grows. News of the disaster is carried by mesnger to Admiral Pliny. This letter is a desperate plea for help. A friend of Pliny is stranded at the foot of the Vesuvius, her only hope of escape is by a. Pumice continues to bombard the city. The weight of pumice on balconies and roofs creates a new danger.
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It will be almost 2,000 years before, the slaves body and her bracelet are uncovered in the ruins of this cheap hotel. Every home in Pompeii faces the same threat. The rooms are built to withstand nothing heavier than rain. It’s not a question of if they will collap but when.
affectationFrom surviving records we know that Admiral Pliny rescue mission was underway around 5 pm. They pasd the town even clor to the danger than Pompeii but kept clear of fallout by the wind. It’s called Herculaneum. By late afternoon, most people had either fled the town or gathered on the beach hoping for rescue. Amongst them, a young girl, we don’t know her name, but from the wire pass on her bones, we know she was a slave. But Pliny didn’t stop, he took his ships towards Pompeii and into the darkness of the fallout alone. With the wind behind him, Pliny can’t turn back, instead he has further along the coast to the small town of Stabybai. It’s now Pliny’s only chance of refuge. Seven hours into the eruption, Pompeii’s streets are almost derted.
As the pumice continues to fall, it blocks doorways, trapping tho sheltering inside. The deepening crisis forces everyone to reevaluate their decision. The pumice and ash suck moisture from the air parching the throat and mouth. Time and options are quickly running out and not just in Pompeii.
Pliny, trapped by Stabybai by an offshore wind, has found shelter with a friend, Poponialus. Well-read though he was, even Pliny couldn’t grasp the scale of what was happening. But Poponialus is right to be afraid. What happens is so bizarre that although Pliny’s nephew, Gaius, later described it, no one believed him.
Now heavier with den rock, part of the column collapd, cascaded down the mountain in a great wave. Superheated ash and molten rock churn down the volcano in a raising burning avalanche. It’s now known as a pyroclastic surge. This blistering wave headed straight towards Herculaneum and the people on the beach.
Among them, the young slave girl and the three-month-old baby in her care. Five times hotter than boiling water, its cloud of gas and ash incinerate everything, everyone in its path. The aring heat is so inten, death is instantaneous. The people on the beach, they were not just burned, they turned to charcoal.
Inside the boathous, death was different. People died from thermal shock. As the boiling surged, cloud ttled on their bodies, their soft tissues vaporized. Teeth and bones shattered like fragile glass under boiling water. Their brains boiled and exploded. The skeletons of 300 men, women and children have been found in the boathous. When the eruption finally stopped, Herculaneum and its victims lay buried under 25 meters of volcanic debris.
Pompeii faces a similar fate but in the early hours in the morning, it’s still the falling pumice that caus the most distress. The worst is yet to come. Every houhold around the bay of Naples is now in danger. This massive earthquake signals another deadly change in the eruption.
At the heart of the volcano, the magma chamber has collapd. It triggers another pyroclastic surge. This time it hit straight for Pompeii. Miraculously, the surge cloud runs out of energy just chill to the northern wall. The city is spared but a cloud of toxic gas carried by the surge quickly spread through the streets and hous. Carbon dioxide, suffocating and deadly, hydrogen chloride, an acid burns the eyes and throat, they form a lethal cocktail.
An extremes suicide was an acceptable forms of death for them. Gold brought him back but it would not save him.
From side of the column, a blistering wave of ash and rock explodes, scorching and smashing everything in its powers, hit hurdles down this. Nothing el that comes from a volcano is so hard or moves such devastating power, traveling at more than 100km/hour to just take a few minutes for pyroclastic surge to reach Pompeii.
bopsDeath for the people of Pompeii was not instantaneous. The first breath inhales hot gas and ash causing the lungs to fill with fluid. It’s like swallowing fire. The cond breath mixes ash with fluid, creating a wet cement in the lungs and windpipe. The third breath thickens the cement, causing the victims to gasp for breath and suffocate. Would they have known they were dying? From the death
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throat it’s almost certain.
But the Vesuvius has one final horror to unleash. After 18 hours of the eruption, the bottom of the ction of the column collaps spectacularly. Courageous, stubborn or foolhardy,Pliny made no attempts to save his life. Tho who survived reported that he fell away stood, overwhelmed by gas carried by the cloud.
A final and greatest surge travels right across the bay of Naples in a black cloud of death. The final surge killed thousands, who fled into the countryside, but not the man, who writings would prove critical to understanding what happened, Pliny the younger. Pliny’s description of the surge clouds which swept from the Vesuvius was so bizarre, it was not believed. Only in recent years has science vindicated him. We now know that the explosive volcanic events can happen just as he described then known as Pliny Eruptions. In just 18 hours, Vesuvius spewed out more than 10 billion tons of pumice rock and ash. A rescue attempt was launched from Rome but the devastation was simply too great.
For more than fifteen hundred (1,500) years, the city lay buried and forgotten. Then in 1594, it was rediscovered by chance when an aqueduct was being built. Excavations have now been going on for
hundreds of years. What they uncovered has amazed the world. The ash has formed a al around the city like a time capsule, prerving temples, shops, streets and hous. But most poignant of all are the casts. Victims, who bodies decayed, leaving only their shapes prerved in the ash that smothered them. Men, women and children, even animals. The final moments immortalized.
Some victims even left clues to their identity. In the hou of Polybius, the skeleton of a heavily pregnant woman was found surrounded by her family. In the gladiator’s barracks, the remains of rich bejeweled lady alongside tho of gladiators. In the ruins of cheap hotel, a slave girl still wearing her inscribed bracelet. Clo to the fullery, Stephanes, a skeleton still clutching a bag of gold.
Mount Vesuvius still dominates the bay of Naples, its fertile soils lured people with slopes just as it did 2,000 years ago. Only now, three and half (3.5) million live under its shadow. The Vesuvius has for never again erupted with the same apocalyptic forces on that hot summer’s day in the AD 879. According to experts, Pliny Eruptions of the scale only happen every 2,000 years, the next is due.
